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Infectious Disease > Equine Respiratory Diseases > Flashcards

Equine Respiratory Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are causes of Bronchopneumonia associated with foals

A

aspiration of contaminated amniotic fluid (mares with placentitis) or meconium aspiration.

Hematogenous spread via sepsis: E.coli, Klebsiella, Pasteruella, Actinobacillus

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2
Q

What are causes of bronchopneumonia associated with adults

A

Aspiration of upper respiratory or GI flora
Long distance transport, stress, recent viral infection: Strep equi ss zooepidemicus, Pasteurella, actinobacillus

Frequently progresses to pleuropneumonia: Anaerobic bacteria: Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, Fusobacterium

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3
Q

Bronchopneumonia Clinical Signs

A

Anorexia, fever, cough, depression, tachypnea, dyspnea, abnormal lung sounds, nasal discharge, weight loss, pleural pain
CBC- leukocytosis, neutrophilia, hyperfibrinogenemia

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4
Q

How is Bronchopneumonia diagnosed?

A

Radiographs, US

Culture: Transtracheal wash and pleural fluid (ideal)

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5
Q

Treatment methods for Bronchopneumonia

A

Antibiotics- broad spectrum (gram positive, gram negative, anaerobic), NSAIDs
Pleuropneumonia- pleural drainage, thoracotomy

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6
Q

What are the causes of Rhinopneumonitis

A

EHV 1 and 4

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7
Q

How is rhinopneumonitis transmitted

A 
via inhalation (droplet/aerosol)
Transmitted in utero to foals -> severe fatal disease in neonates

Herpesvirus= latent carriers, recrudescence, shedding following stress w

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8
Q

What are clincial signs associated with EHV 1 and 4

A

Primary respiratory syndrome: usually subclinical to mild, mild fever, serous nasal discharge, depression.

Can have severe disease when secondary infection with bacteria occurs or when foals are infected at birth

Also causes abortions and neurologic disease

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9
Q

How is EHV 1 and 4 diagnosed?

A

PCR: nasal swabs, blood and tissues

Paired sera confirms infection has occurred

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10
Q

How is EHV 1 and 4 treated?

A

No specific treatment, respiratory disease typically self-limiting

Monitor for secondary bacterial infections

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11
Q

What are recommended prevention methods for EHV 1 and 4

A

Prevent introduction of new virus strains: quarantine or separate housing for horses that go to shows, races, fairs, trail rides, etc.

Vaccination using the “Rhino/flu” vaccine: Recommended in all horses. Routinely used in young horses and those with frequent exposure to other horses

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12
Q

What causes Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Equine herpesvirus 5

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13
Q

What age horse is commonly affected by EMPF?

A

Middle to older age horses

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14
Q

What clinical signs are associated with EMPF

A

Chronic progressive respiratory signs

Tachypnea, increased respiratory effort, dyspnea, intermittent fever and cough, weight loss

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15
Q

How is EMPF diagnosed?

A

Failure to respond to bronchodilators, antimicrobial therapy

Ultrasound- nodular interstitial pattern
PCR- BAL or lung biopsy

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16
Q

How is EMPF treated

A

Generally there is a poor response to treatment: Corticosteroids, Valcyclovir/Acyclovir, Doxycycline

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17
Q

How is Rhinitis (ERAV/ERBV) transmitted?

A

Respiratory secretions. Infection results in viremia with long-term fecal and urinary shedding.

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18
Q

What is the difference between ERAV and ERBV?

A

ERAV: systemic disease: fever, nasal discharge, coughing, pharyngitis and swelling of th elymph nodes in the head and neck.

ERBV: Usually a mild infection: pharyngitis, respiratory signs and depressed appetite.

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19
Q

How is Equine Rhinitis diagnosed?

A

PCR: nasal swabs, TTW, urine. Frequently part of respiratory disease panels.
Virus isolation: nasal swabs

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20
Q

Treatments associated with Equine Rhinitis

A

No specific treatment, respiratory disease typically self-limiting
Monitor for secondary bacterial infections

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21
Q

How can Rhinitis be controlled and prevented?

A

Prevent introduction of new virus strains: quarantine or separate housing for horses that go to shows, races, fairs, trail rides etc.

Vaccination: Single conditionally licensed vaccine used for ERAV only. Not included as an AAEP recommended vaccine

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22
Q

In what situations are influenza outbreaks common

A

in Naive populations: (racetracks, shows, barns)

23
Q

what are clinical signs associated with Influenza?

A

Typically present as an outbreak of respiratory diseas in young>older animals
FEver (103-107), anorexia, depression, harsh dry cough, serous nasal discharge and lymphadenopathy, conjunctivitis, corneal clouding

Can have severe disease when secondary infeciton with bacteria occurs or in naive neonatal foals

24
Q

Diagnosis of Influenza in horses

A

PCR of nasal swabs or TTW. frequently part of respiratory disease panels
Virus isolation and Hemagglutinaiton inhbition

25
Q

what treatment is associated with Influenza?

A

No specific treatment, respiratory disease typically self-limitng with recovery in 2-3 weeks

26
Q

How do you prevent/control Influenza?

A

quarantine clinical cases

27
Q

What are vaccination recommendations associated with Influenza?

A

This is a “risk based” vaccine recommendation
Killed parenteral product: 2 or 3 dose starting at 4-6 months
MLV intranasal products: administer a single dose intranasal 11 months of age or older
Revaccinate at 6-12 month intervals based on risk.

Foals <6 months of age likely have maternal antibody that may interferewith immunization

28
Q

How are vaccinations affected by different influenza strains?

A

Vaccine virus should be a field isolate within the last 5 years.
Vaccines should contain both clade 1 and clade 2 viruses of the Florida sublineage.
Kentuky lineage is optional

29
Q

do all equine influenza virus vaccinations follow the recommendations in regards to the vaccine strains?

A

No.

30
Q

How si Equine Viral Arteritis transmitted?

A

Transmission is either via respiratory secretions or venereal.

establishment of viremia -> Persistently infected stallions –> abortion in females

31
Q

What cells do Rhodococcus equi infect?

A

These infect equine macrophages.

vapA gene virulence plasmid is key to disease

32
Q

How is Rhodococcus equi transmitted?

A

Via inhalation of contaminated dust thought to be key to transmission very early in life.

33
Q

cLincial Signs associated with Rhodococcus equi

A

Respiratory disease predominates, slowly progressive. Cough, low grade fever intiially
+/- mucopurulent nasal discharge.
Remain BAR until severe lung compromise: anorexia, lethargy, tachypnea, dyspnea, weight loss

Subclinical disease is common

Extrapulmonary disease (GI, abdominal abscesses, polysynovitis, uveitis) are common
   Increased mortality with GI disease
34
Q

How is Rhodococcus equi definitively diagnosed?

A

TTW- PCR targeted at the vap A gene

35
Q

treatment of Rhodococcus equi

A

Most subclinical cases will spontaneously resolve.
Antibiotics: Macrolides (azithromycin or clarithromycin), Long acting macrolides, Doxycycline + rifampin

caution-severe enterocolitis reported in mares whose foals are treated with erythromycin

36
Q

How do you prevent Rhodococcus equi?

A

Close monitoring via ultrasound- early treatment of foals with >10cm ultrasonographic lesions + clinical signs
Vaccination: There is a modified live vaccine licensed in Europe, but not currently available in US
Hyperimmune plasma
Chemoprophylaxis is not recommended (blanket treatments)

37
Q

What is the causative agent associated with Strangles

A

Streptococcus equi ss equi

38
Q

How is Strangles transmitted?

A

ingestion or inhalation of bacteria from lymph node discharge or respiratory secretions or contact with contaminated fomites

39
Q

What are clinical signs associated with Strangles?

A

sudden onset of fever followed by mucopurulent nasal discharge, inappetence. Acute swelling of the submandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes. Abscess formation in the lymph nodes- may or may not rupture and drain.

40
Q

What is “bastard” strangles

A

Metestatic abscessation

41
Q

What is purpura hemorrhagica

A

aseptic necrotizing vasculitis

42
Q

How is strangles diagnosed

A

in acute cases- presumptive diagnosis based on CS
Culture or PCR nasopharyngeal washes, nasal swabs or aspirate of lymph nodes for definitive diagnosis.

Chronic carrier animals: culture or PCR of guttural pouch wash

43
Q

Where is Strep. equi ss equi harbored in chronic carrier animals

A

guttural pouch

44
Q

How is Strangles treated?

A

Isolate to prevent spread
Acute cases- uncomplicated- supportive care only
Antibiotic therapy- not routinely recommended (penicillin). In horses with early clinical signs may prevent abscessation and shedding but no immunity will develop.
Antibiotic therapy indicated in bastard strangles

Purpura hemorrhagica- steroids.

45
Q

How should you treat animals that are chronic carriers of Strangles

A

Flushing of the guttural pouches and topical and systemic antimicrobials are used to resolve the carrier status

46
Q

How do you prevent Strangles

A

Quarantine all new arrivals for 3 weeks. Detection via guttural pouch endoscopy and PCR and aggressive treatment of carrier horses has been of some venefit in controlling disease in larger groups of animals.

47
Q

How do you control Strangles in an outbreak situation

A

quarantine the premise for 3 weeks past last clinical case. Fever precedes contagious phase- monitor twice daily and isolate all animals that develop fever
Separate feed and equipment for suspect cases and non clinicals

48
Q

How are vaccinations associated with Strangles

A

Risk based vaccine
Killed parenteral, MLV intranasal options

Annual to emiannual revaccination recommended unless recent exposure- immunity following natural infection is fairly long-lived (5 years) in most.

49
Q

What are the most common bacterial agents in Guttural pouch infections

A

Strep. equi ss. equi or S. zooepidemicus

50
Q

What clinical signs are associated with guttural pouch infections?

A

Persistent mucopurulent drainage
Epistaxis due to damaged blood vessels
Damage to cranial nerves- dysphagia, facial nerve paralysis

51
Q

How do you diagnose guttural pouch infections?

A

Endoscopy, and Culture +/-PCR

52
Q

How are bacterial Guttural Pouch infections treated

A

Flushing and antibiotics
Parenteral treatment alone is unrewarding
Topical antibiotics directly into guttural pouch

53
Q

How are fungal Guttural Pouch infections treated?

A

Flushing
Topical and systemic antifungal agents
May need to occlude the carotid artery proximal and distal to any lesion

Infectious Disease (12 decks)

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