Pancreas Flashcards
What is the only organ to have an exocrine and endocrine gland system?
Pancreas
The common bile duct of the pancreas come from the liver and join the ________
duct of Wirsung
What is the Ampulla of Vater?
Enlargement after the merging of the two ducts
What is the Sphincter of Oddi?
smooth muscle that circles the neck of connected ducts and controls the opening and closing of the duct system
What is the septa of the pancreas?
collagenous CT that separates lobules
Exocrine tissue in the pancreas makes up __% of the tissue mass. Endocrine makes up __%
exocrine - 98%
endocrine - 2%
What are the acini cells within the pancreatic duct system?
- Serous
- Mucous
- Myoeptihelial - surrounds acini cells
- Striated - pumps out product
How many enzymes does the septa secrete into the duodenum?
20
How is the duct system organized in the exocrine system? Tissue type?
- Centroacinar cell - Squamous
- Intercalated duct - Simple cuboid
- Introlobular duct - Simple high cuboid/columnar
- Interlobular duct - Stratified cuboid/columnar
What part of the pancreatic exocrine duct system secretes fluid and sodium?
Intercalated duct
What part of the pancreatic exocrine duct system has the most pumps due to infolding?
Intralobular duct
What are the Islets of Langerhans?
small oval clusters of secretory cells in the endocrine lobule of the pancreas
What is the main oxygen and nutrient source for the islets of langerhans?
Acinar vascular system
What is the insuloacinar portal system?
Capillaries leaving blood supply to exocrine acini
What does the endocrine septa of the pancreas do?
Secrete hormones into circulation
Where is the celiac artery of the pancreas?
dorsal pancreas
Where is the superior mesentric artery?
ventral pancreas
Where does the pancreatic portal vein go?
liver
What are the principle cells of the endocrine pancreas?
- alpha
- beta
- delta
- PP
- G cells
- non-endocrine cells
Alpha cells secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_ Beta cells secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_ Delta cells secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_ PP cells secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_ G cells secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_ Non-endocrine cells such as \_\_\_\_\_ secrete \_\_\_\_\_
Alpha - glucagon Beta - Insulin Delta - Somatostatin PP - Unknown G - Gastrin non-endocrine - monocyte secrete VIP
_____ cells comprise most of the endocrine principle cells of the pancreas
Beta
The ____ chain of Insulin has species-specific sites while the ___ chain of insulin is the core of biologic activity
A chain - species specific
B chain - biological activity core
The duct system of the endocrine pancreatic system contains ______ enzymes released from the ____ system
digestive enzymes secreted by the exocrine system
What is the Duct of Santorini
accessory duct
What is the Duct of Wirsung
Main duct
What is the Interlobular duct?
Duct of Santorini and Wirsung merged together
What is the most immature form of insulin?
preproinsulin
Exocytosis of insulin:
- Glucose stimulates increase in ___ and ___
- Secretory granules line up and go to _____
- Membrane _____
- Release
- Calcium and cAMP
- membrane
- fusion
- release
Insulin contains ____ core granules, and the crystalline has ____ shape
dense core granule
irregular crystalline shape
Insulin is sensitive to ____ levels
glucose
Insulin stimulates ____ uptake and ____ synthesis
glucose uptake
glycogen synthesis
Insulin has _ chains of amino acids with ____ links
2 chains with S-S link
What is secreted with insulin but has an unknown function?
C-peptide
What are the major targets of insulin?
liver
skeletal muscle
adipose
Insulin receptor:
- ________ shape
- 2 ___ and 2 ___ chains
- ____ chains transmembrane
- Insulin binds ____ chains
- Binding causes ___ to phosphorylate ____
- Mobilization of _____ to membrane
- Heterotetramer
- 2 alpha and 2 beta chais
- beta chains transmembrane
- insulin binds alpha chain
- Kinase phosphorylate protein
- GLUT-4 to membrane
How does blood flow from the pancreas to liver?
pancreatic venules -> portal vein -> liver
___% of insulin goes to target tissues and ___% is removed by liver
40% to target tissues
60% removed by liver
Insulin goes to target tissues and binds to ____. Maximum response is seen when only __% of receptors are occupied
binds to Rs
maximum response at 5%
What happens when blood glucose gets too high?
- Insulin secretion increases
- glucose uptake in tissues increases
- blood glucose drops
GLUT-4 increases mobilization/exocytosis of glucose __x compared to GLUT-1
20x
Type 1 diabetes is ____ common and insulin _____. Type 2 diabetes is ____ common and insulin _____.
Type I - more common. Insulin dependent
Type II - less common. Insulin independent
Type 2 dibetes:
- Insulin _____
- ______ with normal or elevated insulin
- Associated with _____
- _____ damage
- Islets are _____, then _______
- Insulin resistance
- Hyperglycemia despite insulin levels
- Obesity
- vessel damage - retinopathy
- Islet hyperplastic, then atrophy
What are 3 complications that can arise from diabetes?
Retinopathy
vascular disease
neuropathy
What is early treatment for diabetes? What happens?
inject duct cells into portal vein
cells eventually die due to T cell attack
What is the new evidence that shows that islets can de-differentiate then re-differentiate in vitro?
- Induced into hormone secreting cells
- Islet cells post-mortem de-differentiate into fibroblasts and proliferate
- Ck-19 protein
