Endocrine System

Question 1

What is the tissue type of the endocrine system?

Answer 1

secretory epithelium

Question 2

_____ require receptors while _____ do not require receptors

Answer 2

peptides - receptor

steroids - no receptor

Question 3

What is the difference between endocrine paracrine and autocrine?

Answer 3

endocrine - distance cell targets
paracrine - nearby cell targets
autocrine - cell feedbacks on itself

Question 4

Goiter:

1. enlargement of _____
2. Dietary deficiency of _____
3. Overproduction of _____
4. Hypertrophy of _____ cells

Answer 4

1. enlargement of thyroid
2. iodine deficiency
3. TSH overproduced
4. hypertrophy of follicular cells

Question 5

What are the two cells of the thyroid gland?

Answer 5

Follicular cells

Parafollicular cells

Question 6

Follicular cells contain _____ and synthesize / store _____.

Answer 6

follicular cells contain colloid (thyroglobulin)

synthesize / store T3 or T4 proteins

Question 7

Parafollicular cells contain _____ and opposes _____

Answer 7

contain calcitonin

opposes parathormone

Question 8

Parathyroid glands:

1. Located in _____ of thyroid gland
2. Secrete _______

Answer 8

1. in capsule of thyroid gland

2. Secrete parathormone

Question 9

What are the cell types of the parathyroid glands? Functions?

Answer 9

Principal / Chief cells - Parathormone secretion in response to low Calcium levels
Oxyphil cells - unknown function

Question 10

What is an Adenoma?

Answer 10

tumor of any type of glandular tissue

Question 11

What happens when there is an adenoma in chief cells?

Answer 11

Overproduction of parathormone -> hypercalcemia -> kidney stones

Question 12

Where are the adrenal / suprarenal glands?

Answer 12

on top of kidneys

Question 13

Different zones of the cortical area of the adrenal glands secrete different ______

Answer 13

steroid hormones

Question 14

What is the outer layer of the adrenal glands?

Answer 14

Adrenal cortex

Question 15

What is the inner layer of the adrenal glands?

Answer 15

Medullar Area

Question 16

What are catecholamines?

Answer 16

non peptide transmitters

Question 17

What are Chromaffin cells?

Answer 17

secretory cells

synthesize tranmitters

Question 18

The Cortical area of the adrenal glands secrete _______ while the medullar area secrete _______

Answer 18

The Cortical area of the adrenal glands secrete steroid hormones while the medullar area secrete neurotransmitters

Question 19

What is the Pituitary gland directly connected to?

Answer 19

hypothalamus

Question 20

What does the Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland act on? What is it controlled by?

Answer 20

Adrenals, thyroid, ovaries, testes, liver

controlled by hypothalamus

Question 21

What does the posterior lob of the pituitary gland act on?

Answer 21

Kidney, Uterus, Mammary

Question 22

What are the hormones that act on non-endocrine tissue?

Answer 22

GH, ADH, MSH

Acidophils

Question 23

What are the hormones that act on endocrine tissue?

Answer 23

TSH, ACTH, FSH

Basophils

Question 24

Where are chromophobes found?

Answer 24

Anterior lobe of pituitary gland

Question 25

What are pituicytes?

Answer 25

supporting glial cells for axons

Question 26

The posterior pituitary gland secretes ______ and ______. Where are they synthesized?

Answer 26

ADH - supraoptic nucleus | Oxytocin - paraventricular nucleus

Question 27

ADH acts on ______ while Oxytocin acts on ____

Answer 27

ADH - renal tubules | Oxytocin - uterus

Question 28

What does a pituitary adenoma cause?

Answer 28

Excess hormone production of GH, prolactin, cortisol

Question 29

Where is the pineal gland?

Answer 29

brain | attached to roof of 3rd ventricle by "pineal stalk"

Question 30

What is brain sand?

Answer 30

calcification deposits related to aging

Question 31

What are Pinealocytes?

Answer 31

cells that produce melatonin

Question 32

What is the effect of melatonin? 3

Answer 32

1. Suppressive effect on gonadotrophins (LH, FSH) 2. Synchronization of body rhythms to light cycle 3. ocular circadian rhythms

Question 33

What is the IOP rhythm?

Answer 33

rises early in morning and decreases throughout the day

Question 34

Dopamin and melatonin are responsible for ______ and _____

Answer 34

Retinomotor movement and pigment dispersion

Question 35

Retinomotor movement is ____ dependent

Answer 35

actin

Question 36

Melatonin is synthesized and secreted by _____ of photoreceptors

Answer 36

outer segment

Question 37

in the dark, cones ___ while rods ____. In the light, cones ____ while rods _____. Melatonin moves out of the cytoplasm in the _____ and into the cytoplasm in the _____

Answer 37

``` dark = cones contract, rods elongate light = cones elongate, rods contract dark = melatonin moves out of cytoplasm light = melatonin moves into cytoplasm ```