Blood Flashcards
1
Q
What is a ____ connective tissue
A
special
2
Q
What are the three functions of blood?
A
- Transport of gasses, nutrients, waste, hormones
- Controls body temperature (vaso-motor)
- Sphincters
3
Q
Blood cells live in the _____ matrix
A
extracellular
4
Q
Plasma is ____% total volume of bood
A
55%
5
Q
Plasma consists of ___% water, __% proteins, and __% solute
A
90% water
9% proteins
1% solute
6
Q
Blood cells comprise __% of total volume
A
RBCs, WBC, Platelets
7
Q
Water can flow freely between blood _____
A
compartments
8
Q
What is blood plasma?
A
EC matrix of blood tissue
9
Q
What is blood interstitial Fluid?
A
EC fluid between cells of connective tissue components of the body
10
Q
The _____ of capillary system separates the two EC compartments
A
Endothelium
11
Q
The Intracellular fluid is located where?
A
inside cells
12
Q
What separates the IC compartments from the EC compartments in blood?
A
Lipid Bilayer
13
Q
What is Hematocrit?
A
The RBCs/volume (% of packed RBC)
14
Q
What would you expect to be at the bottom and top of a tube of blood after you put it in a centrifuge?
A
RBCs packed at the bottom
Clear plasma layer at the top
15
Q
What is in the Buffy coat of centrifuge blood?
A
White blood cells
platelets
16
Q
What is blood serum?
A
Plasma without fibrogen
17
Q
WHere are Fibrinogens made?
A
Liver
18
Q
How do Fibrinogens clot wounds?
A
- Starts soluble
- Turns into insoluble fibrin
- Forms a clot at wound
19
Q
What are albumins?
A
- Smallest plasma protein
- Prevent the excessive input of fluid from EC space
- Bind insoluble metabolites as transport proteins
20
Q
What are Globulins?
A
- Antibodies
2. Main dissolved proteins in plasma
21
Q
What are the three plasma proteins?
A
- Fibrinogens
- Albumins
- Globulins
22
Q
RBC’s are 7-8 micrometer __________ disks
A
biconcave disks. Uniform shape and size
23
Q
Are RBC’s mitotic?
A
nooooope
24
Q
RBC’s are highly elastic due to ________
A
Spectrin
25
Are RBC's easily deformed?
hell yeah
26
RBC's circulate for _____ days
120
27
What are key proteins associated with Spectrin?
1. Glycophorin
| 2. Anion transporter channel (band 3)
28
Glycophorin is a ______ channel and ______ dimer. It attaches to ____ and _____ dimer as well as stabilizes _____ tetramers
Glycophorin is a *transport* channel and *glyprotein* dimer. It attaches to *actin* and *spectrin* dimers as well as stabilizes *spectrin* tetramers
29
The anion transporter channel is a ______ protein that attaches to spectrin via ______. Allows HCO3 to cross plasma membrane in exchange for ___ which releases _____ in the lung.
The anion transporter channel is a *glyportein* protein that attaches to spectrin via *Ankryin*. Allows HCO3 to cross plasma mebmbrane in exchange for *Cl* which releases *carbon dioxide* in the lung.
30
Hemoglobin:
1. ___ structured protein
2. 4 polypeptide chains with a central ____ group
3. Pigmented - red
4. Oxygenated in _____ - bright red
5. Deoxygenated in _______ - dark red
6. Entire cell is filled with ____ when mature
7. __g Hb/dL blood
Hemoglobin:
1. *tertiary* structured protein
2. 4 polypeptide chains with central *heme* group
3. Pigmented - red
4. Oxygenated in *lungs* - bright red
5. Deoxygenated in *tissue capillaries* - dark red
6. Entire cell is filled with *Hb* when mature
7. *15g* Hb/dL blood
31
RBC's are made in the ________ and mature after ___ days
bone marrow
| mature after 2 days
32
What are reticulocytes?
immature RBC's
33
What are leukocytes?
WBC's
34
White blood cells:
1. Defend against _______
2. Leave bloodstream in response to _____
White blood cells:
1. Defend against *bacteria/viruses*
2. Leave bloodstream in response to *dead tissue*
35
Macrophages do what?
remove dead tissue
36
What is Diapedesis?
movement of blood cels from colonies into venule sinuses
37
What are the two classes of WBC's?
Agranulocytes
| Granulocytes
38
Agranulocytes only contain _____ granules.
primary
39
What are the two types of Agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes
| Monocytes
40
Lymphocytes:
1. Smallest and most _______
2. _____ takes up most of cell
3. Recognizes foreign ____
Lymphocytes:
1. Smallest and most *prevalent*
2. *nucleus* takes up most of cell
3. Recognizes foreign *Abs*
41
What are the two types of Lymphocytes? What %?
T Cells - 90%
| B Cells - 10%
42
Monocytes:
1. Rare and ______
2. Macrophage attracted by ______
Monocytes:
1. Rare and *largest*
2. Macrophage attracted by *chemotaxis*
43
What can monocytes differentiate into depending on the tissue? 4
1. Osteoclasts
2. Kupffer (liver)
3. Alveolar macrophages (lung)
4. Langerhans (skin)
44
Granulocytes contain __________ granules.
primary and secondary
45
What are the three types of Granulocytes?
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils
46
Neutrophils:
1. Most ______
2. Respond to ______
1. Most prevalent
| 2. Respond to injury inflammation
47
What is the first line of defense?
Neutrophils
48
Eosinophils:
1. Very _____
2. Important in ______ infections
3. In _____ _____ - GALT
1. Very rare
2. parasite infections
3. in lamina propria - GALT
49
Basophils are most ____ and important in ______
rarest. important in allergic reactions (anaphylactic shock)
50
What are thrombocytes?
platelets
51
Are platelets cells? What're they derived from?
Fuck no man
| megakaryocytes
52
Platelets:
1. _______
2. Extensive _____
3. _____ once mature
4. Contain various chemicals to repair ______
5. ____ and ____ give them shape
6. Aggregate at vessel rupture. Known as ____
Platelets:
1. *Polyploid* (multinucleate)
2. Extensive *cytoplasm*
3. *disaggregate* once mature
4. Repair *blood vessels*
5. *microtubules/Microfilaments* give them shape
6. *clotting*
53
What are the types of platelet granules?
1. Alpha granule
2. Dense core granule
3. Lysosome
4. Peroxisome
54
Platelets release serotonin when clotting, which causes what?
vasodilation
55
Platelets release thromboplastin when clotting, which causes what?
fibrin clot
56
Alterations in shape of RBC's is most likely due to defects in what?
spectrin
57
Eliptocytosis and Spherocytosis:
1. Both _____ dominant.
2. Abnormal _____
3. Associate with ____, _____, and ______
1. Autosomal dominant
2. Spectrin
3. Jaundice, anemia, enlarged spleen
58
What is Spherocytosis and what is it associated with?
Cell form round shape. Spectrin deficiency.
59
Sickle Cell Anemia
1. One ____ substitution in __ chain
2. Insoluble in ____
3. Cells are ___ and ____
4. Causes _____ and _____
5. Gets trapped in _____
6. Increases _____ of blood
Sickle Cell Anemia
1. One *AA* substitution in *B* chain
2. Insoluble in *RBC*
3. Cells are *fragile* and *inflexible*
4. Causes *hemolysis* and *anemia*
5. Gets trapped in *capillaries*
6. Increases *viscosity* of blood
60
Thelassemia Anemia:
1. Defective ____ or ____ chains
2. Leads to _____
3. Predominant in _____, ____ populations
4. Anemia caused by defective synthesis of ______
5. hemolysis in _____
1. alpha or beta chains
2. hemolysis
3. Greek / Italian populations
4. defective synthesis of hemoglobin
5. hemolysis in RBC's
61
Thrombocytopenia can result in what?
spontaneous bleeding
62
Thrombocytopenia is a reduction in what?
platelets
63
Thrombocytopenia can occur from what?
marrow suppression
64
Hemophilia:
1. ______ recessive disorder
2. In severe cases, blood is ______
Hemophilia:
1. *sex-linked* recessive disorder
2. In severe cases, blood is *incoagulable*
65
Hemophilia A is a defect in clotting factor ____
VII
66
Hemophilia B is a defect in clotting factor ____
IX
67
What is haemopoiesis?
Blood development
68
What are hematopoietic organs?
Mesoderm
liver
spleen
69
What is the general duration of development? What are the exceptions?
general: 1 week
| Lymphocytes and Monocytes: 2 days
70
Blood cells are always dying and being replaced by ____ cells
stem cells
71
What is the difference between pluripotent, unipotent, and blasts?
pluripotent (stem) - can become any blood cell
unipotent (progenitor) - develop into one line of cells
blasts (precursor) - can only produce mature cells
72
Erythropoiesis:
1. _____ cell size
2. Loss of ______
3. Increase _____ synthesis until ____ stage
4. Extrusion of _____ - division
5. Occurs in ______
1. Decreasing cell size
2. Loses organelles
3. Hemoglobin synthesis until reticulocytes stage
4. extrusion of nucleus
5. red bone marrow
73
____ marrow replaces red blood cells during maturation of person. Mainly ____. Relatively ____.
Yellow marrow
mainly fat
relatively inactive
74
What are the 6 stages of Erythropoiesis?
1. Proerythroblast - organelles. NO hemoglobin
2. Early normoblast - division slows. Hemoglobin synthesis starts
3. Intermediate normoblast - Mitosis ceases
4. Late normoblast - Nucleus condenses
5. Reticulocytes - pre-circulation
6. Erythrocyte
75
What are the two lineages of Leukocytes?
1. Myelocytic
| 2. Lymphocytic
76
colony forming units are ________
committed to one cell
77
While granulocytes last _____ in tissues, monocytes last _____
granulocytes - days
| monocytes - months
78
What are the stages of creating myelocytic cells?
pluripotent -> unipotent -> myeloblast -> promyelocyte -> myeolocyte -> metamyelocyte -> stab cell
79
What are the stages of creating lymphocytic cells?
unipotent -> lymphoblast -> prolymphocyte -> lymphocyte
80
Lymphocytes mature in the ____, ___ and ____
lymph glands, spleen, and thymus
81
Lymphocytes last from ____ to ____
months to years
82
T cells mature in ______
| B cells mature in ______ then go to _____
T cells - thymux
| B cells - marrow then go to spleen
83
What are platelets formed by?
megakaryocytes
84
Anemia:
1. Reduced _____
2. usually caused by ____ deficiency
3. lack _____
1. Reduced RBC's
2. Iron deficiency
3. lack Hb
85
Megaloblastic anemia:
1. Abnormally large _________
2. _____ deficiency disrupts RBC formation
3. Reduction of ____ in gut
* pernicious anemia*
1. Abnormally large precursor megaloblasts
2. Vitamin B12 deficiency
3. HCl
