Endocrine System Flashcards
What is the tissue type of the endocrine system?
secretory epithelium
_____ require receptors while _____ do not require receptors
peptides - receptor
steroids - no receptor
What is the difference between endocrine paracrine and autocrine?
endocrine - distance cell targets
paracrine - nearby cell targets
autocrine - cell feedbacks on itself
Goiter:
- enlargement of _____
- Dietary deficiency of _____
- Overproduction of _____
- Hypertrophy of _____ cells
- enlargement of thyroid
- iodine deficiency
- TSH overproduced
- hypertrophy of follicular cells
What are the two cells of the thyroid gland?
Follicular cells
Parafollicular cells
Follicular cells contain _____ and synthesize / store _____.
follicular cells contain colloid (thyroglobulin)
synthesize / store T3 or T4 proteins
Parafollicular cells contain _____ and opposes _____
contain calcitonin
opposes parathormone
Parathyroid glands:
- Located in _____ of thyroid gland
- Secrete _______
- in capsule of thyroid gland
2. Secrete parathormone
What are the cell types of the parathyroid glands? Functions?
Principal / Chief cells - Parathormone secretion in response to low Calcium levels
Oxyphil cells - unknown function
What is an Adenoma?
tumor of any type of glandular tissue
What happens when there is an adenoma in chief cells?
Overproduction of parathormone -> hypercalcemia -> kidney stones
Where are the adrenal / suprarenal glands?
on top of kidneys
Different zones of the cortical area of the adrenal glands secrete different ______
steroid hormones
What is the outer layer of the adrenal glands?
Adrenal cortex
What is the inner layer of the adrenal glands?
Medullar Area
What are catecholamines?
non peptide transmitters
What are Chromaffin cells?
secretory cells
synthesize tranmitters
The Cortical area of the adrenal glands secrete _______ while the medullar area secrete _______
The Cortical area of the adrenal glands secrete steroid hormones while the medullar area secrete neurotransmitters
What is the Pituitary gland directly connected to?
hypothalamus
What does the Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland act on? What is it controlled by?
Adrenals, thyroid, ovaries, testes, liver
controlled by hypothalamus
What does the posterior lob of the pituitary gland act on?
Kidney, Uterus, Mammary
What are the hormones that act on non-endocrine tissue?
GH, ADH, MSH
Acidophils
What are the hormones that act on endocrine tissue?
TSH, ACTH, FSH
Basophils
Where are chromophobes found?
Anterior lobe of pituitary gland
What are pituicytes?
supporting glial cells for axons
The posterior pituitary gland secretes ______ and ______. Where are they synthesized?
ADH - supraoptic nucleus
Oxytocin - paraventricular nucleus
ADH acts on ______ while Oxytocin acts on ____
ADH - renal tubules
Oxytocin - uterus
What does a pituitary adenoma cause?
Excess hormone production of GH, prolactin, cortisol
Where is the pineal gland?
brain
attached to roof of 3rd ventricle by “pineal stalk”
What is brain sand?
calcification deposits related to aging
What are Pinealocytes?
cells that produce melatonin
What is the effect of melatonin? 3
- Suppressive effect on gonadotrophins (LH, FSH)
- Synchronization of body rhythms to light cycle
- ocular circadian rhythms
What is the IOP rhythm?
rises early in morning and decreases throughout the day
Dopamin and melatonin are responsible for ______ and _____
Retinomotor movement and pigment dispersion
Retinomotor movement is ____ dependent
actin
Melatonin is synthesized and secreted by _____ of photoreceptors
outer segment
in the dark, cones ___ while rods ____. In the light, cones ____ while rods _____. Melatonin moves out of the cytoplasm in the _____ and into the cytoplasm in the _____
dark = cones contract, rods elongate light = cones elongate, rods contract dark = melatonin moves out of cytoplasm light = melatonin moves into cytoplasm
