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11U Bio > Diversity > Flashcards

Diversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define diversity

A

The condition of being different from one another

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2
Q

Which animal is called different names in California, Florida, Mexico/South America, and Appalachia?

A

Mountain lion / panther / puma / catamount

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3
Q

How many species have been identified and how many are thought to exist?

A

2 million and 20 million

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4
Q

What are the three working species concepts?

A

Morphological, biological, phylogenetic

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5
Q

Describe the morphological species concept

A

Focuses mainly on morphology (body shape, size, and structural features of an organism)

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6
Q

Describe the biological species concept

A

Describes species as a group of organisms that have similar characteristics, can be interbred in nature, and produce fertile offspring

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7
Q

Describe the phylogenetic species concept

A

Focuses on the phylogeny (evolutionary history) of organisms. When a prehistoric species branches into two species over time, it becomes two distinct phylogenetic species

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8
Q

Which is the most practical species concept and the one we use in class?

A

Biological species concept

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9
Q

What types of evidence help us determine how species have evolved and are related?

A

Anatomical, physiological, DNA

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10
Q

Describe anatomical evidence of relationships

A

Similar anatomical structures imply that there is likely a shared ancestor

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11
Q

Describe physiological evidence of relationships

A

Similarities in the physical and chemical functions of organisms (how they work) including their biochemistry and internal processes

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12
Q

Describe DNA evidence of relationships

A

Species that are more closely related (therefore sharing a closer ancestor) tend to have great similarities in their DNA

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13
Q

What is the complete human classification?

A

Kingdom: Animals
Phylum: Chordates
Class: Mammals
Order: Primates
Family: Hominids
Genus: Homo
Species: Homo sapiens

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14
Q

Define taxonomy

A

The branch of biology that identifies, names, and classifies species. Pioneered by Carl Linnaeus

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15
Q

What is the classification hierarchy from most general to most specific?

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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16
Q

Describe binomial nomenclature

A

Scientific name composed of the genus and species. Both terms are italicized and the genus is capitalized

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17
Q

Define phylogenetic tree

A

A branching diagram used to show the evolutionary relationships among species

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18
Q

Define dichotomous key

A

A tool used to identify unknown organisms, consisting of a series of anatomical questions that contain two possible choices

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19
Q

What are the possible domains under which all organisms fall?

A

Archaea, bacteria, eukarya (contains kingdoms protista, fungi, plantae, animalia)

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20
Q

List the two types of cells

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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21
Q

Describe prokaryotic cells

A

Meaning “before the nucleus”, it has no membrane-bound nucleus, a simpler internal cell structure, and is usually smalle, around 0.1-10µm

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22
Q

Describe eukaryotic cells

A

Meaning “true nucleus”, it has a membrane-bound nucleus, more complex internal cell structure, and is usually larger, about 10-100µm

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23
Q

Give examples of prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria, blue-green algae

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24
Q

Give examples of eukaryotic cells

A

Plant cells, animal cells

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25
Q

Which domain includes all kingdoms made of organisms with eukaryotic cells

A

Eukarya

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26
Q

Which two domains are both prokaryotic but separate due to great cellular and genetic differences?

A

Bacteria and archaea

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27
Q

What are the six kingdoms?

A

Bacteria, archaea, protista, plantae, fungi, animalia

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28
Q

What characteristics are used to classify kingdoms?

A

Number of cells (unicellular or multicellular), cell wall material (if present), nutrition (autograph or heterotroph), primary means of reproduction (asexual or sexual)

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29
Q

Define autotroph

A

An organism that captures energy from sunlight or abiotic substances

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30
Q

Define heterotroph

A

An organism that obtains energy by consuming other organisms

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31
Q

What are the characteristics of all living things

A

Are made of cells, obtain and use energy, grow and develop, produce offspring similar to themselves, respond to their environment, adapt to their environment

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32
Q

Define virus

A

A microscopic particle capable of reproducing only within living cells. It contains strands of DNA and RNA surrounded by a protective protein coat called a capsid

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33
Q

What is the name of the protective protein coat which surrounds the DNA and RNA strands in viruses?

A

Capsid

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34
Q

Are viruses alive?

A

They are considered lifeless because they are not capable of living independently outside of cells (a host). Furthermore, it has no cellular structure, cytoplasm, organelles, or cell membranes, no respiration, and lacks the other life processes found in living cells

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35
Q

Which virus is known as the “eater of bacteria”?

A

Bacteriophage

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36
Q

Describe bacteriophages

A

A type of virus which infects and destroys bacterial cells. It is composed of nucleic acid, capsid, tubes, end plate, and spikes

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37
Q

Describe how viruses reproduce

A

They do not reproduce by cell division. They undergo replication within a host cell (prokaryotic or eukaryotic) and they use the host cell to produce multiple copies of themselves

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38
Q

What are the two viral reproductive cycles?

A

Lytic cycle, lysogenic cycle

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39
Q

Describe the lytic cycle

A

The virus attaches to a host cell. It injects its DNA or RNA into the cell cytoplasm. The viral DNA directs the host cell to make viral parts (Ex. Capsids, viral proteins, etc.) which are assembled to make new viruses, then lysis is triggered (host cell bursts and dies) releasing the newly-made viruses. This process takes just 25-45 minutes and hundreds of new viruses are made

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40
Q

Review a diagram of the lytic cycle

A
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41
Q

Describe the lysogenic cycle

A

Attachment and injection similar to lytic cycle, but instead of taking control the viral DNA becomes part of the host DNA. The viral DNA that has become part of the host chromosome is referred to as a provirus. When the host replicates, the viral DNA gets passed on to its daughter cell, and it stays dormant until some environmental change triggers the lytic cycle

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42
Q

What is another name for the lysogenic cycle

A

Dormant cycle

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43
Q

Review a diagram of the lysogenic cycle

A
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44
Q

Describe biotechnology

A

Refers to technology we can use to change the genetic information of an organism. We can use viruses to do this and its uses include gene therapy (changing a faulty gene in a person), agriculture (producing larger and more resilient crops), and vaccines

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45
Q

How are vaccines created?

A

By taking dead, weakened, or inactivated pathogens (disease causing agents) and injecting them into an organism

46
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

Upon injection, an organism’s immune system will learn how to fight the harmless pathogen in the vaccine so that if the active/live pathogen is ever encountered, th immune system will be able to fight it

47
Q

What was the first vaccine made?

A

Smallpox

48
Q

How was the smallpox vaccine effective?

A

Smallpox was deadly and nearly identical to the harmless cowpox disease. Being infected with cowpox granted immunity to smallpox

49
Q

Describe prions

A

Infectious proteins that cause damage to nerve cells in the brain. They are likely incorrectly folded proteins. When it comes into contact with a cell containing the normal form of the protein, the prion converts the normal protein into the prion version

50
Q

What is the term for infectious proteins that cause damage to nerve cells in the brain?

A

Prions

51
Q

Which protein causes mad-cow disease?

A

Prions

52
Q

What are the two oldest groups of organisms on earth?

A

Bacteria and archaea

53
Q

What group of organisms produces nearly half the oxygen found in the atmosphere?

A

Bacteria

54
Q

Which group of organisms can live in extreme environments that are toxic to almost all other living things?

A

Archaea

55
Q

Of which group of organisms are there more cells in your body than human cells?

A

Bacteria

56
Q

What is another name for bacteria?

A

Eubacteria

57
Q

What is another name for archaea?

A

Archaebacteria

58
Q

List differences between archaea and bacteria

A

Significantly different genes, chemical differences in the RNA, cell membranes have different structures and chemical compositions, archaea tend to be adapted to live in extreme environments (extremophiles)

59
Q

What are the most common morphological forms in bacteria and archaea?

A

Coccus (round), bacillus (rod-shaped), spirrilum (spiralled or bent)

60
Q

What are alternative morphologies to bacteria and archaea?

A

Bacteria: cubes or pyramids
Archaea: plates or rectangles

61
Q

What prefix is used to describe the configuration of one bacterium?

A

Mono-

62
Q

What prefix is used to describe the configuration of two aggregated/attached bacteria?

A

Diplo-

63
Q

What prefix is used to describe the clumped configuration of bacteria?

A

Staphylo-

64
Q

What prefix is used to describe the chain configuration of bacteria?

A

Strepto-

65
Q

How do species in archaea and bacteria obtain energy?

A

By consuming other organisms (heterotroph), carrying out photosynthesis (autotroph), or from inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulfide or iron (chemoautotroph). Certain species of archaea can also undergo methanogenesis (the production of gas methane as a result of digestion)

66
Q

Describe the differences in habitats of archaea and bacteria

A

Both can live in aerobic (oxygen-rich) and anaerobic (without oxygen) environments. Archaea can live in extreme environments (extremophiles) while bacteria live in more moderate habitats (mesophiles)

67
Q

What are the types of extremophiles?

A

Thermophile, acidophile, halophile

68
Q

Which type of extremophiles lives in extremely hot temperatures?

A

Thermophile

69
Q

Which type of extremophiles lives in extremely acidic environments?

A

Acidophile

70
Q

Which type of extremophiles lives in extremely salinous environments?

A

Halophile

71
Q

Why do bacteria and archaea not reproduce through mitosis or meiosis?

A

They do not have a nucleus

72
Q

How do bacteria and archaea reproduce?

A

Prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction, and some bacteria reproduce through conjugation

73
Q

Describe binary fission

A

The cell grows, makes a copy of its original single chromosomes, elongates, then separates into two smaller, genetically identical cells

74
Q

Describe conjugation

A

One cell links to another, thereby transferring their genetic information. This produces cells with new genetic combinations and results in organisms that are better adapted to changing conditions

75
Q

How are archaea related to biotechnology?

A

They have enzymes that do not break down under extreme temperatures. This is used in DNA analysis to diagnose diseases and would decrease production cost of new technology

76
Q

How are bacterial helpful?

A

They can recycle dead materials into nutrients, be used in bioremediation (cleaning up pollution naturally), be probiotic agents which help maintain health and prevent diseases, and be used in industry to produce beer, wine, vinegar, and more

77
Q

How can bacteria be harmful?

A

They produce toxins which cause symptoms in humans (Ex. Walkerton tragedy in which rain washed cow manure into well water, giving people a deadly strain of E. Coli)

78
Q

List characteristics of protists

A

60,000+ species, eukaryotes, generically unicellular but can be multicellular (algae), 10µm - 60m, grouped mainly because they don’t fit into other kingdoms

79
Q

What are the three major groups of protista?

A

Animal-like protista (protozoa), plant-like protista (algae), fungi-like protista (slime moulds and water moulds)

80
Q

Describe animal-like Protista

A

Heterotrophs classified into four phyla based on their locomotion: amoeba, ciliates, flagellates, and sporozoans

81
Q

Describe amoeba

A

Use temporary extensions of the cytoplasm called pseudopods (“false feet”)

82
Q

Describe ciliates

A

Have short, hair-like projections called cilia

83
Q

Describe flagellates

A

Have a long, hair-like tail called a flagellum that whips side to side

84
Q

Describe sporozoans

A

Parasites that take the nutrients they need from their hosts

85
Q

Describe plant-like protista

A

Simple, aquatic, chloroplast-containing organisms. Autotrophs that photosynthesize and range from single cells to giant seaweeds. They are classified into six phyla based on their different types of chlorophyll and pigments

86
Q

Describe fungi-like protists

A

Heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from other organisms and produce spores

87
Q

List the characteristics of animalia

A

Eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell walls, heterotrophic, usually mobile (in at least one stage of their life), reproduce sexually and produce an embryo which undergoes stages of development

88
Q

What are the ways in which we classify animals?

A

Presence of a backbone, levels of organization, number of body layers, movement, symmetry and body plan, segmentation, body cavity, reproduction

89
Q

What are characteristics with respect to the presence of a backbone in animalia?

A

Vertebrates have a backbone to protect the spinal cord whereas invertebrates do not

90
Q

What are characteristics with respect to the levels of organization in animalia?

A

Differences in structure, function, and development

91
Q

What are characteristics with respect to the number of body layers in animalia?

A

One to three

92
Q

What are characteristics with respect to movement in animalia?

A

Active or sessile

93
Q

What are characteristics with respect to symmetry and body plan in animalia?

A

Asymmetrical (no plane of symmetry), radial (symmetrical about any plane with a central axis), or bilateral (symmetrical in one plane)

94
Q

What are characteristics with respect to segmentation in animalia?

A

Division of the body into repetitive sections

95
Q

What are characteristics with respect to the body cavity in animalia?

A

Present or absent

96
Q

What is another name for the body cavity?

A

Coelom

97
Q

What are characteristics with respect to reproduction in animalia?

A

Asexual or sexual, internal or external fertilization

98
Q

List the eight main phyla of animalia

A

Porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelida, mollusca, echinodermata, arthropoda, chordata

99
Q

Describe the phylum echinodermata

A

Includes sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sand dollars. Marine animals with radial symmetry, spinal endoskeletons, and tube feet

100
Q

Describe the phylum arthropoda

A

Largest phylum by far, divided into five main classes. Have legs made of jointed skeletons, segmented body with an exoskeleton, and organ systems. They are also coelomate

101
Q

Describe the phylum chordata

A

Two common features extending the length of the body in all chordates: a notochord (a flexible, rod-like structure that is eventually replaced by the spine in vertebrates) and a dorsal nerve cord. Most also have endoskeletons of bones or tough cartilage, and many are tetrapods

102
Q

Describe the class osteichthyes and chondrichthyes

A

Former contains the vast majority of fish on Earth and is made of bone. Latter are fish made of cartilage. Most have jaws and some have a swim bladder for vertical movement

103
Q

Describe the class amphibia

A

Amphibians such as toads, frogs, and salamanders. Evolved from bony fish and are tetrapods. Live both in water and on land for a portion of their lives. Fertilization is external

104
Q

What are the three orders of the class reptilia?

A

Lizards and snakes, turtles, and crocodiles

105
Q

Describe the class reptilia

A

Not dependant on water because of body scales that prevent dehydration, use lungs for gas exchange, fertilization is internal

106
Q

Describe the class aves

A

Birds and likely descendants of dinosaurs. Tetrapods but great differences in their front limbs. Most have hollow bones that are light for flyinh

107
Q

Describe the class mammalian

A

Have mammary glands that secrete milk to nourish young, have hair, have four-chambered hearts and highly-developed brains

108
Q

Describe the group monotremes

A

Egg-laying mammals of which the duck-billed platypus and echidna are the only living examples

109
Q

Describe the group marsupials

A

Pouched mammals that have a short gestation period (the amount of time offspring develop in the uterus)

110
Q

Describe placental mammals

A

Have a placenta, have great diversity in species and structure, include beats, bats, whales, and humans

11U Bio (13 decks)

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