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Cell Biology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the tissue type of the endocrine system?

A

secretory epithelium

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2
Q

_____ require receptors while _____ do not require receptors

A

peptides - receptor

steroids - no receptor

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3
Q

What is the difference between endocrine paracrine and autocrine?

A

endocrine - distance cell targets
paracrine - nearby cell targets
autocrine - cell feedbacks on itself

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4
Q

Goiter:

  1. enlargement of _____
  2. Dietary deficiency of _____
  3. Overproduction of _____
  4. Hypertrophy of _____ cells
A
  1. enlargement of thyroid
  2. iodine deficiency
  3. TSH overproduced
  4. hypertrophy of follicular cells
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5
Q

What are the two cells of the thyroid gland?

A

Follicular cells

Parafollicular cells

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6
Q

Follicular cells contain _____ and synthesize / store _____.

A

follicular cells contain colloid (thyroglobulin)

synthesize / store T3 or T4 proteins

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7
Q

Parafollicular cells contain _____ and opposes _____

A

contain calcitonin

opposes parathormone

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8
Q

Parathyroid glands:

  1. Located in _____ of thyroid gland
  2. Secrete _______
A
  1. in capsule of thyroid gland

2. Secrete parathormone

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9
Q

What are the cell types of the parathyroid glands? Functions?

A

Principal / Chief cells - Parathormone secretion in response to low Calcium levels
Oxyphil cells - unknown function

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10
Q

What is an Adenoma?

A

tumor of any type of glandular tissue

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11
Q

What happens when there is an adenoma in chief cells?

A

Overproduction of parathormone -> hypercalcemia -> kidney stones

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12
Q

Where are the adrenal / suprarenal glands?

A

on top of kidneys

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13
Q

Different zones of the cortical area of the adrenal glands secrete different ______

A

steroid hormones

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14
Q

What is the outer layer of the adrenal glands?

A

Adrenal cortex

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15
Q

What is the inner layer of the adrenal glands?

A

Medullar Area

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16
Q

What are catecholamines?

A

non peptide transmitters

17
Q

What are Chromaffin cells?

A

secretory cells

synthesize tranmitters

18
Q

The Cortical area of the adrenal glands secrete _______ while the medullar area secrete _______

A

The Cortical area of the adrenal glands secrete steroid hormones while the medullar area secrete neurotransmitters

19
Q

What is the Pituitary gland directly connected to?

A

hypothalamus

20
Q

What does the Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland act on? What is it controlled by?

A

Adrenals, thyroid, ovaries, testes, liver

controlled by hypothalamus

21
Q

What does the posterior lob of the pituitary gland act on?

A

Kidney, Uterus, Mammary

22
Q

What are the hormones that act on non-endocrine tissue?

A

GH, ADH, MSH

Acidophils

23
Q

What are the hormones that act on endocrine tissue?

A

TSH, ACTH, FSH

Basophils

24
Q

Where are chromophobes found?

A

Anterior lobe of pituitary gland

25
Q

What are pituicytes?

A

supporting glial cells for axons

26
Q

The posterior pituitary gland secretes ______ and ______. Where are they synthesized?

A

ADH - supraoptic nucleus

Oxytocin - paraventricular nucleus

27
Q

ADH acts on ______ while Oxytocin acts on ____

A

ADH - renal tubules

Oxytocin - uterus

28
Q

What does a pituitary adenoma cause?

A

Excess hormone production of GH, prolactin, cortisol

29
Q

Where is the pineal gland?

A

brain

attached to roof of 3rd ventricle by “pineal stalk”

30
Q

What is brain sand?

A

calcification deposits related to aging

31
Q

What are Pinealocytes?

A

cells that produce melatonin

32
Q

What is the effect of melatonin? 3

A
  1. Suppressive effect on gonadotrophins (LH, FSH)
  2. Synchronization of body rhythms to light cycle
  3. ocular circadian rhythms
33
Q

What is the IOP rhythm?

A

rises early in morning and decreases throughout the day

34
Q

Dopamin and melatonin are responsible for ______ and _____

A

Retinomotor movement and pigment dispersion

35
Q

Retinomotor movement is ____ dependent

A

actin

36
Q

Melatonin is synthesized and secreted by _____ of photoreceptors

A

outer segment

37
Q

in the dark, cones ___ while rods ____. In the light, cones ____ while rods _____. Melatonin moves out of the cytoplasm in the _____ and into the cytoplasm in the _____

A 
dark = cones contract, rods elongate
light = cones elongate, rods contract
dark = melatonin moves out of cytoplasm
light = melatonin moves into cytoplasm

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