Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

11U Bio > Systems: Intro > Flashcards

Systems: Intro Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two groups of raw materials that our body needs to live?

A

Micromolecules and macromolecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the four major categories of macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which is the largest of the macromolecule groups?

A

Carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A small molecule that can be used to make up a chain of molecules

A

Monomer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A larger molecule made up of repeating units bonded together

A

Polymer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which macronutrient group is also known as saccharides, starches, or sugars?

A

Carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What elements and in what ratio comprise carbohydrates

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in a 1: 2: 1 ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the three types of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

Used as an energy source, for short-term energy storage, and to build cell membranes of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which type of carbohydrate produces the quickest burst of energy?

A

Monosaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Carbohydrate made of one monomer sugar ring unit

A

Monosaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Simple sugars that are very sweet and break down in the body easily

A

Monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the chemical formula for all isomeric monosaccharides?

A

C6H12O6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the suffix name for most sugars?

A

-ose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Give three examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose, galactose, fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Forms when two monosaccharides bond together by a condensation reaction

A

Disaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type of reaction do monosaccharides undergo to form disaccharides?

A

Condensation reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Briefly describe a condensation reaction

A

Two molecules are joined together by removing a water molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Give three examples of disaccharides

A

Maltose, lactose, sucrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Long chains of monosaccharides bonded together, also known as complex carbohydrates

A

Polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the difference between simple sugars and complex carbohydrates?

A

Simple sugars are monosaccharides while complex carbohydrates are polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function of polysaccharides?

A

Used for energy storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do plants store energy?

A

As starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do animals store energy?

A

As glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which polysaccharide, indigestible by humans, do plants use in their cell walls?

A

Cellulose

26
Q

Give three examples of polysaccharides

A

Cellulose, glycogen, starch

27
Q

What chemical elements comprise lipids?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

28
Q

What property is common among all lipids?

A

Insoluble in water

29
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

Used for building cell membranes, for long-term energy storage, insulating the body, cushioning organs, making hormones, and absorbing nutrients

30
Q

Which macromolecules stores the most energy and by what factor?

A

Lipids (2.25x)

31
Q

What constitutes triglycerides?

A

3 fatty acids connected to a glycerol backbone

32
Q

What are the three types of triglycerides?

A

Saturated fats, unsaturated fats, and polyunsaturated fats

33
Q

What type of lipid has saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated fat varieties?

A

Triglycerides

34
Q

What are the properties of saturated fats, and give two examples

A

Have only single bond between carbons, solid at room temperature, unhealthy. Butter, fat in steak

35
Q

What is a property of unsaturated fats?

A

Contains a double bond in the carbon chain

36
Q

Which type of triglyceride is the healthiest, and how is this determined?

A

Polyunsaturated fats. The more double bonds present in the carbon chain, the healthier it is

37
Q

What lipid is the main component of the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipids

38
Q

What differentiates a phospholipid from a triglyceride?

A

Phospholipids contain a phosphate instead of one of the fatty acids

39
Q

What are the four types of lipids?

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, steroids

40
Q

What are waxes?

A

Waterproof coatings made of fat secreted by plants and some animal fur or feathers

41
Q

What are steroids and give four examples

A

Ringed fats that are used as chemical messengers in the body. Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, cholesterol

42
Q

What elements comprise protein?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

43
Q

Give five examples of substances in which protein is found

A

Meats, dairy, legumes, soy, whey

44
Q

What are proteins?

A

Polymers made of amino acid monomer units

45
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

To build and repair muscles and cell membranes, speed up chemical reactions, used in fighting infections

46
Q

How many different amino acids are there?

A

20

47
Q

How many amino acids are made naturally by our body using other chemicals that we ingest?

A

12

48
Q

What are essential amino acids and how many are there?

A

Amino acids that the body cannot naturally produce and that must come from our diet. 8

49
Q

What directs the cells how to reassemble amino acids into different proteins that our body uses for its processes?

A

DNA

50
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Catalysts that speed up chemical reactions, but are not used in the reaction

51
Q

At which temperature do enzymes work best?

A

37°C

52
Q

What is meant by the term “denature” and what can cause an enzyme to denature?

A

To lose their shape and stop working properly. If it gets too hot or too acidic

53
Q

What suffix is given to most enzymes?

A

-ase

54
Q

What is the function of nucleic acids?

A

To direct the growth and development of an organism.

55
Q

Which macromolecule is not ingested through diet but produced by other molecules?

A

Nucleic acid

56
Q

What two molecules constitute nucleic acid?

A

DNA and RNA

57
Q

Which type of carbohydrate is a monomer and give three examples of it

A

Monosaccharide. Glucose, galactose, fructose

58
Q

What do enzymes break carbohydrates into?

A

Monosaccharides

59
Q

What do enzymes break lipids into?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

60
Q

What do enzymes break proteins into?

A

Amino acids

61
Q

What do enzymes break nucleic acids into?

A

Nucleotides

11U Bio (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions