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11U Bio > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Define evolution

A

The process in which significant changes in the inherited traits (the genetic makeup) of a species occurs over time

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2
Q

Based on astronomy, history, and biblical study, who declared the Earth was created on Sunday, October 23, 4004 BC?

A

Archbishop James Ussher

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3
Q

Define fossil

A

Any preserved remains or traces of an organism or its activity

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4
Q

Who found numerous seashell fossils high in the Tuscan mountains and concluded that the remains must have been from an ancient ocean?

A

Leonardo da Vinci

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5
Q

Which period in history marked a time of increased awareness of evolutionary biology?

A

Mid 1700s

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6
Q

Who was the first scientist to recognize that evolution of species were influenced by environmental factors?

A

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

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7
Q

Who was the grandfather of Charles Darwin, heavily involved in his first ideas of evolution?

A

Erasmus Darwin

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8
Q

Who postulated the Principle of Population in 1798, which influenced Charles Darwin?

A

Thomas Malthus

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9
Q

What does Malthus’ Principle of Population describe?

A

That the preservation of a species depended on availability of resources such as food

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10
Q

Which two scientists worked together on the Punctuated Equilibrium theory, published in 1972?

A

Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge

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11
Q

Describe Gould and Eldredge’s Punctuated Equilibrium

A

Long periods of stability in a population punctuated with branches of rapid evolutionary change

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12
Q

In which year did Darwin embark on the HMS Beagle?

A

1831

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13
Q

What was the primary purpose of the HMS Beagle’s voyage?

A

To survey and map the coastal waters of South America for the British

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14
Q

What was Darwin’s intended role on board the HMS Beagle?

A

To collect specimens of rocks, minerals, plants, and animals to find evidence supporting biblical creation

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15
Q

Which animal did Darwin study that was the key to biogeography?

A

Finch

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16
Q

What observation did Darwin make about finches on the Galapagos Islands?

A

They had adapted their beaks according to which type of food was found on the island on which they lived

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17
Q

Define homologous feature

A

Structures that share a common origin but may serve different functions in modern species

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18
Q

What is an example of homologous features and what makes them so?

A

Seal flippers and human arms are similar in bone structure but they carry out different functions

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19
Q

Define analogous features

A

Structures that are similar in function but not in origin or anatomical structure

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20
Q

What is an example of analogous features and what makes them so?

A

Wings of birds and insects. They share similar functions but have a different internal anatomy

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21
Q

Define vestigial features

A

Structures that serve no useful function in living organisms

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22
Q

Give two examples of vestigial features

A

Pelvic bones in whales, appendixes in humans

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23
Q

What does the pelvic bone indicate in whales?

A

That they evolved from ancestors that had legs

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24
Q

What happens to species that cannot adapt to their surroundings?

A

They become extinct

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25
Q

What factors determine the survival of a species?

A

Variation, how organisms interact with their environment, being able to reproduce and pass along traits to their offspring

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26
Q

Define adaptation

A

A structure, behaviour, or physiological process that helps an organism survive and reproduce

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27
Q

Give an example of adaptation in appearance

A

Stick bug

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28
Q

Give an example of physiological adaptation

A

Hibernation

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29
Q

Why is hibernation an example of physiological adaptation?

A

It allows animals to survive in harsh climates, reducing a species’ metabolism to save energy

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30
Q

Give two examples of animals that hibernate

A

Squirrels, bears

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31
Q

What are the four types of adaptation?

A

Structural, behavioural, physiological, mimicry (special type of structural)

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32
Q

Give an example of structural adaptation

A

The needle-sharp talons and excellent vision of owls makes them a good predator in their environment

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33
Q

Define mimicry

A

A special type of structural adaptation in which many harmless species resemble a harmful species colouration and structure

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34
Q

Give an example of mimicry

A

The viceroy butterfly which is edible mimics the monarch butterfly which is inedible

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35
Q

What are the result of gradual, accumulative changes that help an organism reproduce and survive?

A

Adaptations

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36
Q

What are structural, functional, or physiological differences between individuals?

A

Variations

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37
Q

What determines if a variation has a positive, negative, or no effect?

A

Environmental conditions

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38
Q

Describe how positive variation affects an organism

A

It will increase the survival and reproduction of that individual and thus, help them pass on their variation to their offspring. In time, this variation will be the norm and become considered a trait

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39
Q

Define variation

A

Any difference between individuals of the same species. These are inherited traits that make an individual different from the others

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40
Q

Define adaptation

A

Any trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce

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41
Q

In what ways can species show variation?

A

Genetically and environmentally

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42
Q

Give an example of environmental variation

A

Industrial Melanism

43
Q

Define industrial melanism

A

The adaptation of a population in response to pollution

44
Q

Describe how the peppered moth adapted to the changing landscape of England in the 1800s

A

During the time of the Industrial Revolution, the lush green countryside was transformed by factories into polluted environments. The peppered moth blended into the white trees, keeping them safe from predators. When pollution caused the tree bark to blacken, the moths evolved to be black, while the white moths died

45
Q

Describe how variation happens

A

Arises due to differences in the genes. Through sexual reproduction, the number of possible combinations results in genetic variation. Mutations that occur in the gametes are what get inherited and are thus the starting point of genetic variation

46
Q

What are the genetic variations that we can see?

A

Phenotypes

47
Q

What are the genetic variations that have no visible effect?

A

Genotypes

48
Q

Define mutation

A

Changes in the DNA of an organism that provide new alleles in a species

49
Q

How do mutations occur?

A

Can occur spontaneously during the S phase of interphase or through mutagens (UV, environmental agents, etc.)

50
Q

Are all mutagens harmful?

A

Some can be harmful, some can be silent (neutral), and others can be beneficial

51
Q

Define selective advantage

A

A genetic advantage of one organism over its competitors. It will cause an organism to be favoured in terms of survival and reproduction

52
Q

Give an example of selective advantage

A

Daphnia with a mutation that enables it to survive in temperatures between 25 and 30°C can live in the warming waters while others without this mutation will die

53
Q

What species benefit the most from selective advantage?

A

Rapidly reproducing species

54
Q

Give an example of rapid reproduction providing selective advantage

A

Antibiotic resistance: certain strains of bacteria have a new allele that make them resistant. Because they reproduce so quickly, the next generation has a greater chance of survival

55
Q

Describe natural selection

A

The process of change in the characteristics of a population over many generations

56
Q

Why does natural selection occur?

A

Individuals with certain inherited traits survive specific local environmental conditions and, through reproduction, pass their alleles on to their offspring

57
Q

What term describes an organism that produces offspring that also survive to reproduce

A

Fit for the environment

58
Q

Under which circumstance can natural selection only occur?

A

If there is genetic diversity within a population. That diversity arises from random mutations accumulating in the population

59
Q

Describe selective pressure

A

When an environmental condition selects for or against certain characteristics in some individuals

60
Q

Temperature change, light level change, change in predators, and change in competition are all example of what?

A

Selective pressure

61
Q

Give an example of selective pressure

A

A dense tree population with little sunlight reaching the floor in a forest. This favours organisms able to survive in low light levels

62
Q

Define artificial selection

A

A selective pressure exerted by humans on a population in order to improve or modify particular traits

63
Q

Although practiced for thousands of years, why is artificial selection considered a form of biotechnology?

A

It uses organisms to produce useful products

64
Q

Give examples of artificial selection

A

Cats bred for appearance, cows bred to increase muscle for meat consumption, chickens bred to produce more eggs

65
Q

Give an agricultural example of artificial selection

A

The wild mustard plant can be developed into many different crops, such as kohlrabi, kale, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage, and cauliflower

66
Q

Give a general and specific example of a consequence of artificial selection

A

It often decreases the genetic diversity of a population, which makes it less fit for environmental changes and natural selection. English bulldogs are bred to have flat faces, but as a result, many suffer from respiratory problems

67
Q

Where is artificial selection commonly used in agriculture?

A

In monocultural planting, where a large area has one type of plant with little genetic diversity

68
Q

What are the consequences of monoculture in agriculture?

A

Although it is easier to manage, there is high risk that environmental change such as a new disease could wipe out the crop

69
Q

Describe the importance of gene banks

A

They include seeds from early, wild versions of plants that still include the genetic diversity our modern crops have lost

70
Q

Who was one of the first scientists to carry out empirical studies on the natural world?

A

John Ray

71
Q

Who developed a classification system for plants and animals based on anatomy and physiology, that were refined by Linnaeus?

A

John Ray

72
Q

Who was one of the first people to publicly challenge the idea that life forms are unchanging?

A

Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

73
Q

Who noted the similarities between humans and apes and speculated that we came from a common ancestor, suggesting species change over time?

A

Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

74
Q

Who worked as a fossil hunter and uncovered the first plesiosaur (aquatic reptile)?

A

Mary Anning

75
Q

Whose work was confirmed by Georges Cuvier, the founder of palaeontology?

A

Mary Anning

76
Q

Define palaeontology

A

The study of ancient life through the examination of fossils

77
Q

What evidence was provided by Cuvier that species could become extinct?

A

He found that each stratum (layer of rock) had their own unique fossil species and that the deeper the stratum, the more different the life was from modern form. As he worked from stratum to stratum he found evidence of new species as others disappeared

78
Q

Define catastrophism

A

The theory that catastrophes killed many species and that these events corresponded to the boundaries between the fossil strata

79
Q

Which theory rejected Cuvier’s theory of catastrophism?

A

Uniformitarianism

80
Q

Describe uniformitarianism

A

Geological processes in the past operate at the same rate as they do today, suggesting that a slow and continuous process could result in substantial changes in the long term

81
Q

Who proposed the theory of catastrophism?

A

Georges Cuvier

82
Q

Who proposed the theory of uniformitarianism?

A

Charles Lyell

83
Q

How old was the Earth as agreed upon by Lyell and Cuvier?

A

6000 years old

84
Q

Who proposed a “line of descent” progression between current species and fossil forms?

A

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

85
Q

Describe the line of descent theory

A

Species increased in complexity and became better adapted to their environment over time

86
Q

What is the term which describes how traits developed during an organism’s life could be passed on to offspring?

A

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

87
Q

Which economist wrote the Essay on the Principles of Population that explained how populations might change over time?

A

Thomas Malthus

88
Q

What was the key idea of Malthus’ Essay on the Principles of Population?

A

Populations produce far more offspring than their environments can support

89
Q

What theory did Darwin propose based on observations of the coast of South America?

A

Theory of natural selection

90
Q

Describe the theory of natural selection

A

Life has changed and continues to change, due to natural pressures (refer to other cards on natural selection)

91
Q

Who made observations and conclusions similar to Darwin, and recognized the importance of Malthus’ essay?

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

92
Q

Describe the idea of “survival of the fittest”

A

Organisms can produce more offspring than can survive, therefore organisms share limited resources. Individuals of a population vary extensively, and those better suited to the environment produce more offspring

93
Q

What is the term for how quickly evolution occurs?

A

Descent with modification because the change does not demonstrate progress (improvement), it is simply change with no set direction

94
Q

What observations did Darwin make that led to his theory?

A

The flora and fauna were different in different regions. He found fossils of extinct animals that looked similar to living animals. He also found that finches resembled each other but were different in some characteristics, adapted to the food source on each island

95
Q

What are the main sources of evidence for evolution?

A

Fossil evidence, biogeography, anatomy, embryology, DNA

96
Q

How can we determine the age of an organism through fossils?

A

The deeper the layer of rock stratum, the older the organism, showing the successive evolution of groups of species

97
Q

What is the study of the past and present geographical distribution of organisms?

A

Biogeography

98
Q

What hypothesis did Darwin and Wallace make with respect to biogeography?

A

Species evolve in one location and then spread to others

99
Q

Give four examples to support biogeography

A

Geographically close environments are more likely to be populated by related species, animals found on islands often closely resemble animals on the nearest continent, fossils of the same species can be found on the coastlines of neighbouring continents, closely related species are almost never found in exactly the same area

100
Q

What is the study of pre-birth stages of an organism’s development?

A

Embryology

101
Q

What is common among all vertebrate embryos?

A

Have paired pouches or out-pocketings of the throat that later develop into ears/throat or gills

102
Q

What is common among related species embryologically?

A

Share common embryological stages and timings of structural development

103
Q

Describe evidence from DNA

A

Species that have similar DNA have a common ancestor

11U Bio (13 decks)

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