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Cell Biology > Lens; Integument; Iris and Ciliary Body > Flashcards

Lens; Integument; Iris and Ciliary Body Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the non-conventional outflow pathway?

A

Aqueous Humor moving through the ciliary muscle and choroidal matrix through the sclera

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2
Q

How does Glaucoma increase the IOP?

A

Glaucoma changes the trabecular mesh and the Schlemm’s canal, which increases resistance against the flow. Therefore the fluid pressure increases.

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3
Q

What does “closed angle” Glaucoma mean?

A

There is a physical blockage of the anterior chamber angle. Very serious and typically requires surgical intervention.

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4
Q

When Glaucoma is due to a congenital condition, what tissue is typically the cause?

A

The trabeculae is not formed properly, which results in excess extracellular matrix

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5
Q

How much aqueous humor is found in the Anterior Chamber?

A

250 microliters. Much more than the posterior humor.

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6
Q

What is the conventional Aqueous flow from the posterior chamber out of the eye?

A

Posterior chamber -> under iris -> Anterior Chamber ->Trabecular meshwork -> Schlemm’s canal -> Collector channel -> Episcleral vein

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7
Q

What structure is continuous with the RPE at the Ora Serrata?

A

The pigmented ciliary layer of the Pars Plana

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8
Q

What structure is continuous with the Neural Retina at the Ora Serrata?

A

The nonpigmented ciliary epithelium of the Pars Plana.

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9
Q

Where is the fold of Schwabe located?

A

Folds in the iris.

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10
Q

What two structures do the zonule fibers connect to?

A

The lens capsule and the Pars Plana

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11
Q

How many layers of muscle comprise the Ciliary body?

A

3

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12
Q

The ciliary body stroma is continuous with the _____ of the iris.

A

stroma

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13
Q

How is the Nonpigmented ciliary epithelium aligned with the Pigmented ciliary epithelium?

A

Apex to apex

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14
Q

What structure keeps water from flowing through the two layers of the ciliary epithelium?

A

Desmosomes which make up tight junctions

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15
Q

How long is the pars plicata?

A

2mm

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16
Q

How long is the pars plana?

A

4mm

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17
Q

How far from the Ora serrata do the zonules attach to the pars plana?

A

1.5mm

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18
Q

How long is the space between the slceral spur to the ora serrata?

A

5 - 6mm

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19
Q

The minor vascular circle of the iris is part of the __________

A

colarette

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20
Q

The lens is made up of what type of tissue?

A

Epithelial

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21
Q

How are all epithelial tissues organized?

A

Simple sqaumos

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22
Q

What part of the iris rests on the lens?

A

The pupillary region

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23
Q

What is the diameter of the iris?

A

About 12mm

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24
Q

What are the 4 layers of the iris?

A

Anterior border layer
Stroma
Anterior myoepithelium
Posterior pigment epithelium

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25
Q

What are the large deficiencies in the Anterior border layer of the iris called?

A

Crypts

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26
Q

True/False. The Anterior Border Layer of the iris is covered by an epithelium.

A

False

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27
Q

How does fluid move in and out of the stroma during dilation and contraction?

A

The Crypts

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28
Q

The apical part of the Anterior border layer of the iris is ________ while the basal is _________

A

Apical is epithelial. Basal is myoepithelial.

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29
Q

What is the largest organ of the body?

A

The Integument System (skin)

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30
Q

Thick skin can be found at the ________ while thin skin can be found _________

A

Palms and Soles. Thin skin covers the rest of the body.

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31
Q

What are the layers of Thick Skin?

A 
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
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32
Q

What layer is missing in Thin Skin that is found in Thick Skin?

A

Stratum lucidum

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33
Q

The Stratum corneum consist mostly of what?

A

Dead cells in parallel arrays.

34
Q

What is desquamation?

A

When the skin cells at the upper layer of the skin begin to detach from each other.

35
Q

What is the Stratum lucidum full of?

A

Eleidin protein

36
Q

How thick is the Stratum granulosum?

A

2 - 4 cell layers

37
Q

Where are the keratohyaline granules found?

A

Stratum granulosum

38
Q

Where are the “Prickle Cells” found?

A

Stratum spinosum

39
Q

What is the Germination layer of thick and thin sin?

A

Stratum basale

40
Q

_______ connect the Stratum basale to the BM while _______ bind adjacent cells together

A

Hemidesmosomes. Desmosomes.

41
Q

Tonofilaments produced in the _________ combine with the granules of the ________ to produce ________

A

Stratum basale. Stratum granulosum. Keratin.

42
Q

Where are Melanocytes found?

A

Stratum basale

43
Q

Where are Langerhans cells found?

A

All layers.

44
Q

Where are Merkel cells located?

A

Touch receptors in Stratum basale.

45
Q

When a patient has Albinism, he/she is unable to convert _______ into ______

A

Tyrosine into melanin

46
Q

What is the real difference between the white and black skin colors?

A

Melanin is degraded faster in white people (it blows…)

47
Q

What structure turns tyrosin into melanin?

A

Tyrosinase in Melanocytes

48
Q

What type of skin cancer is usually not malignant?

A

Basal cell carcinoma

49
Q

What are the two forms of skin cancer that may metastisize?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma and Melanoma

50
Q

What structures are Meissner’s corpuscles typically found in?

A

Dermal papilla

51
Q

What key protein are patients with Marfan’s syndrome missing?

A

Fibrillin. The lens is typically dislocated forward due to this and the suspensory fibers are defective.

52
Q

How are sweat glands typically organized?

A

Simple cuboid

53
Q

How are sweat ducts typically organized?

A

Stratified cuboid

54
Q

How is the Conjuctiva organized?

A

Mucin-secreting columnar epithelium

55
Q

What is the primary oxygen source of the eye?

A

Tear Film

56
Q

What structures are almost always found attached to hair follicles?

A

Oil glands

57
Q

The dermis is ______ while the epidermis is _______

A

Vascular. Avascular

58
Q

All excretory glands are made of what type of tissue?

A

Epithelial

59
Q

Exocrine glands secrete product into a ______ while Endocrine glands secrete producte into ________

A

duct. Capillary network

60
Q

What is the difference between Merocrine, Holocrine, and Apocrine?

A

Merocrine: release by exocytosis (most glands)
Holocrine: discharge of whole secretory cells (sebaceous glands)
Apocrine: discharge of membrane-bound vesicles (raaaaaaaare)

61
Q

Know how to tell the difference between Simple Tubular, Simple Branched Tubular, and Simple Coiled Tubular

A

GOT IT?!

62
Q

The Lacrimal gland has what type of structure?

A

Compound tubuloacinar

63
Q

What is are two examples of a Simple Coiled tubular gland?

A

Sweat and oil glands

64
Q

What is an example of a simple branched acinar gland?

A

Hair follicle

65
Q

What are the dimension of the Lacrimal gland?

A

20mm long x 12mm wide x 5mm thick

66
Q

What is the Meibomian gland?

A

(Sebaceous) Delays tear film evaporation and lubricates/protects the cornea

67
Q

What is the Gland of Zeis?

A

(sebaceous) Attached to lash follicles

68
Q

What is the Gland of Moll

A

(sudoriferous) Apocrine gland at lid margin

69
Q

Name the accessory lacrimal glands

A

Glands of Krause and Gland of Wolfring

70
Q

The cells of the lens are more like _______

A

“fibers”

71
Q

The lens can alter refractive index by about ___

A

15 D

72
Q

The lens capsule is thickest at the _______ and thinnest at the _______

A

Equator. Poles.

73
Q

Where is the Lens epithelium found and how is it organized?

A

On anterior surface of the lens. Cuboid.

74
Q

What happens to the Anterior capsule as we age?

A

Thickens

75
Q

Starting from the middle of the lens, name all of the layers moving outwards.

A
  1. Middle = Primary, Embryonal layer
  2. Fetal
  3. Adult
  4. Cortex
76
Q

The lens suture take on a _______ shape, and as we mature, the shape gets more ______

A

Y shape. Gets more complicated.

77
Q

How does the Lens get nourishment during development?

A

Hyaloid artery (pre-canal of cloquet)

78
Q

What does the Hyaloid artery turn into after development?

A

Hyaloid canal. No known function or impact on vision.

79
Q

How is Cataracts formed?

A

Degradation of the lens and modification of crystallins due to UV exposure

80
Q

Why do we become Presbyopic as we age?

A

The lens grows throughout life, which increases curvature and movement forward of the center. This leads to the inability to accomodate

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