Systems: Respiratory (3)

Question 1

What are oval-shaped organs located at the back of the throat to prevent pathogens from entering the respiratory tract?

Answer 1

Tonsils

Question 2

What is the removal of tonsils, that can treat a disease but can lead to further throat infection, called?

Answer 2

Tonsillectomy

Question 3

What is the inflammation of the upper respiratory tract called?

Answer 3

Tonsillitis

Question 4

What is an inflammation caused by infection or overstraining of the voice, that usually only lasts a few days, called?

Answer 4

Laryngitis

Question 5

Describe the two types of pneumonia

Answer 5

Lobular pneumonia affects one lobe of a lung while bronchial pneumonia affects patches throughout both of the lungs.

Question 6

Describe pneumonia

Answer 6

A bacterial or viral infection of the alveoli in the lungs. Causes them to become inflamed and fill with fluid. This interferes with gas exchanges and the body becomes oxygen deprived.

Question 7

Which is the more severe type of pneumonia and what causes it?

Answer 7

Bacterial pneumonia, caused by streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria

Question 8

Describe bronchitis

Answer 8

A condition causing red, swollen, mucus-filled bronchi/bronchioles

Question 9

Describe the causes and differences between acute and chronic bronchitis

Answer 9

Acute bronchitis is short-term, usually bacterial, while chronic bronchitis is long-term, usually caused by regular smoking or exposure to dust and chemicals, usually resulting in the destruction of the cilia, which are used to keep the bronchi free of particulates and pathogens

Question 10

What is another name for chronic bronchitis, which can be treated but not cured?

Answer 10

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Question 11

What is asthma and what are its effects?

Answer 11

An inflammation of the bronchi/bronchioles caused by dust, pollen, smoke, cold or warm air, or other irritants. Results in the passageways through the lungs becoming very narrow. It cannot be cured but can be managed by inhalers and muscle-relaxing medication

Question 12

What are the symptoms of asthma?

Answer 12

Wheezing, shortness of breath, coughing, and tightness of the chest

Question 13

In which disorder do the walls of the alveoli lose their elasticity, reducing the gas exchange surface and making exhaling difficult. This traps air in the alveoli, sometimes resulting in them bursting

Answer 13

Emphysema

Question 14

Which disorder is mainly caused by the tar from smoking, and cannot be cured but can treated with inhalers. The best treatment is to quit smoking

Answer 14

Emphysema

Question 15

Describe cystic fibrosis

Answer 15

A recessive genetic disease which causes cells lining the airways to release a thick, sticky mucus that clogs the lungs. It results in difficulty breathing and an increased amount of infections

Question 16

Which disorder can be relieved by mucus-filling medications but there is no cure?

Answer 16

Cystic fibrosis

Question 17

Describe lung cancer

Answer 17

An uncontrolled cell division in which a carcinoma (tumour) forms and can grow large enough to reduce respiratory surface area

Question 18

What are the symptoms of lung cancer?

Answer 18

Persistent cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain, and loss of appetite

Question 19

Which disease is the leading cause of cancer death in Canada, with more than 80% diagnosed dying within five years

Answer 19

Lung cancer

Question 20

What are the three main ways to treat lung cancer?

Answer 20

Radiation, chemotherapy, laser surgery

Question 21

How does radiation treat lung cancer?

Answer 21

Uses X-rays or other radiation to destroy the cancer cells

Question 22

How does chemotherapy treat lung cancer?

Answer 22

Uses drugs administered by the mouth or injection to destroy cancer cells

Question 23

How does laser surgery treat lung cancer?

Answer 23

Removal of the area of the lung that contains tumours with an yttrium aluminum garner (YAG) laser

Question 24

What are the ways to diagnose respiratory system disorders, starting with the main tool?

Answer 24

Computed axial tomogtrophy (CAT) scan, two-photon microscopy (TPM), bronchoscopy

Question 25

How do CT scans detect respiratory disorders?

Answer 25

Rotating X-ray device takes 360 degree images of the body’s interior. It produces a clear, detailed view of blood vessels and internal tissues in chest cavity. It is good for detecting early lung cancer and finding internal injuries

Question 26

How do two-photon microscopes detect respiratory disorders?

Answer 26

Uses an imaging tool in which microscopes emit photons of light that highlight tissue that has been fluoresced with a marker. It produces 3-D images without extracting a sample, and can show biochemical processes such as how different drugs applied to the skin are absorbed and used by tissue

Question 27

How does a bronchoscopy detect respiratory disorders?

Answer 27

Uses a special type of endoscope to examine the trachea and lungs. Under general anaesthesia, it is inserted down the mouth or nose and special attachments collect mucus or tissues, remove tumours, and repair damaged tissues

Question 28

How does smoking affect the lungs?

Answer 28

Paralyzes and kills cilia found in the airways. Obstructs airways and contains poisonous carbon monoxide and harmful carcinogens. Also releases tar into the lungs which destroys the alveoli

Question 29

What is the order of respiratory measurements on a spirograph?

Answer 29

From bottom to top: residual volume, expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume. All categories except residual volume are vital capacity, and all categories are total lung volume