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Infectious Disease > Equine Skin, FAD, and review > Flashcards

Equine Skin, FAD, and review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the causative agent for Pigeon fever?

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis var. equi

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2
Q

What lesions are associated with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis var. equi

A
  • Ulcerative lymphanitis

- external abscesses of the chest associated with -“Pigeon fever”

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3
Q

How is Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis var. equi transmitted?

A

via breaks in the skin (dermatitis, abrasions, wounds) or biting insects.

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4
Q

What are the 3 forms of Corynebacterum pseudotuberculosis var. equi

A

External abscesses- large pectoral abscesses, ventral abdomen
Internal abscesses <10% of cases. Liver lungs, spleen, kidney - high rate of fatality
Ulcerative lymphangitis: severe cellulitis of one or more limbs. nodular abscess formation in one or all limbs

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5
Q

How is Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis var. equi diagnosed?

A

bacterial culture of external abscesses, peritoneal fluid (internal abscesses) or draining tracts (ulcerative lymphangitis).

Evidence of chronic infection on CBC
Synergistic hemolysis inhibition (SHI) test for horses with internal abscesses- measures response to phospholipase D toxin.

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6
Q

How are external abscesses associated wtih Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis var. equi treated?

A

Surgical drainage of mature abscesses, many animals will rupture abscesses and heal on own, antibiotics only in complicated cases, high chance of recovery.

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7
Q

How are internal abscesses and ulcerative lymphangitis treated with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis var. equi

A

Long term (minimum of 4-6 weeks) antibiotic therapy- susceptible to many antibiotics

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8
Q

How do you prevent Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis var. equi

A

Isolate infected animals to decrease spread
Can survive for long periods of time in soil- contain abscess drainage
Fly control
Vaccination- conditionally licensed vaccine - efficacy pending.

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9
Q

What are two differentials for ulcerative lymphangitis?

A

Sporothrix schenckii, and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis var. equi

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10
Q

How are infections with Sporothrix schenckii acquired

A

Growth in organic material- slivers and thorns- introduced via trauma

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11
Q

clinical signs associated with Sporothrix schenckii

A

Multiple abscesses along lymphatic vessels, Typically affects a single limb

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12
Q

How is sporothricosis diagnosed?

A

Cytology- cigar bodies: elongated yeast cells
culture- sent to a reference lab
Lack of response to antibiotic therapy

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13
Q

How is sporothricosis treated?

A

Sodium iodide, Ketoconazole or similar drugs, amphoteracin B

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14
Q

what are causative agents of Dermatophytosis

A

Trichophyton equinum, T. mentagrophytes, Microsporum gypseum

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15
Q

How are infections with Dermatophytosis acquired

A

Requires some abrasion to skin to allow entry. Warm, moist environments

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16
Q

Clinical Signs associated with Dermatophytosis

A

Regions of alopecia, frequently round, erythemic, crusted margins.
Head, neck, forelimbs, under saddle/girth

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17
Q

Methods of diagnosis for Dermatophytosis

A 
wood's lamp- doesn't work
Derm database- trichogram (often not successful)
   Fungal culture (DTM media)
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18
Q

How is dermatophytosis treated?

A

Most cases are self-limiting “sunshine and time”
Can treat topically with antifungals (miconazole, ketoconazole) or lime sulfur (zoonotic-wear gloves)

Systemic therapy-Griseofulvin
Separate form herd, disinfect equipment

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19
Q

what is the etiology of Dermatophilosis

A

Dermatophilus congolensis

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20
Q

How are infections of Dermatophilosis acquired

A

skin abrasion + moisture

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21
Q

How is Dermatophilosis transmitted?

A

Contagious between animals- crusts

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22
Q

What is the lay term for Dermatophilosis infeciton?

A

Rain rot

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23
Q

Clinical signs of Dermatophilosis

A

“Rain rot” - skin lesions similar to moisture runoff
Papules that progress to thick crusts with an erosive underside
“paint brush lesions”

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24
Q

How is Dermatophilosis diagnosed?

A

direct examination of crusts

Giemsa stain - railroad track bacteria

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25
Q

How is Dermatophilosis treated?

A

dry environment, crust removal, topical chlorhexidine +/- systemic therapy with antibiotics (penicillin or TMS)

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26
Q

What is the causative agent of Vesicular stomatitis

A

Vesicular stomatitis virus

27
Q

How is vesicular stomatitis transmitted?

A

Direct contact once on property

Transmission via biting insects between properties

28
Q

T/F vesicular stomatitis is zoonotic

A

True-

29
Q

clinical signs of Vesicular stomatitis

A

Excessive salivaiton with vesicles on the inner surface of the lips, gums, tongue- occasional crusting scabs on muzzle, lips, nostrils, ears, coronary band, sheath, ventral abdomen

Reluctance to eat or drink- weight loss

30
Q

How is Vesicular Stomatitis diagnosed?

A

Report any suspicious lesion to State Veterinarian
PCR form lesions
Serology at NVSL- cELISA, VN, CF

31
Q

how is Vesicular stomatitis treated?

A

general supportive care

32
Q

What methods of prevention/control are used in vesicular stomatis cases

A

quarantine of any identified premises, animals
isolate any new horses for 21 days
Insect control programs
Individual feeders

33
Q

What is the causative agent of African Hrose sickness?

A

African Horse sickness virus

Orbivirus related to Bluetongue and EHD

34
Q

What is the method of transmission of African Horse Sickness?

A 
via Culicoides (biting midges)
Can be blown large distances (>300miles)
Standing water _ fecal material = breeding grounds
35
Q

what are the reservoirs for African Horse Sickness?

A

Donkeys, mules, zebras, elephants, camels, dogs

36
Q

Clinical signs associated with African Horse Sickness?

A

Attack vascular endothelium -> edema
Pulmonary form- severe pulmonary edema, frothing at nares. High fever, 95% case fatality rate
Cardiac form- pronounced edema of the head and neck, hydropericardium, high case fatality rate
Mixed (combinatino of both)
Mild- fever only, seen in animals with partial immunity

37
Q

What are the 2 differentials for frothing from the nares in horses

A

Hendra and African Horse sickness virus

38
Q

How is African Horse Sickness diagnosed

A

Clinical Signs, Virus isolation (thought to be the best), PCR (if available)
Serology- several tests available. Acute deaths complicate serconversion

39
Q

What are treatment methods for African Horse sickness

A

none other than supportive care, highly fatal

40
Q

what methods of prevention and control are associated with African Sleeping Sickness

A

Strict rules govern importation of aniamls from endemic areas- horses from endemic countries must be quarantined at NY Animal import Center for 60 days.
control culicoides by getting rid of standing water and manure
Screening/Netting at night- only letting horses out during the day

Vaccination- several serotypes to be included in endemic areas.

41
Q

What is the causative agent associated with Hendra

A

Hendra virus - henipavirus

42
Q

What is the reservoir for Hendra Virus

A

Fruit bats

43
Q

How is Hendra virus transmitted?

A

Transmission between horses through direct contact only with respiratory secretions
Zoonotic and highly fatal!

44
Q

clinical signs of Hendra virus

A

fever, respiratory distress, and death (high fatality rate)
Severe bilateral pulmonary edema (ddx for AHS)

Replicates in respiratory epithelium first, then spreads hematogenously to other organs

potential for neurologic signs as well- severe obtundation, dementia, head tilt, ataxia

45
Q

How is hendra diagnosed?

A

RNA virus- RT-PCR

Serology

46
Q

Treatment for Hendra

A

NONE!

Euthanized to protect human health

47
Q

How has hendra been prevented

A

vaccination available in Australia as of 2013

48
Q

What is the causative agent of Glanders

A

Burkholderia mallei

49
Q

What are methods of transmission of Glanders

A

Transmitted through feed, water, and by direct contact
Draining nodules on the nasal mucosa discharge the organism

Recovered carriers are key in transmission

50
Q

Clinical signs of Glanders

A

horses tend to develop chronic disease
donkeys and mules tend to develop acute disease

Respiratory disease
Cutaneous disease

51
Q

What are the 2 forms of Glanders

A

Respiratory- pneumonia- small nodules on the nasal and pharyngeal mucosa that ulcerate and drain. Ulcers will heal and scars form

cutaneous (farcy)- Nodules on skin, subcutaneous tissues and lymph nodes. Lymphangitis: so swollen they appear as cords.

Humans primarily cutaneous but also acute, fatal pulmonary cases.

52
Q

How is Glanders diagnosed?

A

culture or PCR of lesions in acute cases
To detect carriers: serology is most common (CF, ELISA, AGID)
Mallein intradermal skin test (previously used, no longer common)

53
Q

how is glanders treated

A

Treatment is not recommended

Antimicrobial therapy is dicouraged because carriers remain

54
Q

How do you prevent and control glanders?

A

Test and slaughter is preferred

Immune response is poor, no vaccines available

55
Q

What is the causative agent for Dourine

A

Trypanosoma eqiperdum

56
Q

How is Dourine transmitted

A

Venereal transmission

57
Q

What are acute signs associated with Dourine?

A

initial low-grade fever and urethral or vaginal discharge
Edema, swelling, and ulceration of external genitalia
occcasional abortion

58
Q

What are chronic signs associated with dourine?

A

Peculiar raised plaques in skin of the flank that disappear and are replaced by plaques in other areas “Pathognomonic”
CNS signs: incoordination, ataxia, paralysis
Horses lose condition and become progressively weaker

59
Q

How is Dourine diagnosed?

A

clinical signs
serologic testing - CF - official test for import
A subspecies-specific real-time PCR was used to identify infected tissues in the outbreak in Italy

60
Q

how is Dourine Treated

A

use of trypanosomal drugs in theory possible, but not practicle

61
Q

How do you prevent & control Dourine

A

Slaughter of all CF positive carrier animals

62
Q

AAEP core vaccines

A

Tetanus
WEE/EEE
West Nile
Rabies

63
Q

Peeculiar raised plaques in skin of the flank that disappear and are replaced by plaques in other areas- this is pathognomonic for what

A

Dourine

Infectious Disease (12 decks)

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