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Cell Biology > Systems Histology > Flashcards

Systems Histology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The bladder consist of a ________ epithelium. Surface cells are ____ shaped

A

transitional

cells dome shaped

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2
Q

What does the Renal system do? 4

A
  1. Eliminate waste
  2. Regulate water balance
  3. Filter blood
  4. Regulate chemical composition of blood
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3
Q

What part of the renal system contains the portal system?

A

renal vein

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4
Q

The Interlobar artery is the _____ branch. Goes between ______.

A

1st branch.

Goes between pyramids

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5
Q

The Arcuate arter is the _____ branch

A

second

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6
Q

The Interlobular artery is the _____ branch. Feed individual glomeruli via __________

A

third

feed glomeruli via afferent arterioles

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7
Q

What is the functional unity of the kidney?

A

nephron

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8
Q

Where is the glomeruli located?

A

Renal cortex

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9
Q

What is the renal capsule composed of?

A

Collagenous CT

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10
Q

The renal pyramid consists of what three structures?

A
  1. Outer medulla
  2. Inner medulla
  3. Renal papilla
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11
Q

The renal medulla contain ____ that drain filtrate from blood into ____

A

tubules drain filtrate into calyx

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12
Q

What is the calyx?

A

Areas of drainage that fuse into renal ureter

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13
Q

The minor calyx is the ____ collection area of urine while the major calyx is the _____ collection area.

A

minor calyx - 1st

major calyx - 2nd

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14
Q

The Glomerulus is composed of ____ cells and _______. Receives blood from _____ arteriole and leaves by ______ arteriole. Filters into _____

A

endothelial cells and podocytes
Receive from afferent arteriole
Blood leaves by efferent arteriole
Filters into Bowman’s capsule

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15
Q

What do podocytes do?

A
  1. wrap around each individual renal capillary

2. create filtration barrier in Glomerulus

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16
Q

Bowman’s capsule is a hollow ball made of _____ _____ _______ with a tubule outlet made of _____ ____ ______

A

Bowman’s capsule - simple squamous epithelium

tubule outlet - simple cuboid epithelium

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17
Q

What are the 4 important Bowman’s capsule developmental areas? 4

A
  1. Vascular pole - blood enters / exits
  2. Urinary pole - where urine goes into tubules
  3. Parietal layer - outer tissue
  4. Inner visceral layer - inner tissue
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18
Q

What comprises the Juxtaglomerular complex?

A
  1. Macula densa
  2. Juxtaglomerular cell
  3. Extra / Intraglomerular cells
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19
Q

Macula densa:

  1. Senses ___ concentration
  2. In ______ tubules, at _____ pole
  3. _____ and _____ cells
A
  1. Sodium
  2. In distal tubules, at vascular pole
  3. simple cuboid and columnar cells
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20
Q

Juxtaglomerular cell:

  1. Modified ____ ____ cells
  2. Sense _______
  3. Regulates release of _____
  4. Located in wall of ____ arterioles
A
  1. Modified smooth muscle cells
  2. blood pressure
  3. renin (vasoconstriction)
  4. afferent arterioles
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21
Q

Extra / Intraglomerular cells are _____. Intra also secretes ____ molecules

A

macrophages

intra - signal molecules

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22
Q

filtration barrier of kidney:

  1. ______ of fenestrated capillaries
  2. Podocyte ____ ______
A
  1. endothelium

2. podocyte filtration slits

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23
Q

Name structures from nasal mucosa to alveoli

A

Nasal mucosa -> nasopharynx -> oropharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> extrapulmonary bronchus -> intrapulmonary bronchus -> bronchioles -> alveoli

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24
Q

Nasal mucosa is made of ____ ____ ____ ____ cells

A

Psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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25
Q

What are the two layers of the nasal mucosa as well as their functions?

A
  1. Mucosa - Basal support cells. Olfactory cells. Duct of Bowman gland. Lamina propria.
  2. Submucosa - CT in Bowman gland. Olfactory fila (receptors).
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26
Q

What are the four aspects of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Bronchial tree
  3. Bronchioles
  4. Terminal branches
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27
Q

What are the layers of the Trachea?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Cartilage
  4. Adventitia
28
Q

The cartilage in the trachea is made of ____ cartilage

A

hyaline

29
Q

The primary (or _______) bronchiole is the same tissue as the trachea except much ______

A

extrapulmonary

much thinner than trachea

30
Q

Terminal bronchioles consist of ____ ____ cells with _____ cells

A

simple cuboidal

Clara cells

31
Q

Clara cells:

  1. _______ granules: secrete _____
  2. Non-ciliated
  3. ______ shaped
  4. Lots of ____ ___
A
  1. Secretory granules - surfactant
  2. non-ciliated
  3. dome shaped
  4. Rough ER
32
Q

What are the two parts of the respiratory zone?

A
  1. respiratory bronchioles

2. alveolar sacs

33
Q

Respiratory bronchioles empty into _____

A

alveoli

34
Q

What are the types of cells in the alveolar sacs?

A
  1. Type I pneumocyte
  2. Type II pneumocyte
  3. Alveolar Macrophage
35
Q

Type I pneumocyte:

  1. Innermost part of ______
  2. __% of surface area
  3. _____ _____ cells
A
  1. alveolus
  2. 95% of surface area
  3. Simple squamous
36
Q

Type II pneumocyte:

  1. __% of surface area
  2. _____ ____ cells
  3. ______ bodies
  4. Synthesize _____
  5. Reduces _______
A
  1. 5% of surface area
  2. simple squamous
  3. lamellar bodies
  4. surfactant
  5. surface tension
37
Q

The alveolar macrophage is also known as a ____ cell and does what?

A

Dust cell

Monocytes that clean up debris

38
Q

The lumen of the alveolar sacs is where what happens?

A

Oxygen moves accross the barrier and binds to hemoglobin

39
Q

What is Emphysema?

A

Loss of elasticity of respiratory tissue. Enlargement of alveolar airspaces. Terminal.

40
Q

___% of emphysema cases are smokers

A

95%

41
Q

Medullary collecting ducts are surrounded by _______

A

loops of henle

42
Q

What are the tissues layers of the digestive system?

A

from inner to outer:

  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Serosa/Adventitia
43
Q

Mucosa of digestive system:

  1. ____ ____ ____ cells
  2. Lines _____
  3. Dense CT - ___ ____
  4. _____ - 2/3 layers of smooth muscle
A
  1. simple columnar epithelium
  2. lumen
  3. Dense CT - lamina propria
  4. muscularis
44
Q

Submucosa of digestive system:

  1. ____ CT
  2. Contain _____ ____
  3. Submucosal _____
A
  1. dense ct
  2. Brunner glands (duodenum)
  3. Sbmucosal plexus
45
Q

Lamina propria of Mucosa layer of digestive system:

  1. highly _______
  2. nutrients absorbed into ___
A
  1. highly vascular

2. villi

46
Q

What are lacteals?

A

systems of capillaries and lymphatic where major absorption occurs from lumen across epithelial into capillary network

47
Q

The muscularis of mucosa layer of digestive system:

  1. _______ muscle
  2. _______ muscle
  3. Contain _______
A
  1. longitudinal muscle
  2. circular muscle
  3. myenteric plexus
48
Q

Serosa / Adventitia is _____ CT

A

loose CT

49
Q

Does absorption occur in the esophagus?

A

Nooooo

50
Q

Esophagus:

  1. ____ tube
  2. Lined by ____ ____ _____ ____ cells
  3. end at ____
A
  1. 25 cm
  2. stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
  3. ends at cardia
51
Q

What are the two muscle layers of the esophagus?

A

Inner - circular

outer - longitudinal

52
Q

What are the regions of the stomach? 4

A
  1. Cardia - esophagus stomach junction
  2. Fundus - invagination on top of stomach
  3. Body
  4. Pylorus - distal part that connects to duodenum
53
Q

Tissue transitions to ____ ____ at the esophago-gastric junction

A

columnar epithelium

54
Q

Gastric Ruggae - folds that allow the stomach to ______

Gastric pits - _____ of the stomach

A

Gastric Ruggae - allow stomach to expand

Gastric pits - glands

55
Q

Parietal cells of the gastric pits synthesize and secrete _____

A

HCl

56
Q

Is there villi in the large intestine?

A

FUCK NO VILLI IN DERrrr

57
Q

What are the segments of the small intestine?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ilium
58
Q

Duodenum contain ______ glands which are ____ and ____ glands found in the ______

A

Brunners Glands
serous and mucous
in Submucosa

59
Q

What increase surface area for absorptions in the Jejunum? Become more prominent as you move from _____ to _____. Contain _____

A

Plicae circulares - transverse folds
more prominent as you go proximal to distal
villi

60
Q

What is important about the Ilium?

A

peyers patches/Galt - aggregated WBC’s for first line of defense

61
Q

Intestinal glands, also known as __________, are located in the _____ and contain ____ cells, which secrete _______

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn
lamina propria
Paneth cells - digestive enzymes

62
Q

Regeneration of epithelial lining of the stomach is _____ while regeneration of the epithelial lining of the intestine is ______

A

stomach - bidirectional

intestine - unidirectional

63
Q

The large intestine contains large amounts of ____ and ______

A

goblet cells

intestinal glands

64
Q

What are the cell types of the large intestine?

A
  1. Absorptive cell - water
  2. Goblet cell - mucin
  3. Regenerative - epithelium
  4. Endocrine
65
Q

__-__% of malignant tumors of GI tract from _____ cells

A

90-95%

epithelial cells

66
Q

What is the 2nd most cause of cancer in the US?

A

Adenocarcinomas - large intestine tumors usually from glandular epithelium

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