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Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What is the only organ to have an exocrine and endocrine gland system?

A

Pancreas

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2
Q

The common bile duct of the pancreas come from the liver and join the ________

A

duct of Wirsung

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3
Q

What is the Ampulla of Vater?

A

Enlargement after the merging of the two ducts

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4
Q

What is the Sphincter of Oddi?

A

smooth muscle that circles the neck of connected ducts and controls the opening and closing of the duct system

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5
Q

What is the septa of the pancreas?

A

collagenous CT that separates lobules

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6
Q

Exocrine tissue in the pancreas makes up __% of the tissue mass. Endocrine makes up __%

A

exocrine - 98%

endocrine - 2%

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7
Q

What are the acini cells within the pancreatic duct system?

A
  1. Serous
  2. Mucous
  3. Myoeptihelial - surrounds acini cells
  4. Striated - pumps out product
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8
Q

How many enzymes does the septa secrete into the duodenum?

A

20

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9
Q

How is the duct system organized in the exocrine system? Tissue type?

A
  1. Centroacinar cell - Squamous
  2. Intercalated duct - Simple cuboid
  3. Introlobular duct - Simple high cuboid/columnar
  4. Interlobular duct - Stratified cuboid/columnar
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10
Q

What part of the pancreatic exocrine duct system secretes fluid and sodium?

A

Intercalated duct

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11
Q

What part of the pancreatic exocrine duct system has the most pumps due to infolding?

A

Intralobular duct

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12
Q

What are the Islets of Langerhans?

A

small oval clusters of secretory cells in the endocrine lobule of the pancreas

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13
Q

What is the main oxygen and nutrient source for the islets of langerhans?

A

Acinar vascular system

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14
Q

What is the insuloacinar portal system?

A

Capillaries leaving blood supply to exocrine acini

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15
Q

What does the endocrine septa of the pancreas do?

A

Secrete hormones into circulation

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16
Q

Where is the celiac artery of the pancreas?

A

dorsal pancreas

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17
Q

Where is the superior mesentric artery?

A

ventral pancreas

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18
Q

Where does the pancreatic portal vein go?

A

liver

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19
Q

What are the principle cells of the endocrine pancreas?

A
  1. alpha
  2. beta
  3. delta
  4. PP
  5. G cells
  6. non-endocrine cells
20
Q 
Alpha cells secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_
Beta cells secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_
Delta cells secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_
PP cells secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_
G cells secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_
Non-endocrine cells such as \_\_\_\_\_ secrete \_\_\_\_\_
A 
Alpha - glucagon
Beta - Insulin
Delta - Somatostatin
PP - Unknown
G - Gastrin
non-endocrine - monocyte secrete VIP
21
Q

_____ cells comprise most of the endocrine principle cells of the pancreas

22
Q

The ____ chain of Insulin has species-specific sites while the ___ chain of insulin is the core of biologic activity

A

A chain - species specific

B chain - biological activity core

23
Q

The duct system of the endocrine pancreatic system contains ______ enzymes released from the ____ system

A

digestive enzymes secreted by the exocrine system

24
Q

What is the Duct of Santorini

A

accessory duct

25
What is the Duct of Wirsung
Main duct
26
What is the Interlobular duct?
Duct of Santorini and Wirsung merged together
27
What is the most immature form of insulin?
preproinsulin
28
Exocytosis of insulin: 1. Glucose stimulates increase in ___ and ___ 2. Secretory granules line up and go to _____ 3. Membrane _____ 4. Release
1. Calcium and cAMP 2. membrane 3. fusion 4. release
29
Insulin contains ____ core granules, and the crystalline has ____ shape
dense core granule | irregular crystalline shape
30
Insulin is sensitive to ____ levels
glucose
31
Insulin stimulates ____ uptake and ____ synthesis
glucose uptake | glycogen synthesis
32
Insulin has _ chains of amino acids with ____ links
2 chains with S-S link
33
What is secreted with insulin but has an unknown function?
C-peptide
34
What are the major targets of insulin?
liver skeletal muscle adipose
35
Insulin receptor: 1. ________ shape 2. 2 ___ and 2 ___ chains 3. ____ chains transmembrane 4. Insulin binds ____ chains 5. Binding causes ___ to phosphorylate ____ 6. Mobilization of _____ to membrane
1. Heterotetramer 2. 2 alpha and 2 beta chais 3. beta chains transmembrane 4. insulin binds alpha chain 5. Kinase phosphorylate protein 6. GLUT-4 to membrane
36
How does blood flow from the pancreas to liver?
pancreatic venules -> portal vein -> liver
37
___% of insulin goes to target tissues and ___% is removed by liver
40% to target tissues | 60% removed by liver
38
Insulin goes to target tissues and binds to ____. Maximum response is seen when only __% of receptors are occupied
binds to Rs | maximum response at 5%
39
What happens when blood glucose gets too high?
1. Insulin secretion increases 2. glucose uptake in tissues increases 3. blood glucose drops
40
GLUT-4 increases mobilization/exocytosis of glucose __x compared to GLUT-1
20x
41
Type 1 diabetes is ____ common and insulin _____. Type 2 diabetes is ____ common and insulin _____.
Type I - more common. Insulin dependent | Type II - less common. Insulin independent
42
Type 2 dibetes: 1. Insulin _____ 2. ______ with normal or elevated insulin 3. Associated with _____ 4. _____ damage 5. Islets are _____, then _______
1. Insulin resistance 2. Hyperglycemia despite insulin levels 3. Obesity 4. vessel damage - retinopathy 5. Islet hyperplastic, then atrophy
43
What are 3 complications that can arise from diabetes?
Retinopathy vascular disease neuropathy
44
What is early treatment for diabetes? What happens?
inject duct cells into portal vein | cells eventually die due to T cell attack
45
What is the new evidence that shows that islets can de-differentiate then re-differentiate in vitro?
1. Induced into hormone secreting cells 2. Islet cells post-mortem de-differentiate into fibroblasts and proliferate 3. Ck-19 protein

Cell Biology (15 decks)

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