Systems: Respiratory (3) Flashcards
What are oval-shaped organs located at the back of the throat to prevent pathogens from entering the respiratory tract?
Tonsils
What is the removal of tonsils, that can treat a disease but can lead to further throat infection, called?
Tonsillectomy
What is the inflammation of the upper respiratory tract called?
Tonsillitis
What is an inflammation caused by infection or overstraining of the voice, that usually only lasts a few days, called?
Laryngitis
Describe the two types of pneumonia
Lobular pneumonia affects one lobe of a lung while bronchial pneumonia affects patches throughout both of the lungs.
Describe pneumonia
A bacterial or viral infection of the alveoli in the lungs. Causes them to become inflamed and fill with fluid. This interferes with gas exchanges and the body becomes oxygen deprived.
Which is the more severe type of pneumonia and what causes it?
Bacterial pneumonia, caused by streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria
Describe bronchitis
A condition causing red, swollen, mucus-filled bronchi/bronchioles
Describe the causes and differences between acute and chronic bronchitis
Acute bronchitis is short-term, usually bacterial, while chronic bronchitis is long-term, usually caused by regular smoking or exposure to dust and chemicals, usually resulting in the destruction of the cilia, which are used to keep the bronchi free of particulates and pathogens
What is another name for chronic bronchitis, which can be treated but not cured?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What is asthma and what are its effects?
An inflammation of the bronchi/bronchioles caused by dust, pollen, smoke, cold or warm air, or other irritants. Results in the passageways through the lungs becoming very narrow. It cannot be cured but can be managed by inhalers and muscle-relaxing medication
What are the symptoms of asthma?
Wheezing, shortness of breath, coughing, and tightness of the chest
In which disorder do the walls of the alveoli lose their elasticity, reducing the gas exchange surface and making exhaling difficult. This traps air in the alveoli, sometimes resulting in them bursting
Emphysema
Which disorder is mainly caused by the tar from smoking, and cannot be cured but can treated with inhalers. The best treatment is to quit smoking
Emphysema
Describe cystic fibrosis
A recessive genetic disease which causes cells lining the airways to release a thick, sticky mucus that clogs the lungs. It results in difficulty breathing and an increased amount of infections
Which disorder can be relieved by mucus-filling medications but there is no cure?
Cystic fibrosis
Describe lung cancer
An uncontrolled cell division in which a carcinoma (tumour) forms and can grow large enough to reduce respiratory surface area
What are the symptoms of lung cancer?
Persistent cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain, and loss of appetite
Which disease is the leading cause of cancer death in Canada, with more than 80% diagnosed dying within five years
Lung cancer
What are the three main ways to treat lung cancer?
Radiation, chemotherapy, laser surgery
How does radiation treat lung cancer?
Uses X-rays or other radiation to destroy the cancer cells
How does chemotherapy treat lung cancer?
Uses drugs administered by the mouth or injection to destroy cancer cells
How does laser surgery treat lung cancer?
Removal of the area of the lung that contains tumours with an yttrium aluminum garner (YAG) laser
What are the ways to diagnose respiratory system disorders, starting with the main tool?
Computed axial tomogtrophy (CAT) scan, two-photon microscopy (TPM), bronchoscopy
How do CT scans detect respiratory disorders?
Rotating X-ray device takes 360 degree images of the body’s interior. It produces a clear, detailed view of blood vessels and internal tissues in chest cavity. It is good for detecting early lung cancer and finding internal injuries
How do two-photon microscopes detect respiratory disorders?
Uses an imaging tool in which microscopes emit photons of light that highlight tissue that has been fluoresced with a marker. It produces 3-D images without extracting a sample, and can show biochemical processes such as how different drugs applied to the skin are absorbed and used by tissue
How does a bronchoscopy detect respiratory disorders?
Uses a special type of endoscope to examine the trachea and lungs. Under general anaesthesia, it is inserted down the mouth or nose and special attachments collect mucus or tissues, remove tumours, and repair damaged tissues
How does smoking affect the lungs?
Paralyzes and kills cilia found in the airways. Obstructs airways and contains poisonous carbon monoxide and harmful carcinogens. Also releases tar into the lungs which destroys the alveoli
What is the order of respiratory measurements on a spirograph?
From bottom to top: residual volume, expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume. All categories except residual volume are vital capacity, and all categories are total lung volume
