Nervous System

Question 1

Define:

1. Ganglion
2. Nerve
3. Neuropil

Answer 1

ganglion - collection of PNS neurons
nerve - bundle of axons
neuropil - surrounding stain in material

Question 2

What are the three types of neurons?

Answer 2

Unipolar - 1 process
Bipolar - 2 processes
Multipolar - more than 2

Question 3

What is the most common neuron? least common?

Answer 3

Most common - multipolar

least common - bipolar

Question 4

What are the structures of a neuron?

Answer 4

Dendrites
Soma
Axon
Nissle bodies
Synapse

Question 5

What is the dendritic spine?

Answer 5

specialized synaptic contact areas in some dendrites

Question 6

The nucleus of a neuron stains ____ while the nucleolus stains ____

Answer 6

nucleus - light

nucleolus - dark

Question 7

The nissle bodies of neurons contain

Answer 7

RER / ribosomes

Question 8

What is the postsynaptic density?

Answer 8

specialized underlying plasma membrane that holds receptors in place

Question 9

______ are myelin cells in the CNS while _____ and myelin cells in the PNS

Answer 9

Oligodendrocytes - CNS myelin cell

Schwann cell - PNS myelin cell

Question 10

Neuromuscular junction / motor end plates contain _______ to increase surface area of muscle

Answer 10

junctional folds

Question 11

What are the different types of synapses?

Answer 11

Axosomatic - axon on cell body
Axoaxonic - Axon A on dendrite. Axon B on axon A
Axodendritic - Axon on dendrite. MOST COMMON
Axospinous - axon on dendritic spin

Question 12

Neurotransmitters are released by ____

Answer 12

exocytosis

Question 13

What are Low MW transmitters?

Answer 13

small non-peptide molecules

synthesized in terminal

Question 14

What do these Low MW transmitters do?
Acetylcholine
dopamine
serotonin
glutamate
gamma-amino-butyric acid

Answer 14

acetylcholine - NM junctions
dopamine - neuromodulator in horizontal / amacrine
serotonin - CNS and photoreceptors
glutamate - inhibitory (main one for photoreceptor)
GAB - in horizontal / amacrine cells

Question 15

What are High MW transmitters?

Answer 15

peptide

synthesized in soma

Question 16

Anterograde goes from ___ to ____

Retrograde goes from ___ to ___

Answer 16

anterograde - soma to terminal

retrograde - terminal to soma

Question 17

What are the PNS glial cells?

Answer 17

Schwann cells - myelinated

Satellite cells - environment control

Question 18

What are the CNS glial cells?

Answer 18

Oligodendrocytes - myelinated
Astrocytes - around neurons
Microglia - injury reponse
Ependymal cells - line ventricles of brain / SC

Question 19

Mueller cells extend from ____ to ____

Answer 19

ILM to ELM

Question 20

Astrocytes are the ___ size and are important for the

Answer 20

largest

blood-brain barrier

Question 21

Microglia are the ___ size and respond to ___

Answer 21

smallest

respond to injury

Question 22

Ependymal cells contain ____, synthesize ___, and are known as ____ in the ventricles of brain

Answer 22

cilia
CSF
Tanycytes

Question 23

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

Answer 23

demyelination of motor neurons

Question 24

What is Lateral Sclerosis?

Answer 24

Degeneration of motor neurons

Loss of axons in corticospinal tracts

Question 25

What is Alzheimer's?

Answer 25

Senile dementia loss of neurons in cortex due to build up of protein "plaques" and neuronal tangles

Question 26

What is the difference between gray matter and white matter?

Answer 26

gray matter - cell bodies | white matter - axons and dendrites

Question 27

the posterior horn of the spinal cord is ____ while the ventral horn is ____

Answer 27

posterior horn - sensory | ventral horn - motor

Question 28

What is the difference between the endoneurium, perineurium and epineurium?

Answer 28

endoneurium - surrounds 1 axon perineurium - surrounds 1 fascicle epineurium - surrounds 1 nerve

Question 29

What are the three layers of the meninges?

Answer 29

dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater

Question 30

What meningeal space contains CSF and vessels?

Answer 30

subarachnoid

Question 31

What holds the arachnoid to the pia?

Answer 31

arachnoid trabeculae

Question 32

What is the blood-brain barrier? What is the only molecule allowed through?

Answer 32

Perivascular space in the brain surround by BM from endothelium and end feet of astrocytes Only glucose allowed through

Question 33

CSF is produced by the _____ of the _____ and is continuous with the _____ of the spinal cord

Answer 33

choroid plexus of ventricle | continuous with central canal of spine

Question 34

What does the optic nerve exit though in the orbit?

Answer 34

lamina cribosa

Question 35

What are the retinal layers starting inner and moving outwards

Answer 35

``` ILM ON layer Ganglion layer Inner plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer outer plexiform layer outer nuclear layer inner / outer segments of photoreceptors RPE ```

Question 36

What is drusen?

Answer 36

partially digested materials in Bruch's membrane

Question 37

The spherule of a rod makes synaptic contact with __ bipolar cell and __ horizontal cells

Answer 37

1 bipolar cell | 2 horizontal cells

Question 38

The pedicle of a cone makes synaptic contact with __ bipolar cell and __ horizontal cells

Answer 38

2 bipolar cells | 2 horizontal cells

Question 39

Bipolar cells are the direct route to _____ cells

Answer 39

ganglion

Question 40

Amacrine cells connect multiple ____ cells to ____ cells. | Horizontal cells connect multiple ___ cells to ____ cells

Answer 40

amacrine - multiple bipolar to ganglion | horizontal - multiple PRs to bipolar

Question 41

where is the highest rod density?

Answer 41

20 degrees from fovea

Question 42

The optic disc is elongated more ___ than ___

Answer 42

more vertically than horizontally

Question 43

What is the physiologic cup?

Answer 43

optic disc indentation

Question 44

The optic disc lacks al layers except ___ and ___

Answer 44

fibers and ILM

Question 45

Why is the optic disc pale?

Answer 45

No RPE

Question 46

What are the three fibers types of ganglion cells?

Answer 46

Arcuate fibers - arch around macula Radiating fibers - go directly to disc Papillomacular bundle - macula to disc

Question 47

What are the layers of the macula lutea?

Answer 47

Foveola Fovea Parafovea Perifovea

Question 48

What is the clivus?

Answer 48

sloped wall ending in foveola

Question 49

Where is the Far Peripheral Retina?

Answer 49

at ora serrata

Question 50

What is the retinal blood supply?

Answer 50

outer layer - choroidal capillaries | inner retina - central retinal artery

Question 51

What is meningitis?

Answer 51

infection of the meninges leading to inflammation

Question 52

What are the four sources of vessels to the optic nerve?

Answer 52

1. branches from CRA 2. Branches from circle of Zinn 3. Choroidal branches 4. Pial branches