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11U Bio > Systems: Circulatory > Flashcards

Systems: Circulatory Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

A

Transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells, removes CO2 and waste from cells, relays chemical messages around the body (hormones), maintains fluid levels in the body, supports the immune system by carrying immune cells

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2
Q

What are the major components of the circulatory system?

A

Heart, blood vessels, blood

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3
Q

What is the muscular pump used for moving blood?

A

Heart

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4
Q

What are blood vessels?

A

System of tubes through which blood moves

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5
Q

What is the fluid used for transporting materials such as nutrients and oxygen throughout the body?

A

Blood

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6
Q

What are the types of circulatory systems?

A

Open and closed circulatory system

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7
Q

Describe an open circulatory system

A

Blood flows freely within the body cavity. No distinction between blood and other body fluids. Blood moves at a low pressure

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8
Q

What is an indistinguishable mixture of blood and body fluids in a circulatory system called?

A

Hemolymph

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9
Q

What type of circulatory system do invertebrates like insects and crustaceans have?

A

Open circulatory system

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10
Q

Describe a closed circulatory system

A

Blood is contained within vessels such as veins and arteries and kept separate from interstitial fluid

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11
Q

What type of circulatory system do vertebrates such as humans have?

A

Closed circulatory system

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12
Q

In a closed circulatory system, what is the fluid from which blood is kept separate called?

A

Interstitial fluid

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13
Q

What is the approximate size and weight of the heart?

A

Size of the fist. About 300g

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14
Q

What is the fluid-filled sac inside the chest cavity called?

A

Pericardium

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15
Q

What is the function of the pericardium?

A

To prevent friction between the heart and the chest cavity

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16
Q

What is the wall that vertically separates the heart called?

A

Septum

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17
Q

Which side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs?

A

Right

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18
Q

Which side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body?

A

Left

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19
Q

How many chambers does each side of the heart have?

A

Two

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20
Q

Which chamber of the heart is on top?

A

Atrium

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21
Q

Which chamber of the heart is on the bottom?

A

Ventricle

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22
Q

Which chamber of the heart receives blood and which chamber pumps it out?

A

Atria receive blood while ventricles pump it out

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23
Q

Which system are the blood vessels connecting the heart and lungs a part of?

A

Pulmonary circulatory system

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24
Q

Which system are the blood vessels connecting the heart to the body a part of?

A

Systemic circulatory system

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25
Q

Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood?

A

Right atrium

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26
Q

Via which vein does deoxygenated blood return from the body to the heart?

A

Vena cava

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27
Q

Which part of the heart allows deoxygenated blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid valve

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28
Q

Which vessel pumps blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary artery

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29
Q

Which is the only artery in the body that carries deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary artery

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30
Q

Where is blood oxygenated?

A

The lungs

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31
Q

To which chamber does oxygenated blood go from the lungs via the pulmonary vein?

A

Left atrium

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32
Q

Which is the only vein in the body to carry oxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary vein

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33
Q

What is another name for the bicuspid valve?

A

Mitral valve

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34
Q

On which side of the heart is the bicuspid valve?

A

Left

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35
Q

On which side of the heart is the tricuspid valve?

A

Right

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36
Q

What is the biggest artery in the body?

A

Aorta

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37
Q

Which part of the body allows blood to flow down into the left ventricle where it is pumped out to the body via the aorta?

A

Bicuspid valve

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38
Q

What are the valves between the atria and ventricles called?

A

Atrioventricular valves (AV valves)

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39
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular valves?

A

To ensure there is no backflow of blood

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40
Q

What valves, shaped like half-moons, are present in the heart?

A

Semilunar valves

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41
Q

What are the coronary arteries?

A

Branches of the aorta that directly feed the muscles of the heart with freshly oxygenated blood

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42
Q

Describe the pulmonary circuit flow of blood up to their oxygenation in the lungs

A

Deoxygenated blood enters the heart via the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava into the right atrium. The blood moves through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. Then, it passes through the pulmonary valve and into the left pulmonary artery. From here, two pulmonary arteries pump the deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Once in the lungs, the blood moves into tiny beds of capillaries where waste is released and oxygen is absorbed

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43
Q

Describe the systemic circuit flow of blood from its oxygenation in the lungs

A

Oxygenated blood moves back to the heart via the pulmonary veins in the left atrium. Then blood moves through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle. Then blood leaves the left ventricle via the aortic valve, moves through the aorta and is pumped through the rest of the body

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44
Q

Which ventricle is more muscular and why?

A

The left because the systemic system propels the blood with enough force for it to travel to all the body parts

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45
Q

What are the three main types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, capillaries, veins

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46
Q

What are thick-walled blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

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47
Q

What are blood vessels smaller than arteries which control blood flow into capillaries?

A

Arterioles

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48
Q

What are very small blood vessels less than 1mm long and less than 0.01mm in diameter?

A

Capillaries

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49
Q

What progressively larger vessels do capillaries merge into?

A

Venules

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50
Q

What larger vessels do venules merge into?

A

Veins

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51
Q

What are thin-walled blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart?

A

Veins

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52
Q

Describe arteries

A

Thick-walled because blood pumps at a high pressure. 3 layers thick. The outer and inner layers are made of connective tissues and the middle layer is muscle fibre with elastic tissue. Very strong and flexible, expanding as blood surges through and snapping back during relaxation of the ventricles

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53
Q

What is vasoconstriction and what is it’s function. Give an example

A

A nerve impulse that causes the arterioles to become smaller, so as to keep the blood warm and away from the surface when it is cold, such as becoming pale with fear

54
Q

What nerve impulse is the result of the body cooling blood near the surface when it is hot, such as when blushing?

A

Vasodilation

55
Q

What are the smallest blood vessels in the body?

A

Capillaries

56
Q

Which two blood vessels do capillaries connect?

A

Arterioles and venules

57
Q

What blood vessel is the site of gas exchange between the blood and body cells?

A

Capillaries

58
Q

Due to low pressure, which blood vessels have valves to avoid backflow?

A

Veins

59
Q

Which blood vessels have wells less thick or elastic than those of arteries?

A

Veins

60
Q

Which blood vessels are reservoirs of blood and can hold up to 50% of the body’s blood at once?

A

Veins

61
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

Occurring when people age, the valves get weaker and blood can pool in the legs and feet

62
Q

What are the four components of blood and their percentages?

A

55% blood plasma, <1% white blood cells, 44% red blood cells, <1% platelets

63
Q

Which component of blood is clear, yellowish fluid?

A

Blood plasma

64
Q

What are the components of blood plasma and their percentages?

A

92% water, 7% dissolved blood protein, 1% organic substances and inorganic materials; salts and electrolytes

65
Q

What are the major blood proteins in blood plasma?

A

Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

66
Q

What is another name for red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

67
Q

Describe red blood cells

A

Disk-shaped cells with no nucleus, used for transporting oxygen, each one containing about 280 iron-rich hemoglobin molecules

68
Q

What role does hemoglobin play in the gas exchange process?

A

Bonds to oxygen and releases it in the presence of cells that need it. It then takes the carbon dioxide waste back to the lungs

69
Q

What is another name for white blood cells?

A

Leukocytes

70
Q

Describe white blood cells and their function

A

Colourless cells with a nucleus, made in the bone marrow. They act to fight infection and can double their normal number when doing so

71
Q

What is another name for platelets?

A

Thrombocytes

72
Q

What is the smallest component of blood?

A

Platelets

73
Q

Describe platelets and their function

A

Fragments of broken bone marrow cells that contain no nucleus and last only 7 to 10 days. The smallest component of blood, used for clotting to prevent blood loss after injury

74
Q

Describe how blood clots

A

When blood vessels break, they release chemicals that attract platelets. The platelets rupture and combine with chemicals to produce an enzyme. Several reactions occur, producing fibrin, an insoluble protein that creates a mesh over the injury and forms a clot

75
Q

What is fibrin?

A

An insoluble protein that creates a mesh over the injury and forms a clot

76
Q

About how many times does the heart beat in a person’s life?

A

3 billion

77
Q

How many major blood groups are there and what are they?

A

Four. A, B, AB, O

78
Q

Which blood type is known as the universal donor?

A

O-

79
Q

Which blood type is known as the universal recipient?

A

AB+

80
Q

What happens if the wrong blood type is given during a transfusion?

A

Agglutination occurs, causing the blood to clot. This will lead to death

81
Q

What are the protein markers of A+ blood?

A

A, +

82
Q

What are the protein markers of A- blood?

A

A

83
Q

What are the protein markers of AB+ blood?

A

A, B, +

84
Q

What are the protein markers of AB- blood?

A

A, B

85
Q

What are the protein markers of O+ blood?

A

+

86
Q

Why is AB+ the universal recipient?

A

It has no antibodies to attach to protein markers

87
Q

Why is O- the universal donor?

A

It has no protein markers and thus, will not react with any antibodies

88
Q

What antibodies are present in A+ blood?

A

Anti-B

89
Q

What antibodies are present in A- blood?

A

Anti-B, anti-+

90
Q

What antibodies are present in AB+ blood?

A

None

91
Q

What antibodies are present in AB- blood?

A

Anti-+

92
Q

What antibodies are present in O+ blood?

A

A, B

93
Q

What antibodies are present in O- blood?

A

A, B, +

94
Q

What blood types can A+ blood receive?

A

A+, A-, O+, O-

95
Q

What blood types can A- blood receive?

A

A-, O-

96
Q

What blood types can AB+ blood receive?

A

A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O- (all of them)

97
Q

What types of blood can AB- blood receive?

A

A-, B-, AB-, O-

98
Q

What types of blood can O+ blood receive?

A

O+, O-

99
Q

What types of blood can O- blood receive?

A

O-

100
Q

Where is the sinoatrial node?

A

Wall of the right atrium

101
Q

What is the sinoatrial node?

A

A group of nerves and muscles that sends out an electrical impulse stimulating the muscles of the heart to contract rhythmically at regular intervals

102
Q

What is known as the pacemaker of the heart?

A

Sinoatrial node

103
Q

Describe how the heart beats up to the contraction of the ventricles

A

The sinoatrial nodes send out an electrical impulse stimulating the muscles of the heart to contract rhythmically at regular intervals. The impulse it sends causes the two atria to contract simultaneously. As they contract, the signal then reaches the atrioventricular node, moves through the bundle of His, and sends the signal to the Purkinje fibres causing the ventricles to contract

104
Q

What sound does the heart make?

A

Lub-dub

105
Q

How does the “lub” sound originate?

A

Atrioventricular valves close as blood is pumped from the atria to the ventricles (caused by the action of the sinoatrial node)

106
Q

How does the “dub” sound originate?

A

Semilunar valves close as blood is pumped from the ventricles to the arteries (caused by the action of the atrioventricular node)

107
Q

What device does a doctor use to measure heartbeat?

A

Stethoscope

108
Q

What is the normal heart rate for people over 10 years old and elite athletes?

A

60-100bpm, 40-60bpm

109
Q

What are the unusual sounds of the heartbeat?

A

Stenosis, heart murmur

110
Q

What is a non-smooth flow of blood through the heart caused by narrowed valves or arteries?

A

Stenosis

111
Q

What is caused by a leaky valve in the heart allowing the backflow of blood?

A

Heart murmur

112
Q

How does an electrocardiogram work?

A

A doctor uses electrodes placed on the chest to measure the electrical pulses the body creates to make the heart beat

113
Q

What is a more advanced method of monitoring heart activity?

A

Electrocardiogram

114
Q

Define blood pressure

A

The pressure exerted against the walls of the blood vessels as blood passes through it

115
Q

What are the two readings for blood pressure?

A

Systolic, diastolic

116
Q

What is the pressure of blood exerted when the ventricles contract, forcing blood into the arteries?

A

Systolic blood pressure

117
Q

Which blood pressure reading is the higher number?

A

Systolic blood pressure

118
Q

What is the blood pressure when the ventricles relax and pressure in the arteries drop?

A

Diastolic blood pressure

119
Q

What blood pressure reading is the top number and generally higher?

A

Systolic blood pressure

120
Q

What is a cuff device used to measure blood pressure?

A

Sphygmomanometer

121
Q

What is normal blood pressure?

A

120/80 mmHg

122
Q

How does exercise affect blood pressure?

A

Causes it to rise

123
Q

What factors affect blood pressure?

A

Smoking, fitness level, genetics, diet, stress, medication

124
Q

What determines blood type?

A

The protein markers (antigens) present on the surface of the red blood cells

125
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The number of heart beats per minute

126
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood forced out of the heart with each heartbeat

127
Q

What is cardiac input?

A

The amount of blood pumped from each ventricle of the heart each minute. The product of heart rate and stroke volume

128
Q

How does regular cardiovascular exercise affect resting stroke volume?

A

Increases it because it enlarges the ventricle chamber, increases the distensibility of the ventricles, and strengthens the ventricle walls

129
Q

Which blood vessel carries blood to the brain?

A

Carotid artery

130
Q

Which blood vessel carries blood away from the brain?

A

Jugular vein

131
Q

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation are controlled by what?

A

The brain, chemicals, exercise

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