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Cell Biology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define:

  1. Ganglion
  2. Nerve
  3. Neuropil
A

ganglion - collection of PNS neurons
nerve - bundle of axons
neuropil - surrounding stain in material

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2
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

Unipolar - 1 process
Bipolar - 2 processes
Multipolar - more than 2

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3
Q

What is the most common neuron? least common?

A

Most common - multipolar

least common - bipolar

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4
Q

What are the structures of a neuron?

A 
Dendrites
Soma
Axon
Nissle bodies
Synapse
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5
Q

What is the dendritic spine?

A

specialized synaptic contact areas in some dendrites

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6
Q

The nucleus of a neuron stains ____ while the nucleolus stains ____

A

nucleus - light

nucleolus - dark

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7
Q

The nissle bodies of neurons contain

A

RER / ribosomes

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8
Q

What is the postsynaptic density?

A

specialized underlying plasma membrane that holds receptors in place

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9
Q

______ are myelin cells in the CNS while _____ and myelin cells in the PNS

A

Oligodendrocytes - CNS myelin cell

Schwann cell - PNS myelin cell

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10
Q

Neuromuscular junction / motor end plates contain _______ to increase surface area of muscle

A

junctional folds

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11
Q

What are the different types of synapses?

A

Axosomatic - axon on cell body
Axoaxonic - Axon A on dendrite. Axon B on axon A
Axodendritic - Axon on dendrite. MOST COMMON
Axospinous - axon on dendritic spin

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12
Q

Neurotransmitters are released by ____

A

exocytosis

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13
Q

What are Low MW transmitters?

A

small non-peptide molecules

synthesized in terminal

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14
Q 
What do these Low MW transmitters do?
Acetylcholine
dopamine
serotonin
glutamate
gamma-amino-butyric acid
A

acetylcholine - NM junctions
dopamine - neuromodulator in horizontal / amacrine
serotonin - CNS and photoreceptors
glutamate - inhibitory (main one for photoreceptor)
GAB - in horizontal / amacrine cells

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15
Q

What are High MW transmitters?

A

peptide

synthesized in soma

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16
Q

Anterograde goes from ___ to ____

Retrograde goes from ___ to ___

A

anterograde - soma to terminal

retrograde - terminal to soma

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17
Q

What are the PNS glial cells?

A

Schwann cells - myelinated

Satellite cells - environment control

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18
Q

What are the CNS glial cells?

A

Oligodendrocytes - myelinated
Astrocytes - around neurons
Microglia - injury reponse
Ependymal cells - line ventricles of brain / SC

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19
Q

Mueller cells extend from ____ to ____

A

ILM to ELM

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20
Q

Astrocytes are the ___ size and are important for the

A

largest

blood-brain barrier

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21
Q

Microglia are the ___ size and respond to ___

A

smallest

respond to injury

22
Q

Ependymal cells contain ____, synthesize ___, and are known as ____ in the ventricles of brain

A

cilia
CSF
Tanycytes

23
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

A

demyelination of motor neurons

24
Q

What is Lateral Sclerosis?

A

Degeneration of motor neurons

Loss of axons in corticospinal tracts

25
Q

What is Alzheimer’s?

A

Senile dementia
loss of neurons in cortex
due to build up of protein “plaques” and neuronal tangles

26
Q

What is the difference between gray matter and white matter?

A

gray matter - cell bodies

white matter - axons and dendrites

27
Q

the posterior horn of the spinal cord is ____ while the ventral horn is ____

A

posterior horn - sensory

ventral horn - motor

28
Q

What is the difference between the endoneurium, perineurium and epineurium?

A

endoneurium - surrounds 1 axon
perineurium - surrounds 1 fascicle
epineurium - surrounds 1 nerve

29
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

30
Q

What meningeal space contains CSF and vessels?

A

subarachnoid

31
Q

What holds the arachnoid to the pia?

A

arachnoid trabeculae

32
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier? What is the only molecule allowed through?

A

Perivascular space in the brain surround by BM from endothelium and end feet of astrocytes
Only glucose allowed through

33
Q

CSF is produced by the _____ of the _____ and is continuous with the _____ of the spinal cord

A

choroid plexus of ventricle

continuous with central canal of spine

34
Q

What does the optic nerve exit though in the orbit?

A

lamina cribosa

35
Q

What are the retinal layers starting inner and moving outwards

A 
ILM
ON layer
Ganglion layer
Inner plexiform layer
Inner nuclear layer
outer plexiform layer
outer nuclear layer
inner / outer segments of photoreceptors 
RPE
36
Q

What is drusen?

A

partially digested materials in Bruch’s membrane

37
Q

The spherule of a rod makes synaptic contact with __ bipolar cell and __ horizontal cells

A

1 bipolar cell

2 horizontal cells

38
Q

The pedicle of a cone makes synaptic contact with __ bipolar cell and __ horizontal cells

A

2 bipolar cells

2 horizontal cells

39
Q

Bipolar cells are the direct route to _____ cells

A

ganglion

40
Q

Amacrine cells connect multiple ____ cells to ____ cells.

Horizontal cells connect multiple ___ cells to ____ cells

A

amacrine - multiple bipolar to ganglion

horizontal - multiple PRs to bipolar

41
Q

where is the highest rod density?

A

20 degrees from fovea

42
Q

The optic disc is elongated more ___ than ___

A

more vertically than horizontally

43
Q

What is the physiologic cup?

A

optic disc indentation

44
Q

The optic disc lacks al layers except ___ and ___

A

fibers and ILM

45
Q

Why is the optic disc pale?

A

No RPE

46
Q

What are the three fibers types of ganglion cells?

A

Arcuate fibers - arch around macula
Radiating fibers - go directly to disc
Papillomacular bundle - macula to disc

47
Q

What are the layers of the macula lutea?

A

Foveola
Fovea
Parafovea
Perifovea

48
Q

What is the clivus?

A

sloped wall ending in foveola

49
Q

Where is the Far Peripheral Retina?

A

at ora serrata

50
Q

What is the retinal blood supply?

A

outer layer - choroidal capillaries

inner retina - central retinal artery

51
Q

What is meningitis?

A

infection of the meninges leading to inflammation

52
Q

What are the four sources of vessels to the optic nerve?

A
  1. branches from CRA
  2. Branches from circle of Zinn
  3. Choroidal branches
  4. Pial branches

Cell Biology (15 decks)

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