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Blood Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a ____ connective tissue

A

special

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2
Q

What are the three functions of blood?

A
  1. Transport of gasses, nutrients, waste, hormones
  2. Controls body temperature (vaso-motor)
  3. Sphincters
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3
Q

Blood cells live in the _____ matrix

A

extracellular

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4
Q

Plasma is ____% total volume of bood

A

55%

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5
Q

Plasma consists of ___% water, __% proteins, and __% solute

A

90% water
9% proteins
1% solute

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6
Q

Blood cells comprise __% of total volume

A

RBCs, WBC, Platelets

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7
Q

Water can flow freely between blood _____

A

compartments

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8
Q

What is blood plasma?

A

EC matrix of blood tissue

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9
Q

What is blood interstitial Fluid?

A

EC fluid between cells of connective tissue components of the body

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10
Q

The _____ of capillary system separates the two EC compartments

A

Endothelium

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11
Q

The Intracellular fluid is located where?

A

inside cells

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12
Q

What separates the IC compartments from the EC compartments in blood?

A

Lipid Bilayer

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13
Q

What is Hematocrit?

A

The RBCs/volume (% of packed RBC)

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14
Q

What would you expect to be at the bottom and top of a tube of blood after you put it in a centrifuge?

A

RBCs packed at the bottom

Clear plasma layer at the top

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15
Q

What is in the Buffy coat of centrifuge blood?

A

White blood cells

platelets

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16
Q

What is blood serum?

A

Plasma without fibrogen

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17
Q

WHere are Fibrinogens made?

A

Liver

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18
Q

How do Fibrinogens clot wounds?

A
  1. Starts soluble
  2. Turns into insoluble fibrin
  3. Forms a clot at wound
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19
Q

What are albumins?

A
  1. Smallest plasma protein
  2. Prevent the excessive input of fluid from EC space
  3. Bind insoluble metabolites as transport proteins
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20
Q

What are Globulins?

A
  1. Antibodies

2. Main dissolved proteins in plasma

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21
Q

What are the three plasma proteins?

A
  1. Fibrinogens
  2. Albumins
  3. Globulins
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22
Q

RBC’s are 7-8 micrometer __________ disks

A

biconcave disks. Uniform shape and size

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23
Q

Are RBC’s mitotic?

A

nooooope

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24
Q

RBC’s are highly elastic due to ________

A

Spectrin

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25
Q

Are RBC’s easily deformed?

A

hell yeah

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26
Q

RBC’s circulate for _____ days

A

120

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27
Q

What are key proteins associated with Spectrin?

A
  1. Glycophorin

2. Anion transporter channel (band 3)

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28
Q

Glycophorin is a ______ channel and ______ dimer. It attaches to ____ and _____ dimer as well as stabilizes _____ tetramers

A

Glycophorin is a transport channel and glyprotein dimer. It attaches to actin and spectrin dimers as well as stabilizes spectrin tetramers

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29
Q

The anion transporter channel is a ______ protein that attaches to spectrin via ______. Allows HCO3 to cross plasma membrane in exchange for ___ which releases _____ in the lung.

A

The anion transporter channel is a glyportein protein that attaches to spectrin via Ankryin. Allows HCO3 to cross plasma mebmbrane in exchange for Cl which releases carbon dioxide in the lung.

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30
Q

Hemoglobin:

  1. ___ structured protein
  2. 4 polypeptide chains with a central ____ group
  3. Pigmented - red
  4. Oxygenated in _____ - bright red
  5. Deoxygenated in _______ - dark red
  6. Entire cell is filled with ____ when mature
  7. __g Hb/dL blood
A

Hemoglobin:

  1. tertiary structured protein
  2. 4 polypeptide chains with central heme group
  3. Pigmented - red
  4. Oxygenated in lungs - bright red
  5. Deoxygenated in tissue capillaries - dark red
  6. Entire cell is filled with Hb when mature
  7. 15g Hb/dL blood
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31
Q

RBC’s are made in the ________ and mature after ___ days

A

bone marrow

mature after 2 days

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32
Q

What are reticulocytes?

A

immature RBC’s

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33
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

WBC’s

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34
Q

White blood cells:

  1. Defend against _______
  2. Leave bloodstream in response to _____
A

White blood cells:

  1. Defend against bacteria/viruses
  2. Leave bloodstream in response to dead tissue
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35
Q

Macrophages do what?

A

remove dead tissue

36
Q

What is Diapedesis?

A

movement of blood cels from colonies into venule sinuses

37
Q

What are the two classes of WBC’s?

A

Agranulocytes

Granulocytes

38
Q

Agranulocytes only contain _____ granules.

A

primary

39
Q

What are the two types of Agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

40
Q

Lymphocytes:

  1. Smallest and most _______
  2. _____ takes up most of cell
  3. Recognizes foreign ____
A

Lymphocytes:

  1. Smallest and most prevalent
  2. nucleus takes up most of cell
  3. Recognizes foreign Abs
41
Q

What are the two types of Lymphocytes? What %?

A

T Cells - 90%

B Cells - 10%

42
Q

Monocytes:

  1. Rare and ______
  2. Macrophage attracted by ______
A

Monocytes:

  1. Rare and largest
  2. Macrophage attracted by chemotaxis
43
Q

What can monocytes differentiate into depending on the tissue? 4

A
  1. Osteoclasts
  2. Kupffer (liver)
  3. Alveolar macrophages (lung)
  4. Langerhans (skin)
44
Q

Granulocytes contain __________ granules.

A

primary and secondary

45
Q

What are the three types of Granulocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
46
Q

Neutrophils:

  1. Most ______
  2. Respond to ______
A
  1. Most prevalent

2. Respond to injury inflammation

47
Q

What is the first line of defense?

A

Neutrophils

48
Q

Eosinophils:

  1. Very _____
  2. Important in ______ infections
  3. In _____ _____ - GALT
A
  1. Very rare
  2. parasite infections
  3. in lamina propria - GALT
49
Q

Basophils are most ____ and important in ______

A

rarest. important in allergic reactions (anaphylactic shock)

50
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

platelets

51
Q

Are platelets cells? What’re they derived from?

A

Fuck no man

megakaryocytes

52
Q

Platelets:

  1. _______
  2. Extensive _____
  3. _____ once mature
  4. Contain various chemicals to repair ______
  5. ____ and ____ give them shape
  6. Aggregate at vessel rupture. Known as ____
A

Platelets:

  1. Polyploid (multinucleate)
  2. Extensive cytoplasm
  3. disaggregate once mature
  4. Repair blood vessels
  5. microtubules/Microfilaments give them shape
  6. clotting
53
Q

What are the types of platelet granules?

A
  1. Alpha granule
  2. Dense core granule
  3. Lysosome
  4. Peroxisome
54
Q

Platelets release serotonin when clotting, which causes what?

A

vasodilation

55
Q

Platelets release thromboplastin when clotting, which causes what?

A

fibrin clot

56
Q

Alterations in shape of RBC’s is most likely due to defects in what?

A

spectrin

57
Q

Eliptocytosis and Spherocytosis:

  1. Both _____ dominant.
  2. Abnormal _____
  3. Associate with ____, _____, and ______
A
  1. Autosomal dominant
  2. Spectrin
  3. Jaundice, anemia, enlarged spleen
58
Q

What is Spherocytosis and what is it associated with?

A

Cell form round shape. Spectrin deficiency.

59
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

  1. One ____ substitution in __ chain
  2. Insoluble in ____
  3. Cells are ___ and ____
  4. Causes _____ and _____
  5. Gets trapped in _____
  6. Increases _____ of blood
A

Sickle Cell Anemia

  1. One AA substitution in B chain
  2. Insoluble in RBC
  3. Cells are fragile and inflexible
  4. Causes hemolysis and anemia
  5. Gets trapped in capillaries
  6. Increases viscosity of blood
60
Q

Thelassemia Anemia:

  1. Defective ____ or ____ chains
  2. Leads to _____
  3. Predominant in _____, ____ populations
  4. Anemia caused by defective synthesis of ______
  5. hemolysis in _____
A
  1. alpha or beta chains
  2. hemolysis
  3. Greek / Italian populations
  4. defective synthesis of hemoglobin
  5. hemolysis in RBC’s
61
Q

Thrombocytopenia can result in what?

A

spontaneous bleeding

62
Q

Thrombocytopenia is a reduction in what?

A

platelets

63
Q

Thrombocytopenia can occur from what?

A

marrow suppression

64
Q

Hemophilia:

  1. ______ recessive disorder
  2. In severe cases, blood is ______
A

Hemophilia:

  1. sex-linked recessive disorder
  2. In severe cases, blood is incoagulable
65
Q

Hemophilia A is a defect in clotting factor ____

A

VII

66
Q

Hemophilia B is a defect in clotting factor ____

A

IX

67
Q

What is haemopoiesis?

A

Blood development

68
Q

What are hematopoietic organs?

A

Mesoderm
liver
spleen

69
Q

What is the general duration of development? What are the exceptions?

A

general: 1 week

Lymphocytes and Monocytes: 2 days

70
Q

Blood cells are always dying and being replaced by ____ cells

A

stem cells

71
Q

What is the difference between pluripotent, unipotent, and blasts?

A

pluripotent (stem) - can become any blood cell
unipotent (progenitor) - develop into one line of cells
blasts (precursor) - can only produce mature cells

72
Q

Erythropoiesis:

  1. _____ cell size
  2. Loss of ______
  3. Increase _____ synthesis until ____ stage
  4. Extrusion of _____ - division
  5. Occurs in ______
A
  1. Decreasing cell size
  2. Loses organelles
  3. Hemoglobin synthesis until reticulocytes stage
  4. extrusion of nucleus
  5. red bone marrow
73
Q

____ marrow replaces red blood cells during maturation of person. Mainly ____. Relatively ____.

A

Yellow marrow
mainly fat
relatively inactive

74
Q

What are the 6 stages of Erythropoiesis?

A
  1. Proerythroblast - organelles. NO hemoglobin
  2. Early normoblast - division slows. Hemoglobin synthesis starts
  3. Intermediate normoblast - Mitosis ceases
  4. Late normoblast - Nucleus condenses
  5. Reticulocytes - pre-circulation
  6. Erythrocyte
75
Q

What are the two lineages of Leukocytes?

A
  1. Myelocytic

2. Lymphocytic

76
Q

colony forming units are ________

A

committed to one cell

77
Q

While granulocytes last _____ in tissues, monocytes last _____

A

granulocytes - days

monocytes - months

78
Q

What are the stages of creating myelocytic cells?

A

pluripotent -> unipotent -> myeloblast -> promyelocyte -> myeolocyte -> metamyelocyte -> stab cell

79
Q

What are the stages of creating lymphocytic cells?

A

unipotent -> lymphoblast -> prolymphocyte -> lymphocyte

80
Q

Lymphocytes mature in the ____, ___ and ____

A

lymph glands, spleen, and thymus

81
Q

Lymphocytes last from ____ to ____

A

months to years

82
Q

T cells mature in ______

B cells mature in ______ then go to _____

A

T cells - thymux

B cells - marrow then go to spleen

83
Q

What are platelets formed by?

A

megakaryocytes

84
Q

Anemia:

  1. Reduced _____
  2. usually caused by ____ deficiency
  3. lack _____
A
  1. Reduced RBC’s
  2. Iron deficiency
  3. lack Hb
85
Q

Megaloblastic anemia:

  1. Abnormally large _________
  2. _____ deficiency disrupts RBC formation
  3. Reduction of ____ in gut
A
  • pernicious anemia*
    1. Abnormally large precursor megaloblasts
    2. Vitamin B12 deficiency
    3. HCl

Cell Biology (15 decks)

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