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11U Bio > Genetics: Cells > Flashcards

Genetics: Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three stages of the cell cycle in order?

A

Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

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2
Q

What stage of the cell cycle is the longest?

A

Interphase

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3
Q

What are the four phases of mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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4
Q

What 3 parts make up a nucleotide?

A

Deoxyribose sugar (pentagonal), phosphate group (circular), one of four nitrogenous bases (rectangular)

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5
Q

When nucleotides are linked together, what molecule is created?

A

Nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)

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6
Q

What shape is created when nucleotides link together?

A

Double-helix

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7
Q

Name the four nitrogenous bases used to create a DNA molecule

A

Purines: adenine, guanine
Pyramidines: thymine, cytosine

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8
Q

What is complimentary base pairing?

A

When two complimentary strands of DNA link up, adenine can only pair with thymine and guanine can only pair with cytosine because of their size and attraction

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9
Q

Describe the relationship between DNA, chromatin, chromosomes, genes, alleles, homologous chromosomes, and sister chromatids

A

DNA is the molecule that carries genetic instructions. Chromatin is the thin complex of DNA and proteins. Chromosomes are condensed structures made of chromatin. Genes are segments of DNA that code for a trait. Alleles are different versions of a gene. Homologous chromosomes are chromosome pairs. Sister chromatids are replicated copies of a chromosome

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10
Q

What are the two purposes of meiosis?

A

Genetic reduction: meiosis begins in diploid cells with the aim of producing haploid cells
Genetic recombination: creates sex cells that have a different combination of alleles by recombining the alleles in homologous chromosomes

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11
Q

What is crossing over?

A

Occurs in prophase I. Homologous chromosomes line up side-by-side in an alignment called synapsis, which forms a tetrad. They can then swap sections of genetic code between these chromosomes (genetic recombination). It can occur anywhere and in any amount among homologous pairs

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12
Q

What are the phases of meiosis?

A

Meiosis I: prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I
Meiosis II: prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II

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13
Q

Explain the difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis

A

Oogenesis: meiosis in females. Begins before birth up to prophase I, then starting at puberty, one cell will complete meiosis each month until menopause. Takes a diploid oogonia and creates two polar bodies and one healthy egg cell. This is due to uneven distribution of cytoplasm
Spermatogenesis: meiosis in males. Takes a diploid spermatogonia cell and produces four haploid sperm. Begins at puberty and continues throughout life

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14
Q

What are some errors that can occur during crossing over?

A

Cri du Chat: deletion of a section of chromosome
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: duplication of a section of a chromosome (chromosomes 17 is longer, leading to low muscle definition, numbness, discoordination)
FG syndrome: inversion of a section of a chromosome (occurs only in males, leading to low muscle tones)
Chronic Myelogonous Leukemia: translocation of a section to a different chromosome (piece of chromosome 9 gets added to chromosome 22)

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15
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

An error in the number of chromosomes, in which homologous chromosomes do not separate during anaphase I or when sister chromatids do not separate properly during anaphase II. The result is the production of sex cells that have either too few or too many chromosomes. Nondisjunction disorders increase with age, significantly in 40+ aged women

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16
Q

What is the name of the disorder that is Trisomy 21?

A

Down Syndrome

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17
Q

Describe prophase

A

No nucleus, chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, centrioles move towards the poles and begin forming spindle fibres, nuclear membrane begins to disappear

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18
Q

Describe metaphase

A

Nuclear membrane completely dissolved, chromosomes line along the equator of the cell, spindle fibres attach to the centromeres of each chromosomes

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19
Q

Describe anaphase

A

Sister chromatids are pulled apart at the centromere towards opposite ends of the cell by the spindle fibres

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20
Q

Describe telophase

A

The chromosomes have reached the opposite ends of the cells, they start to unwind becoming less visible, nuclear membrane and nucleolus forms around each set

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21
Q

Describe interphase

A

Cells carry out their normal functions, grows, makes copies of its genetic material

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22
Q

What are the three stages of interphase?

A

G1, S-phase, G2

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23
Q

Describe the G1 stage of interphase

A

Major period of growth

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24
Q

Describe the S-phase of interphase

A

DNA (in its long, stringy form called chromatin at this time) is replicated

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25
Q

Describe the G2 stage of interphase

A

Further growth and molecule synthesis in preparation for mitosis, the cell is still carrying out its normal functions during all these phases

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26
Q

Describe cytokinesis in animal cells

A

Microfilaments constrict forming an indentation in the cell membrane along the equator of the cell. This eventually pinches off into two identical daughter cells, which are each back in G1 of interphase

27
Q

Describe cytokinesis in plant cells

A

A new structure called a cell plate forms between the daughter nuclei. A cell wall forms on each side of the cell plate

28
Q

Describe how DNA is replicated during interphase

A

The double-helix unwinds and each strand of DNA serves as a template for a new strand. Each new double-helix contains one original strand and one new strand

29
Q

Describe meiosis I

A

One diploid cell is divided into two haploid cells

30
Q

Describe prophase I

A

Homologous chromosomes line up side-by-side in an alignment called synapsis which forms a tetrad. They can then swap sections of the genetic code between these chromosomes (crossing over). This is where genetic recombination occurs

31
Q

Describe metaphase I

A

Homologous chromosomes, which are paired in tetrads, line up together along the equator. Independent assortment occurs, in which the homologous chromosomes are pulled towards whichever pole they are closest to. The side they line up on is random. This alone can produce over 8 million different chromosome combinations

32
Q

Describe anaphase I

A

The tetrads are pulled apart by spindle fibres towards the poles. One homologous chromosomes containing 2 sister chromatids moves to each end of the cell

33
Q

Describe telophase I

A

The homologous chromosomes begin to uncoil and cytokinesis takes place forming two double-stranded haploid cells. Although the cells are haploid, they each contain chromosomes made of two sister chromatids attached at the centromere, so they can divide again

34
Q

Describe meiosis II

A

Nearly identical to mitotic division except this division is haploid and mitosis is diploid. During this division, each of the two haploid cells from meiosis I will divide again to form a total of four haploid cells

35
Q

Define chromosome

A

A long strand of DNA

36
Q

Define gene

A

A section of a chromsome containing a sequence of DNA that codes for a trait and can be passed on to an offspring

37
Q

Define allele

A

A different version of the same gene (Ex. One chromosome may have an allele for brown hair while another has an allele for blonde hair. They are both coding for the same gene of hair colour, but they are different forms of the gene)

38
Q

How many chromosomes are in human body cells?

A

46

39
Q

What is true about each homologous pair of chromosomes?

A

They contain genes for the same characteristics (Ex. Chromosome 1 contains, along with many others, the genes for blood protein and for a starch-digesting enzyme in saliva)

40
Q

What are the sex chromosomes of a male and female?

A

Male: XY
Female: XX

41
Q

What is the term for all other chromosomes except sex chromosomes?

A

Autosomes

42
Q

Proteins are polymers made of units of what monomer?

A

Amino acids

43
Q

How many different amino acids are there?

A

20

44
Q

What is the term for three successive nucleotides?

A

Codon

45
Q

How many codons code for one amino acid?

A

One

46
Q

What is determined by the sequence of nucleotides?

A

What proteins to make, and thus, how to grow, develop, and function

47
Q

Define genome

A

The complete sequence of DNA of an individual including all chromosomes

48
Q

Define karyotype

A

A photograph of all the pairs of homologous chromosomes lined up

49
Q

Describe cell theory

A
  1. All living things are made of one or more cells
  2. Cells are the smallest units of living organisms
  3. All cells come from pre-existing cells by cell division
50
Q

What is the purpose of the cell cycle?

A
  1. Growth and repair of the organism
  2. Repair of tissues and organs
  3. Maintenance to replace dead cells
51
Q

What is the term for a serious error in the mitotic process?

A

Mutation

52
Q

Describe mutations

A

A permanent change or error in the DNA. They are passed down during mitosis to daughter cells, therefore they are localized groups of cells rather than in every cell in the body. They are caused by mutagens, toxic compounds, radiation, or viruses

53
Q

When a sperm cell and an egg fuse together, what do they form?

A

Zygote

54
Q

What is the human diploid number?

A

46

55
Q

What is the human haploid number?

A

23

56
Q

Define haploid

A

Having only one full set of chromosomes

57
Q

Define diploid

A

Having two complete sets of chromosomes

58
Q

Describe somatic cells

A

Diploid, each containing pairs of homologous chromosomes

59
Q

Describe gametes

A

Haploid cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of their parent cells

60
Q

Describe prenatal testing for nondisjunction disorders

A

When a pregnant woman has medical tests performed on the fetus to find information about possible physical and chromosomal anomalies. Tests include ultrasounds and amniocentesis, an invasive test, which carry risks with them

61
Q

Review a diagram of mitosis

A
62
Q

Review a diagram of meiosis

A
63
Q

Review the shape and sequence of DNA strands

A
64
Q

Give an example of a trisomy and monosomy

A

Trisomy: Trisomy 21 is Down Syndrome
Monosomy: Turner Syndrome is a female with only one X chromosome

11U Bio (13 decks)

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