Swine- respiratory diseases Flashcards
What is the etiology associated with Mycoplasmal Pneumonia (Enzootic Pneumonia)
A poor environment with excessive pit gasses and heavy microbial air loads also contribute to disease
How is Mycoplasmal Pneumonia (Enzootic Pneumonia) transmitted?
Assumed to be through ddroplet and contact, but airborne infection is also suspected.
~10-20% of sows are infected in herds and are chronic carriers. Recrudesence is possible.
What age is infection of Mycoplasma pneumonia associated
Near weaning, ~ 12 weeks of age and persists for ~6 weeks.
What lesions are associated with Enzootic Pneumonia?
purple to tan, or gray areas of consolidation, cranioventral distribution. Atelectic and smaller lungs. Catarrhal exudate and bronchial lymph nodes may be swollen and edematous
Extensive destruction of tracheal cilia
What is the typical method of diagnosis for Enzootic Pneumonia?
Chronic non-productive coughing and loss of condition
FA test: demonstration of M. hyopneumoniae lining the airways.
What clinical signs are found in pigs with Enzootic Pneumonia?
dry, nonproductive cough, unthrifty appearance, fever, normal appetites.
Well managed herds are clnically silent
research may suggest decreased rate of gain and decreased feed conversion.
What is the most efficatious method of prevention for Enzootic Pneumonia?
vaccination of sows or gilts in combination with AIAO seemed to give the best results
How are vaccinations used in management of Enzootic Pneumonia?
critical in maximizing the protective immune response
growing pigs are usually vaccinated at weaning and 3 weeks later. Replacement guilts are routinely immunized
What methods of treatment are there available for Enzootic Pneumonia
Quinolones (Baytril), and tulathromycin (Draxxin) are efective against mycoplasmal pneumonia.
Lincomycin, Tylocin, and Tiamulin have not been proven to be effective, but may be used to target secondary invadors.
What is the Etiology of Swine Influenza
swine are able to harbor virus strains from both humans and avian species. This allows them to become a recombination vessle for mixing of genetic elements
There has been considerable antigenic drift in the swine influenza viruses
How is swine influenza transmitted?
Large numbers of viral particles are shed in the nasal mucus of acutely infected pigs. It is rapidly transmitted through a group.
some pigs shed the virus for a long period of time
Clinical Signs associated with Swine Influenza
sudden onset of anorexia, depression, muscular pain, fever, dyspnea with “thumping or jerky” respiration, cough, conjunctival discharge. Uncomplicated recovery is often rapid and occurs at ~7-10 days.
how does Swine influenza affect pregnant sows
higher neonatal mortality, and smaller litters with slower growth rates. May cause abortion
What Diagnostic methods are used for Swine Influenza?
FA test: rapid and reliable
Hemagglutination inhibiton (HI) test: test for antibodies in paired sera.
Lesions are helpful: necrotizing bronchiolitis and bronchitis
What methods are there for control/prevention of Swine Infleunza
Vaccinations are common in large production units. Often times they are autoginous vaccinations. Independent producers usually do not vaccinate.
What route of administration should Tilmicosin be utilized in swine?
should be administered in feed
If given Parenterally, there is a low margin of safety and can kill the pigs
How is Pasteurellosis associated with swine respiratory diseases?
it is common and an considered an important secodnary invader in pneumonia. Pasteurella can be frequently isolated from the upper respiratory tract of normal pigs.
What strain of Pasteruella is associated with Pneumonia?
Type A serotype A3
What lesions are associated with respiratory pasteurellosis in swine?
purulent bronchopneumonia, as well as clinical signs from the primary disease agent
What methods of prevention are there for Pasteruellosis?
control other diseases
What treatment methods are utilized in cases of Pasteruellosis?
it is recommended to use an antimicrobial susceptibility test in order to confirm prior to antimicrobial use
Ceftiofur, Tulathromycin, Tiamulin, Teteracycline, Tilmicosin in feed
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in swine- overview
Causes an acute peluropneumonia in pigs characterized by fever, respiratory distress and high rate of mortality in some outbreaks
Etiology of A. pleuropneumoniae
Many capsular serotypes. Serotypes 1,5, and 7 are most common in the US. The organism is capable of producing severe disease without hte interaction of other agents, but their presence can worsen tdisease
How is A. Plauropneumonia transmitted
Droplet and contact. It resides in the tonsils of chronic carrier pigs, and does not survive long outside of the host.
What age group of pigs are most commonly affected by A. pleuropneumoniae?
Feeder pigs and growing and finishing pigs.
What are clinical signs associated with A. pleuropneumooniae
Fever, apathetic, anorexia, severe dyspnea with blood-stained frothy discharge from the nose and mouth, have moist suppressed cough, cyanosis of the skin and mucous membranes, and death.
rare cases can be associated with arthritis, abortion, and septicemia
What is the pathogenesis associated with A. pleuropneumoniae?
the organism proliferates in the upper respiratory tract, and spreads throughout the lungs and produces a fibrinous pleuropneumonia. There is edema, hemorrhage, and a neutrophilic exudate with foci of coagulative necrosis.
Pulmonary abscesses and adhesions develop in chronic cases.
Pleuritis is common
What is the ApX1 toxin
Associated with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoinae- causes neutrophils to lyse and release their lysosomal enzymes onto pulmonary tissue, giving rise to the acute nature of disease.
It is also directly toxic to pulmonary tissue
What methods of diagnosis are utilized for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Bacterial culture form lesions. Staphylococcus nurse culture media is required.
Serologic testing is an option, but many pigs have maternal antibodies present in their system.
What methods of treatment are used for A. pleuropneumoniae?
penicillin at high dose, sulfonamides, tetracycline, LA200, Tiamulin in water and Excede.
What are methods of control utilized for A. pleuropneumoniae?
All in, all out production systems.
minimize stress, improve ventilation
How are vacciantions utilized for A. pleuropneumoniae?
They are rarely used because of limited efficacy.
what groups of pigs are A. suis infections commonly associated?
weaned pigs or grow-finish pigs drived from SEW systems.
How is clinical disease for A. suis initiated?
Invasion is associated wtih the tonils and hematoginous spread.
Clinical signs associated with A. suis
sudden death to septicemia. Pigs are febrile, dyspneic and have vascular congestion or cyanotic extremities.
Older pigs may have signs of acute dyspnea, depression, anorexia, and in rare cases, skin lesions resembling those of eryseipelas.
Pregnant sows may abort
What lesions are associated with A. suis?
Hemorrhages in many organisms, but especially lungs. Pigs consistently have serous or serofibrinous exudates in the abdominal and thoracic cavities. Polyarthritis may occur
What clinical diseases are asscoiated with Streptococcal diseases?
septicemia, arthritis, endocarditis, and other sporadic conditions
What bacteria/infection is associated with removal of needle teeth?
Streptococcus dysgalactiae ss. equisimilis.
How are streptococcal infections transmitted?
via wounds, umiblicus, and tonsils. Contamination of instruments from clipping needle teeth and tail docking
How old are pigs typically when they are infected with a Streptococcal infection
1-3 weeks of age.
clinical signs most commonly seen with streptococcal infections
joint swelling and lameness most common.
Endocarditis may occur in older pigs.
How are streptococcal infections commonly diagnosed
Bacteriologic culture form vegitative lesions in the heart
What Bacteria is associated with Glasser’s disease?
Glasserella (Haemophilus) parasuis
What is glassers disease
septicemia and acute polyserositis, arthritis and meningitis in young swine. This is associated with infection of the nasal and tracheobronchial mucosa
How is glasser’s disease transmitted?
contact and droplet transmission to young pigs ~2-5 weeks old. Lateral spread is common thereafter.
Disease is associated with Stressers
Clinical signs associated with Glasser’s disease
fever, abdominal distention or tenderness, labored breathing, coughing, lameness, orchitis, and CNS signs
Lesions are found on any serosal surface, including peritonitis, pleuritis, pericarditis etc.
diagnosis of Glasser’s disease
Culture using a Staph Nurse colony
how do you prevent glasser’s disease
minimize stress, expose new swine by fence contact 2-3 weeks prior to commingling
what symptoms are associated with Streptococcus suis?
Neonatal septicemia- in the absence of colostral immunity
Suppurative meningitis- 10d-4m of age. May require Bordetella bronchiseptica to gain access to cause the meningitis
Bronchopneumonia- associated in all pigs, but more commonly in pigs 6-12 weeks
also causes- endocarditis, arthritis, vaginitis and abortions in sows, but there is a low incidence
What methods of transmission are associated with Strep. suis?
transmitted form the sow to her piglets as they pass through the birth canal.
The organisms survive long periods of time in the feces, dust, and dead carcasses
what methods of Prevention are associated with Strep. suis?
good management and minimize stress
Treat clinically affected pigs
How does immunization play a role in Strep. suis infecitons?
rarely used, and is less efficacious in PRRSV-infected herds.
Atrophic Rhinitis diseases
Associated with Pasteruella multocida, and Bordetella Bronchiseptica.
how is Atrophic Rhinitis transmitted
transmitted from infected sows to piglets occurs early in life- Infected shortly after birth, and readily infected by lateral transmission.
transmission is by contact and airborne droplets
Clincial signs associated with Atrophic rhinitis
sneezing and snuffling, serous nasal discharge, excessive lacrimation and a roughened hair coat. Shortening and deviation of the snout, folding/wrinkling of skin over snout, malposition of teeth, epistaxis, sneezing, pneumonia and decreased growth rate.
Pathogenesis associated with Atrophic Rhinitis
loss of cilia and inflammation of epitheliuma nd submucosa resulting in impairment of mucociliary clearance.
What methods of control are associated with Atrophic Rhinitis?
use all in- all out production system with proper ventilation.
What practices can be implicated for treatment of Atrophic Rhinitis
oxytetracycline at day 1, day 7, day 14, and at weaning.
Ceftiofur is effective against P. multocida
where do you find lesions associated with inclusion body rhinitis
Lesions are found throughout the body, but especially in the nasal submucosa.
Associated with Cytomegalovirus (herpesvirus)
Epidemiology associated with Inclusion body Rhinitis
virtually all swine in conventional herds are infected.
Transmitted- contact or aerosol from nasal secretions of carriers. Infections are more common in PRRS infected herds and the cytomegalovirus itself is immunosuppressive
Clinical signs associated with Inclusion Body Rhinitis
pigs 1-4 weeks old. Moderate fever, anorexia, weakness, plugging of the nasal passages with mouth breathing.
You have a pig with highly inflammed and hemorrhagic naasal mucosa. What is this pathognomonic for?
Inclusion Body Rhinitis
