Lens; Integument; Iris and Ciliary Body

Question 1

What is the non-conventional outflow pathway?

Answer 1

Aqueous Humor moving through the ciliary muscle and choroidal matrix through the sclera

Question 2

How does Glaucoma increase the IOP?

Answer 2

Glaucoma changes the trabecular mesh and the Schlemm’s canal, which increases resistance against the flow. Therefore the fluid pressure increases.

Question 3

What does “closed angle” Glaucoma mean?

Answer 3

There is a physical blockage of the anterior chamber angle. Very serious and typically requires surgical intervention.

Question 4

When Glaucoma is due to a congenital condition, what tissue is typically the cause?

Answer 4

The trabeculae is not formed properly, which results in excess extracellular matrix

Question 5

How much aqueous humor is found in the Anterior Chamber?

Answer 5

250 microliters. Much more than the posterior humor.

Question 6

What is the conventional Aqueous flow from the posterior chamber out of the eye?

Answer 6

Posterior chamber -> under iris -> Anterior Chamber ->Trabecular meshwork -> Schlemm’s canal -> Collector channel -> Episcleral vein

Question 7

What structure is continuous with the RPE at the Ora Serrata?

Answer 7

The pigmented ciliary layer of the Pars Plana

Question 8

What structure is continuous with the Neural Retina at the Ora Serrata?

Answer 8

The nonpigmented ciliary epithelium of the Pars Plana.

Question 9

Where is the fold of Schwabe located?

Answer 9

Folds in the iris.

Question 10

What two structures do the zonule fibers connect to?

Answer 10

The lens capsule and the Pars Plana

Question 11

How many layers of muscle comprise the Ciliary body?

Answer 11

3

Question 12

The ciliary body stroma is continuous with the _____ of the iris.

Answer 12

stroma

Question 13

How is the Nonpigmented ciliary epithelium aligned with the Pigmented ciliary epithelium?

Answer 13

Apex to apex

Question 14

What structure keeps water from flowing through the two layers of the ciliary epithelium?

Answer 14

Desmosomes which make up tight junctions

Question 15

How long is the pars plicata?

Answer 15

2mm

Question 16

How long is the pars plana?

Answer 16

4mm

Question 17

How far from the Ora serrata do the zonules attach to the pars plana?

Answer 17

1.5mm

Question 18

How long is the space between the slceral spur to the ora serrata?

Answer 18

5 - 6mm

Question 19

The minor vascular circle of the iris is part of the __________

Answer 19

colarette

Question 20

The lens is made up of what type of tissue?

Answer 20

Epithelial

Question 21

How are all epithelial tissues organized?

Answer 21

Simple sqaumos

Question 22

What part of the iris rests on the lens?

Answer 22

The pupillary region

Question 23

What is the diameter of the iris?

Answer 23

About 12mm

Question 24

What are the 4 layers of the iris?

Answer 24

Anterior border layer
Stroma
Anterior myoepithelium
Posterior pigment epithelium

Question 25

What are the large deficiencies in the Anterior border layer of the iris called?

Answer 25

Crypts

Question 26

True/False. The Anterior Border Layer of the iris is covered by an epithelium.

Answer 26

False

Question 27

How does fluid move in and out of the stroma during dilation and contraction?

Answer 27

The Crypts

Question 28

The apical part of the Anterior border layer of the iris is ________ while the basal is _________

Answer 28

Apical is epithelial. Basal is myoepithelial.

Question 29

What is the largest organ of the body?

Answer 29

The Integument System (skin)

Question 30

Thick skin can be found at the ________ while thin skin can be found _________

Answer 30

Palms and Soles. Thin skin covers the rest of the body.

Question 31

What are the layers of Thick Skin?

Answer 31

``` Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale ```

Question 32

What layer is missing in Thin Skin that is found in Thick Skin?

Answer 32

Stratum lucidum

Question 33

The Stratum corneum consist mostly of what?

Answer 33

Dead cells in parallel arrays.

Question 34

What is desquamation?

Answer 34

When the skin cells at the upper layer of the skin begin to detach from each other.

Question 35

What is the Stratum lucidum full of?

Answer 35

Eleidin protein

Question 36

How thick is the Stratum granulosum?

Answer 36

2 - 4 cell layers

Question 37

Where are the keratohyaline granules found?

Answer 37

Stratum granulosum

Question 38

Where are the "Prickle Cells" found?

Answer 38

Stratum spinosum

Question 39

What is the Germination layer of thick and thin sin?

Answer 39

Stratum basale

Question 40

_______ connect the Stratum basale to the BM while _______ bind adjacent cells together

Answer 40

Hemidesmosomes. Desmosomes.

Question 41

Tonofilaments produced in the _________ combine with the granules of the ________ to produce ________

Answer 41

Stratum basale. Stratum granulosum. Keratin.

Question 42

Where are Melanocytes found?

Answer 42

Stratum basale

Question 43

Where are Langerhans cells found?

Answer 43

All layers.

Question 44

Where are Merkel cells located?

Answer 44

Touch receptors in Stratum basale.

Question 45

When a patient has Albinism, he/she is unable to convert _______ into ______

Answer 45

Tyrosine into melanin

Question 46

What is the real difference between the white and black skin colors?

Answer 46

Melanin is degraded faster in white people (it blows...)

Question 47

What structure turns tyrosin into melanin?

Answer 47

Tyrosinase in Melanocytes

Question 48

What type of skin cancer is usually not malignant?

Answer 48

Basal cell carcinoma

Question 49

What are the two forms of skin cancer that may metastisize?

Answer 49

Squamous cell carcinoma and Melanoma

Question 50

What structures are Meissner's corpuscles typically found in?

Answer 50

Dermal papilla

Question 51

What key protein are patients with Marfan's syndrome missing?

Answer 51

Fibrillin. The lens is typically dislocated forward due to this and the suspensory fibers are defective.

Question 52

How are sweat glands typically organized?

Answer 52

Simple cuboid

Question 53

How are sweat ducts typically organized?

Answer 53

Stratified cuboid

Question 54

How is the Conjuctiva organized?

Answer 54

Mucin-secreting columnar epithelium

Question 55

What is the primary oxygen source of the eye?

Answer 55

Tear Film

Question 56

What structures are almost always found attached to hair follicles?

Answer 56

Oil glands

Question 57

The dermis is ______ while the epidermis is _______

Answer 57

Vascular. Avascular

Question 58

All excretory glands are made of what type of tissue?

Answer 58

Epithelial

Question 59

Exocrine glands secrete product into a ______ while Endocrine glands secrete producte into ________

Answer 59

duct. Capillary network

Question 60

What is the difference between Merocrine, Holocrine, and Apocrine?

Answer 60

Merocrine: release by exocytosis (most glands) Holocrine: discharge of whole secretory cells (sebaceous glands) Apocrine: discharge of membrane-bound vesicles (raaaaaaaare)

Question 61

Know how to tell the difference between Simple Tubular, Simple Branched Tubular, and Simple Coiled Tubular

Answer 61

GOT IT?!

Question 62

The Lacrimal gland has what type of structure?

Answer 62

Compound tubuloacinar

Question 63

What is are two examples of a Simple Coiled tubular gland?

Answer 63

Sweat and oil glands

Question 64

What is an example of a simple branched acinar gland?

Answer 64

Hair follicle

Question 65

What are the dimension of the Lacrimal gland?

Answer 65

20mm long x 12mm wide x 5mm thick

Question 66

What is the Meibomian gland?

Answer 66

(Sebaceous) Delays tear film evaporation and lubricates/protects the cornea

Question 67

What is the Gland of Zeis?

Answer 67

(sebaceous) Attached to lash follicles

Question 68

What is the Gland of Moll

Answer 68

(sudoriferous) Apocrine gland at lid margin

Question 69

Name the accessory lacrimal glands

Answer 69

Glands of Krause and Gland of Wolfring

Question 70

The cells of the lens are more like _______

Answer 70

"fibers"

Question 71

The lens can alter refractive index by about ___

Answer 71

15 D

Question 72

The lens capsule is thickest at the _______ and thinnest at the _______

Answer 72

Equator. Poles.

Question 73

Where is the Lens epithelium found and how is it organized?

Answer 73

On anterior surface of the lens. Cuboid.

Question 74

What happens to the Anterior capsule as we age?

Answer 74

Thickens

Question 75

Starting from the middle of the lens, name all of the layers moving outwards.

Answer 75

1. Middle = Primary, Embryonal layer 2. Fetal 3. Adult 4. Cortex

Question 76

The lens suture take on a _______ shape, and as we mature, the shape gets more ______

Answer 76

Y shape. Gets more complicated.

Question 77

How does the Lens get nourishment during development?

Answer 77

Hyaloid artery (pre-canal of cloquet)

Question 78

What does the Hyaloid artery turn into after development?

Answer 78

Hyaloid canal. No known function or impact on vision.

Question 79

How is Cataracts formed?

Answer 79

Degradation of the lens and modification of crystallins due to UV exposure

Question 80

Why do we become Presbyopic as we age?

Answer 80

The lens grows throughout life, which increases curvature and movement forward of the center. This leads to the inability to accomodate