Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Infectious Disease > Equine Enteric Diseases > Flashcards

Equine Enteric Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common cause of foal infectious diarrhea?

A

Rotavirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the most common cause of foal non-infectious diarrhea?

A

Foal Heat Diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the top 3 common causes of infectious diarrhea in adult horses?

A

Salmonella enterica
Neorickettsia risticii
Clostridioides difficile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the top 3 common causes of non-infectious diarrhea in adult horses?

A

IBD
Toxicities (such as Cantharidin, and NSAIDS)
Grain Overload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the timeframe for maximum absorption of maternal antibodies?

A

The first 8 hours of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the main methods of measuring passive transfer utilized in practice?

A

Semi-quantitative immunoassay
Lateral flow/ELISA-type immunoassays
Immunoturbidometric assay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What factors effect FPT

A

Maiden mares, premature lactation, sick mares, dystocia, poor mothering instinct. etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Factors affecting foal diarrhea

A

transportation of the mare prior to foaling, lack of sanitation especially in the foaling area and facilitates where the foals are housed for the first 10 days, pre-partum nutrition of the mare. Too much is bad, Post-partum nutrition of the mare: too little is bad, excessive oral medications to the foal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What salmonella is most common

A

Salmonella enterica ss enterica

serovar Typhimurium is the most common (non-host adapted)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is salmonella transmitted between animals

A

Fecal-oral or fomite transmission - HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are acute clinical signs associated with Salmonella

A

Diarrhea (watery, +/-blood, +/- foul odor, +/- mucous) , Fever, and neutropenia are the most common clinical signs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Chronic cases of Salmonella

A

Asymptomatic carriers- many only have a transient fever and/or cow-pie feces following stressful event
Chronic diarrhea- rare cases may develop chronic unresponsive cow-pie feces, weight loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is Salmonellosis diagnosed in horses?

A

A fecal PCR or culture is most common.
One negative fecal on a suspect case is NOT enough!

Repeat Fecal samples (3-5) collected 12-24 hours apart is the gold standard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What treatment methods are suggested for Salmonellosis cases

A

Supportive Care
IV Fluids: Crystalloids (correct dehydration and electrolyte losses, Colloids- replace protein loss
NSAIDS, polymyxin B for endotoxemia
Antibiotics- Typically only used in foals or adults suspected of Septicemia
Laminitis prevention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What control protocols are used on the farm for cases of Salmonella

A

Quarantine all horses returning from shows and other events
Sanitize feeding and cleaning equipment between animals
Vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the label claims for the Salmonella vaccination that is approved in the US?

A

Aid in the prevention of endotoxin-mediated disease

NOT labeled for diarrhea

> 6months of age, 2 initial shots with yearly booster
Not included in core or risk-based vaccine recommendations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the cause of Potomac Horse Fever

A

Neorickettsia risticii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When is the highest incidence of disease of Potomac Horse Fever

A

late summer/early fall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is Potomac Horse Fever Transmitted?

A

Ingestion of feed or water contaminated with aquatic insects especially mayflies and caddis flies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does Potomac Horse Fever infect?

A

Circulating macrophages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are Clinical Signs associated with the acute onset of Potomac Horse Fever?

A

Fever, anorexia, depression, injected mucous membranes
Diarrhea 24-72 hours after clinical signs

Initial presentation is the same as salmonellosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are clinical signs associated with chronic Potomac Horse Fever

A

Laminitis (up to 30%)

Abortion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the cause of death associated with Potomac Horse Fever

A

endotoxemia, laminitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What methods of diagnosis are associated with Potomac Horse Fever

A

seasonal timing and geography highly suggestive
Often initiate treatment prior to receiving test results
PCR (current ideal)- feces, whole blood, (ideally submit both)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What methods of treatment are utilized in Potomac Horse Fever
Supportive care: IV fluids, NSAIDS (for endotoxemia), laminitis prevention Antibiotics: Oxytetracycline (7-10mg/kg IV, BID), Response to therapy within 1-3 days
26
How soon after intiation of treatment for Potomac Horse Fever should you see a response
1-3 days
27
What vaccination protocols are used against Potomac Horse Fever
Vaccination is routinely practiced in endemic areas. It is thought to lessen severity and incidence of disease, but vaccinated animals can still develop disease
28
What steps can you take to prevent/control Potomac Horse Fever?
Turn off outside lights to discourage insects from being attracted. Clean buckets and feed areas frquently and keep feed covered Maintain riparian barriers along bodies of water in hopes that it will encourage aquatic insects to stay home
29
How is Rotavirus transmitted?
fecal oral
30
At what age are foals affected by Rotavirus?
Most clinical infections in foals <2 months of age
31
What are clinical signs associated with Rotavirus
Diarhea- virus destroys small intestinal villi --> malabsorption --> osmotic diarrhea enterotoxin --> chloride secretion --> secretory diarrhea
32
How is Rotavirus diagnosed?
PCR usually part of a diagnostic panel ELISA is rapid and convenient
33
What treatment methods are utilized in Rotavirus cases
Suppportive Care: IV fluids, NSAIDS for endotoxemia (caution in hypovolemic foals) +/- broad spectrum antibiotics for suspect septicemia
34
How should Rotavirus be prevented/controlled:
Tends to be a problem on larger farms- movement of mares into different facilities can result in exposure of foals to new variants General sanitation and biosecurity principles- Phenolic disinfectants are best Vaccination-risk based recommendation
35
How are vacciantions used against Rotavirus infections
Risk based Immunize mares 3x late in EACH gestation: 8,9,and 10 months -> Colostrum Lessens the severity, foals may develop mild rotaviral diarrhea after the antibody levels decrease (60 days)
36
What is the etiology of Coronavirus?
Equine Coronavirus- beta coronavirus Close relative of bovine coronavirus
37
How is Coronavirus transmitted?
Fecal oral transmission, fomites Shed in feces for up to 21 days
38
What has recently been identified as the primary causative agent of adult diarrhea in horses?
Coronavirus
39
What time of year are Coronaviral infections most common
more common in the cooler months
40
What clinical signs are associated with Coronavirus?
Acute necrotizing enteritis (small>large intestines) Acute onset: Fever, anorexia, lethargy, Range of enteric signs (soft formed to diarrhea to scant feces to colic) May present with encephalopathy, often associated with hyperammonemia (<10% of cases) Leukopenia, neutropenia
41
How is Coronavirus diagnosed?
PCR on feces- viral shedding peaks 3-4 days after development of lcinical signs. May test negative if sample is taken at initiation of disease.
42
Treatment associated with Coronavirus
High morbidity but lwo mortality Supportive care only: Fluids & electrolytes, NSAIDS
43
Prevention and Control methods associated with Coronavirus
No vaccine available General sanitation and biosecurity principles Quarantine all horses Known positive animals should be isolated for 3 weeks.
44
Clostridial infections associated in equine
Clostridium perfringens Type A and C in foals | Clostridioides difficile in foals and adults
45
What is the epidemiology of Clostridial infections?
Abnormal colonization of GI tract/overgrowth. Spores can become persistent in the environment. Fecal/oral transmission, fomites
46
clostridial enteritis associated with C. perfringens
Hemorrhagic diarrhea with sepsis (Type C worse than A) Colic, dehydration, shock- may precede onset of diarrhea (sudden death in foals) can progress to necrotizing colitis and typhlitis
47
Clostridial enteritis associated with C.difficile
Diarrhea with sepsis (less likely to contain blood) | Often history of antibiotics or hospitalization
48
You find mucosal and submucosal hemorrhage, necrotizing enteritis, hemorrhage and tan/orange pseudomembrane in a foal. What is your top differential?
C. difficile
49
An adult horse has a colon with watery contents, necrosis and thickening of the mucosal folds due to edema fluid. What is your top differential?
C. difficile
50
What is the top diagnostic method for Clostridial enteritis?
PCR- best test for toxin genes | Culture and genotyping of isolates becoming more common
51
What method of treatment is associated with Clostridial enteritis?
Aggressive supportive care (IV fluids and electrolytes, Biosponge [binds toxins]) Antibiotics: Metronidazole
52
What methods of prevention can be taken for Clostridial enteritis in horses
General sanitation and biosecurity, particularly in the foaling stalls. Sanitize feeding and cleaning equipment between animals.
53
what is the causative agent in "Proliferative Enteropathy"
Lawsonia intracellularis
54
How is Lawsonia intracellularis transmitted?
fecal-oral
55
Where in the GI tract does an infection of Lawsonia intracellularis most commonly occur
infection of the crypt epithelial cells in the ileum
56
What age animals are most affected by Proliferative enteropathy
Foals 3-4 months to 7-9 months of age are most commonly affected
57
Clinical signs associated with Proliferative enteropathy
"Poor doer"- rough hair coat, pot bellied appearance, concurrent infections Erosion and ulceration of intestine may lead to perforation and death Chemistry: hypoproteinemia, increased CK
58
How is Proliferative enteropathy diagnosed?
PCR on feces- quantitative but poor sensitivity due to intermittent shedding Serology- (IMPA)- highly specific for exposure, but may not correlate to clinical disease, negative early
59
How is Proliferative enteropathy treated?
Early treatment is essential! antibiotics: Macrolides +/- rifampin, tetracyclines, or chloramphenicol administered for 2-3 weeks often take weeks to months to return to normal protein level and weight gain NOT reported to spontaneously resolve without treatment
60
How is Proliferative enteropathy prevented in equine?
Extra-label use of live oral avirulent swine vaccines given transrectally has been shown to be safe and to decrease clinical disease and shedding
61
How is colibacillosis associated with enteric disease in equine
Usually not considered a primary pathogen in foal enteric diseases Potentially combines with Rotavirus to cause a more serious disease Joint infections, omphalophlebitis, and septicemia- may account for 25% of neonatal mortality

Infectious Disease (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions