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Cell Biology > Pancreas > Flashcards

Pancreas Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the only organ to have an exocrine and endocrine gland system?

A

Pancreas

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2
Q

The common bile duct of the pancreas come from the liver and join the ________

A

duct of Wirsung

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3
Q

What is the Ampulla of Vater?

A

Enlargement after the merging of the two ducts

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4
Q

What is the Sphincter of Oddi?

A

smooth muscle that circles the neck of connected ducts and controls the opening and closing of the duct system

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5
Q

What is the septa of the pancreas?

A

collagenous CT that separates lobules

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6
Q

Exocrine tissue in the pancreas makes up __% of the tissue mass. Endocrine makes up __%

A

exocrine - 98%

endocrine - 2%

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7
Q

What are the acini cells within the pancreatic duct system?

A
  1. Serous
  2. Mucous
  3. Myoeptihelial - surrounds acini cells
  4. Striated - pumps out product
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8
Q

How many enzymes does the septa secrete into the duodenum?

A

20

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9
Q

How is the duct system organized in the exocrine system? Tissue type?

A
  1. Centroacinar cell - Squamous
  2. Intercalated duct - Simple cuboid
  3. Introlobular duct - Simple high cuboid/columnar
  4. Interlobular duct - Stratified cuboid/columnar
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10
Q

What part of the pancreatic exocrine duct system secretes fluid and sodium?

A

Intercalated duct

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11
Q

What part of the pancreatic exocrine duct system has the most pumps due to infolding?

A

Intralobular duct

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12
Q

What are the Islets of Langerhans?

A

small oval clusters of secretory cells in the endocrine lobule of the pancreas

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13
Q

What is the main oxygen and nutrient source for the islets of langerhans?

A

Acinar vascular system

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14
Q

What is the insuloacinar portal system?

A

Capillaries leaving blood supply to exocrine acini

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15
Q

What does the endocrine septa of the pancreas do?

A

Secrete hormones into circulation

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16
Q

Where is the celiac artery of the pancreas?

A

dorsal pancreas

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17
Q

Where is the superior mesentric artery?

A

ventral pancreas

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18
Q

Where does the pancreatic portal vein go?

A

liver

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19
Q

What are the principle cells of the endocrine pancreas?

A
  1. alpha
  2. beta
  3. delta
  4. PP
  5. G cells
  6. non-endocrine cells
20
Q 
Alpha cells secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_
Beta cells secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_
Delta cells secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_
PP cells secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_
G cells secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_
Non-endocrine cells such as \_\_\_\_\_ secrete \_\_\_\_\_
A 
Alpha - glucagon
Beta - Insulin
Delta - Somatostatin
PP - Unknown
G - Gastrin
non-endocrine - monocyte secrete VIP
21
Q

_____ cells comprise most of the endocrine principle cells of the pancreas

A

Beta

22
Q

The ____ chain of Insulin has species-specific sites while the ___ chain of insulin is the core of biologic activity

A

A chain - species specific

B chain - biological activity core

23
Q

The duct system of the endocrine pancreatic system contains ______ enzymes released from the ____ system

A

digestive enzymes secreted by the exocrine system

24
Q

What is the Duct of Santorini

A

accessory duct

25
Q

What is the Duct of Wirsung

A

Main duct

26
Q

What is the Interlobular duct?

A

Duct of Santorini and Wirsung merged together

27
Q

What is the most immature form of insulin?

A

preproinsulin

28
Q

Exocytosis of insulin:

  1. Glucose stimulates increase in ___ and ___
  2. Secretory granules line up and go to _____
  3. Membrane _____
  4. Release
A
  1. Calcium and cAMP
  2. membrane
  3. fusion
  4. release
29
Q

Insulin contains ____ core granules, and the crystalline has ____ shape

A

dense core granule

irregular crystalline shape

30
Q

Insulin is sensitive to ____ levels

A

glucose

31
Q

Insulin stimulates ____ uptake and ____ synthesis

A

glucose uptake

glycogen synthesis

32
Q

Insulin has _ chains of amino acids with ____ links

A

2 chains with S-S link

33
Q

What is secreted with insulin but has an unknown function?

A

C-peptide

34
Q

What are the major targets of insulin?

A

liver
skeletal muscle
adipose

35
Q

Insulin receptor:

  1. ________ shape
  2. 2 ___ and 2 ___ chains
  3. ____ chains transmembrane
  4. Insulin binds ____ chains
  5. Binding causes ___ to phosphorylate ____
  6. Mobilization of _____ to membrane
A
  1. Heterotetramer
  2. 2 alpha and 2 beta chais
  3. beta chains transmembrane
  4. insulin binds alpha chain
  5. Kinase phosphorylate protein
  6. GLUT-4 to membrane
36
Q

How does blood flow from the pancreas to liver?

A

pancreatic venules -> portal vein -> liver

37
Q

___% of insulin goes to target tissues and ___% is removed by liver

A

40% to target tissues

60% removed by liver

38
Q

Insulin goes to target tissues and binds to ____. Maximum response is seen when only __% of receptors are occupied

A

binds to Rs

maximum response at 5%

39
Q

What happens when blood glucose gets too high?

A
  1. Insulin secretion increases
  2. glucose uptake in tissues increases
  3. blood glucose drops
40
Q

GLUT-4 increases mobilization/exocytosis of glucose __x compared to GLUT-1

A

20x

41
Q

Type 1 diabetes is ____ common and insulin _____. Type 2 diabetes is ____ common and insulin _____.

A

Type I - more common. Insulin dependent

Type II - less common. Insulin independent

42
Q

Type 2 dibetes:

  1. Insulin _____
  2. ______ with normal or elevated insulin
  3. Associated with _____
  4. _____ damage
  5. Islets are _____, then _______
A
  1. Insulin resistance
  2. Hyperglycemia despite insulin levels
  3. Obesity
  4. vessel damage - retinopathy
  5. Islet hyperplastic, then atrophy
43
Q

What are 3 complications that can arise from diabetes?

A

Retinopathy
vascular disease
neuropathy

44
Q

What is early treatment for diabetes? What happens?

A

inject duct cells into portal vein

cells eventually die due to T cell attack

45
Q

What is the new evidence that shows that islets can de-differentiate then re-differentiate in vitro?

A
  1. Induced into hormone secreting cells
  2. Islet cells post-mortem de-differentiate into fibroblasts and proliferate
  3. Ck-19 protein

Cell Biology (15 decks)

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