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APC Revision 2023 > Sustainability (Level 1) > Flashcards

Sustainability (Level 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards (2018)?

A

Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards (2018)

  • Applies to private rented residential and non-domestic property and is aimed at encouraging landlords and property owners to improve the energy efficiency of their properties by a restriction on the granting and continuation of existing tenancies where the property has an EPC of F and G
  • For all new tenancies beginning in 2025, the government is keen to change this to a minimum rating of C.
  • Introduce a minimum C rating across all rental homes by 2028, even for those that have long-standing tenants
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2
Q

What is sustainability?

A

Sustainability is meeting the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future

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3
Q

What is sustainable development?

A

Sustainable Development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

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4
Q

What are the triple bottom line principles?

A

The triple bottom line principles in sustainability are:
- Economic
- Environmental
- Social

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5
Q

What does the NPPF say about sustainable development?

A
  • ‘Presumption in favour of sustainable development’ is a principle in the Framework that means LPAs should approve most planning applications, unless those applications would compromise sustainable development rules
  • Strengthened wording to require planners to protect and enhance the environment
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6
Q

Can you tell me about any Climate Change Conventions or Protocols you are aware of?

A

Paris Agreement:
- Legally binding international treaty concerning climate change
- Adopted by nearly every nation and came into effect in 2016
- Aim is to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees whilst targeting levels below 1.5 degrees when compared to pre-industrial levels
- Aim is also to be net zero by 2050

UNFCCC (main treaty on fighting climate change)
- The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) sets out the basic legal framework and principles for international climate change cooperation with the aim of stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to avoid “dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.”

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7
Q

What targets did the Paris agreement set?

A

Paris Agreement - Aim is to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees whilst targeting levels below 1.5 degrees when compared to pre-industrial levels

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8
Q

What are the most recent EU / UK targets relating to sustainability?

A

Climate Change Act (UK) 2008
- The Climate Change Act commits the UK government by law to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 100% of 1990 levels (net zero) by 2050.

EU Climate Target Plan 2030
- the 2030 Climate Target Plan, the Commission proposes to raise the EU’s ambition on reducing greenhouse gas emissions to at least 55% below 1990 levels by 2030

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9
Q

What are the 2020/2030/2050 EU targets?

A

EU 2020 Targets:
- 20% cut in greenhouse gas emissions (from 1990 levels)
- 20% of EU energy from renewables
- 20% improvement in energy efficiency

EU 2030 Targets:
- target of an at least 55% net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030

EU 2050 Targets:
- The EU aims to be climate-neutral by 2050 – an economy with net-zero greenhouse gas emissions

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10
Q

What is COP27?

A
  • UN’s 2022 Climate Change Conference
  • brought governments together to accelerate global efforts to confront the climate crisis
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11
Q

What did the UK Climate Change Act 2008 do?

A

The Climate Change Act 2008 is the basis for the UK’s approach to tackling and responding to climate change

It requires that emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are reduced and that climate change risks are adapted to

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12
Q

What are carbon budgets?

A

A carbon budget places a restriction on the total amount of greenhouse gases a country can emit over a 5-year period

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13
Q

What did the Infrastructure Act 2015 say about climate change?

A

Infrastructure Act 2015 introduced a zero carbon emissions standard for new homes in England and Wales from 2016, implemented through the Building Regulations.

The intention is that there should be no carbon emissions generated from the energy required to heat and light a home.

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14
Q

What is the renewable heat incentive?

A

Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) helps homes, businesses, public sector and non-profit organisations meet the cost of installing renewable heat technologies.

You can claim for:
- biomass boilers
- solar water heating
- certain heat pumps

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15
Q

How can buildings impact upon the environment?

A

Real estate accounts for nearly 40% of the world’s overall carbon emissions. Has an impact in the materials it uses, method and quality of construction and how we use buildings.

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16
Q

Can you give me an example of a sustainable design feature?

A
  • Triple glazed windows
  • Renewable energy source
  • Water catchment systems
  • Energy efficient appliances
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17
Q

What is BREEAM?

A

BREEAM (Building Research Establishment’s Environmental Assessment Method)

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18
Q

How does the BREEAM assessment process work?

A

The process entails a comprehensive review and evaluation of design information in order to award credits against a wide range of assessed categories which include:

  • Management
  • Health and Wellbeing,
  • Energy
  • Transport
  • Water
  • Materials
  • Waste
  • Land Use and Ecology
  • Pollution and Innovation.

These credits are then accumulated and converted to a percentage score, based on the number of credits achieved out of the total available credits. This percentage score is then converted to a BREEAM rating:

  • Unclassified: <30%
  • Pass: =30%
  • Good: =45%
  • Very Good: =55%
  • Excellent: =60%
  • Outstanding: =85%
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19
Q

Can you explain your understanding of the Minimum Energy Efficiency Standard (MEES) to me?

A

Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards (2018)

  • From April 2023 will make it an offence to continue to let or sub-let commercial property with an EPC rating below E

Further proposals
- aim to bring in a minimum EPC C rating for commercial properties by 2027 before an ultimate target of minimum EPC B ratings by 2030

  • Residential - Currently, a rental property must have a minimum of an E-rating on its EPC
  • For all new tenancies beginning in 2025, the government is keen to change this to a minimum rating of C.
  • Introduce a minimum C rating across all rental homes by 2028, even for those that have long-standing tenants
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20
Q

How does MEES impact upon your role?

A

Have to ensure that everything built will be able to meet the minimum EPC standards

When reviewing potential opportunities that do not comply with MEES currently or will not in the future consider this in the valuation

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21
Q

What are the key dates for MEES?

A

1st April 2023 is the key date – from this date onwards it is prohibited to let a commercial property with an EPC lower than E

MEES has already applied to the grant of new leases or the renewal or extension of existing leases since 1 April 2018

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22
Q

What falls outside of MEES?

A

The following buildings are not required to have an EPC:

  • Temporary buildings (building that will be used for two years or less)
  • Listed buildings
  • Places of worship
  • Detached building under 50sqm
  • Industrial site or workshop
  • Buildings due for demolition
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23
Q

Are there any exemptions from MEES?

A

Lack of Consent - landlord has been unable to obtain any necessary third-party consent to undertake necessary energy improvement works

7 Year Payback Test - the necessary energy improvement works will not ‘pay for itself’ by way of energy bill savings over a 7-year period.

Devaluation - improvements will reduce the market value of the property by more than 5% (to be supported by expert valuation evidence)

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24
Q

What are the penalties for non-compliance?

A

The enforcement authority (local authority) can impose both financial and publication penalties. These penalties are civil and not criminal.

Less than 3 months – greater of £5000 or 10% of the rateable value of the property

3 months or more – greater of £10,000 or 20% of the rateable value of the property

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25
Q

What is an EPC?

A

EPC – Energy Performance Certificate gives a property an energy efficiency rating from A (most efficient) to G (least efficient) and is valid for 10 years

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26
Q

What buildings require an EPC?

A

All buildings in the UK require a valid EPC rating before being marketed. Unless on the exemptions listed above.

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27
Q

When is an EPC required?

A

An EPC is valid for 10 years so should be renewed every ten years as a minimum.

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28
Q

When do you need to display an EPC?

A

You must display an EPC by fixing it to your commercial building if all these apply:

-the total useful floor area is over 500 square metres
- the building is frequently visited by the public
- an EPC has already been produced for the building’s sale, rental or construction

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29
Q

What is included in an EPC?

A

An EPC contains:

  • information about a property’s energy use and typical energy costs
  • recommendations about how to reduce energy use and save money

An EPC gives a property an energy efficiency rating from A (most efficient) to G (least efficient) and is valid for 10 years.

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30
Q

When are the penalties for not having an EPC?

A

your Local Authority Building Control department – they can force you to get one, as well as give you a fine of between £500 and £5,000.

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31
Q

What is a DEC?

A

DEC = Display Energy Certificate
DECs provide an energy rating of the building from A to G, where A is very efficient and G is the least efficient and they are based on the actual amount of metered energy used by the building over a period of 12 months

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32
Q

When is a DEC required?

A

A DEC is required for a building:
- over 250m of useful floor area
- occupied by a public authority
- building is frequently visited by the public

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33
Q

What must accompany a DEC?

A

The DEC must be accompanied by an Advisory Report containing cost-effective recommendations for improving the energy efficiency of the building.

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34
Q

What are the penalties for not having a DEC?

A

Fined up-to £500

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35
Q

What is Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)?

A

Corporate Social Responsibility is a management concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations

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36
Q

What is SKA Rating?

A

A Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) environmental assessment method, benchmark and standard for non-domestic fit outs.

It helps landlords and tenants assess fit out projects against a set of sustainability good practice criteria known as good practice measures (GPM).

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37
Q

What is LEED?

A

LEED

LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design provides a framework for healthy, efficient, carbon and cost-saving green buildings

38
Q

What is PAssivhaus?

A

Passivhaus

Passivhaus is a leading international design standard, delivering high standards of comfort and health AND slashing energy use from buildings.

39
Q

What happened to the Code for Sustainable Homes?

A

The Code for Sustainable Homes has now been withdrawn (aside from the management of legacy cases) and has been replaced by new national technical standards

40
Q

What is the Climate Change Levy?

A

Climate Change Levy is an environmental tax charged on the energy that businesses use. It’s designed to encourage businesses to be more energy efficient

41
Q

What Building Regulation relates to energy efficiency?

A

Building Regulations Part L1b - highlights the requirements for energy efficiency compliance of existing dwellings.

42
Q

What is ESOS?

A

ESOS = Energy Savings Opportunity Scheme - ESOS is a mandatory energy assessment scheme for organisations in the UK that meet the qualification criteria

Your company or organisation must comply with ESOS if, on 31 December 2022:
- You have over 250 members of staff, or
- A turnover of more than £44m and an annual balance sheet of over £38m
- You are an overseas organisation with over 250 employees in the UK
- Your company is part of a larger organisation, which falls into any of the above

43
Q

When was CRC abolished and what was it replaced by?

A

CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme closed April 2023. It has been replaced by the Streamlined Energy Carbon Reporting (SECR)

44
Q

What is SECR? And who must comply with it?

A

Streamlined Energy Carbon Reporting (SECR)
SECR (1st April 2019) reporting framework is intended to encourage the implementation of energy efficiency measures, with both economic and environmental benefits, supporting companies in cutting costs and improving productivity at the same time as reducing carbon emissions

Companies that must comply:
- Listed companies
- LLPs
- ‘Large’ unquoted companies (a turnover of £36 million or more a balance sheet of £18 million or more, 250 employees or more)

45
Q

Who is exempt from SECR?

A

Public sector organisations, charities and private sector organisations that don’t file reports to Companies House

46
Q

What are SECR requirements?

A

All SECR participants must provide a narrative commentary on energy efficiency action taken in the financial year. Quoted companies must continue to report on scope 1 and 2 greenhouse gas emissions

47
Q

What are the penalties for non-compliance with SECR?

A

Not meeting the reporting requirements of SECR can result in accounts not being signed off. Missing the filing deadline could lead to a civil penalty

48
Q

What is a Memorandum of Understanding?

A

a statement of serious intent – agreed voluntarily by equal partners – of the commitment, resources, and other considerations that each of the parties will bring

49
Q

What is a green lease?

A

Green leases contain a series of additional provisions that impose an obligation on the landlord and tenant to manage and reduce the environmental impact of a property by way of improvements

50
Q

How can an EPC impact upon value or use of a building?

A

Compliance – non-compliance with MEES will mean capital expenditure for a buyer and reducing the value

Opex – lower EPC rating means worse energy efficiency of the building and higher energy costs for the occupier

51
Q

Tell me about how you would apply a sustainability matrix in your work.

A

A sustainability matrix can be used to help identify specific sustainability areas within a construction project to improve and target to help create a sustainable development

52
Q

What is Off Site Manufacture (OSM)?

A

Construction of parts of a building off site e.g modular construction

53
Q

Tell me about lender/investor considerations in relation to sustainability?

A

Investors:

  • Prioritising sustainable assets because they will hold their long term value – avoid obsolescence
  • Increased requirements to invest sustainably
54
Q

Tell me about tenant considerations in relation to sustainability?

A
  • Sustainable buildings reduces their energy costs
  • Should align with their CSR strategy and sustainability goals
55
Q

Explain your understanding of the Green Deal to me.

A

The Green Deal is a UK government policy initiative that helps you make energy-saving improvements to your home and to find the best way to pay for them.

The improvements that could save you the most energy depend on your home, but typical examples include:

  • insulation, such as solid wall, cavity wall or loft insulation
  • heating
  • draught-proofing
  • double glazing
  • renewable energy generation, such as solar panels or heat pumps
56
Q

How can building conservation relate to sustainability?

A

The most sustainable building is the one that is already built.

By conserving buildings through refurbishment and retrofitting it is far more sustainable than a new building.

57
Q

Tell me about RICS guidance on Life Cycle Costs.

A

RICS Guidance Note Life Cycle Costing (2016)

  • This guidance note summarises what is meant by a life cycle costing (LCC) and whole life costing (WLC) service for both new construction works and for the refurbishment of existing assets
58
Q

What are the UN Sustainable Development Goals?

A

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity

59
Q

What are the 17 UN sustainable development goals?

A

The 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) to transform our world:

GOAL 1: No Poverty
GOAL 2: Zero Hunger
GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being
GOAL 4: Quality Education
GOAL 5: Gender Equality
GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation
GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy
GOAL 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth
GOAL 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
GOAL 10: Reduced Inequality
GOAL 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption and Production
GOAL 13: Climate Action
GOAL 14: Life Below Water
GOAL 15: Life on Land
GOAL 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions
GOAL 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal

60
Q

How are RICS working towards the Sustainable Development Goals?

A

RICS Executive Summary: Advancing Responsible Business in Land Construction and Real Estate Use and Investment Making the Sustainable Development Goals a Reality (2018)

  • RICS has been working with the United Nations Global Compact on identifying the most critical issues facing companies with a stake in land, real estate and construction in relation to the SDGs.
  • The aim is to make the implementation of the SDGs business as usual and to encourage companies to think holistically about the environmental and social impact of their business activities, and strategic investment decisions.
61
Q

What is the RICS Value the Planet campaign?

A

The RICS Value the Planet Campaign aims to help our profession implement the UN’s Sustainable Goals and preserve our planet for future generations

62
Q

What is SUDS?

A

SUDS = Sustainable Drainage Systems - can help address flooding risks by managing surface water runoff in a way that mimics natural processes, slowing down the runoff rate while providing wider benefits, such as public realm improvements

E.G - detention basins, wetlands, bioretention strips and retention ponds

63
Q

What is net biodiversity gain?

A

Biodiversity net gain (BNG) is an approach to development, and/or land management, that aims to leave the natural environment in a measurably better state than it was beforehand

64
Q

What does ISO 14001 relate to?

A

ISO 14001

ISO 14001 sets out the criteria for an environmental management system and can be certified to. It maps out a framework that a company or organization can follow to set up an effective environmental management system

65
Q

What does ISO 50001 relate to?

A

ISO 50001

ISO 50001 is a voluntary international standard. It applies to organisations of any size, and provides requirements for establishing, managing and improving their energy consumption and efficiency.

66
Q

What is an Environmental Management System (EMS)?

A

An Environmental Management System (EMS) is a set of processes and practices that enable an organization to reduce its environmental impacts and increase its operating efficiency

67
Q

What is sustainable procurement?

A

Sustainable procurement is the integration of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) principles into your company’s procurement processes and decisions while ensuring they still meet the requirements of your stakeholders

68
Q

What is social value?

A

Social value is the quantification of the relative importance that people place on the changes they experience in their lives

69
Q

What does the term whole life carbon mean?

A

Whole Life Carbon - Whole Life-Cycle Carbon (WLC) emissions are the carbon emissions resulting from the materials, construction and the use of a building over its entire life, including its demolition and disposal

70
Q

What opportunities to decarbonise exist in the building life cycle?

A

Design
- Sustainable design features and methods

Construction
- Sourcing of materials
- Energy sources of machinery
- Use of recycled materials
- Construction method – e.g use of modular

Operation
- Energy source
- Guidance on efficient use of the building for occupiers
- Energy efficient appliances
- Prolonging building life

Demolition
- Recycle/re-use of materials
- Circular economy

71
Q

What is a post-occupancy evaluation?

A

POE is the process of obtaining feedback on a building’s performance in use after it has been built and occupied

72
Q

What is an Environmental Impact Assessment and when would one be carried out?

A

Environmental Impact Assessment - Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a tool used to assess the significant effects of a project or development proposal on the environment

It should normally take place at an early stage in the design of the project.

73
Q

What are Modern Methods of Construction?

A

Modern Methods of Construction - Modern methods of construction is a process which focuses on off-site construction techniques, such as mass production and factory assembly, as alternatives to traditional building.

74
Q

What further changes are proposed to minimum energy standards relating to private residential property?

A

Introduce a minimum C rating across all rental homes by 2028, even for those that have long-standing tenants

75
Q

Explain your understanding of NABERS.

A

NABERS UK is a simple, reliable system for rating the energy efficiency of office buildings across England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland

76
Q

Explain a key proposal of the Energy White Paper.

A

Some key commitments of the Energy White Paper:

  • Targeting 40GW of offshore wind by 2030
  • Establishing a new UK Emissions Trading System
  • Growing the installation of electric heat pumps - from 30,000 per year to 600,000 per year by 2028
77
Q

Explain the proposals under the Future Homes Standard and Future Buildings Standard.

A

Future Homes Standard - In 2025, compliance with the Future Homes Standard (FHS) will become mandatory. Its aim is to ensure that new homes built from 2025 will produce 75-80% less carbon emissions than homes built under the current Building Regulations

78
Q

Explain the proposals under the Government’s Heat & Buildings Strategy

A

Heat and Buildings Strategy

This strategy sets out how the UK will decarbonise our homes, and our commercial, industrial and public sector buildings, as part of setting a path to net zero by 2050.

  • states that “heat pumps should be no more expensive to buy and run than existing boilers”, which is why the government is investing massively in the industry
  • The strategy states that the government will introduce hydrogen to the UK heating scene by 2026
  • the government has pledged to invest £338 million between 2022-2025 towards the Heat Network Transformation Programme – to remove the reliance on gas
79
Q

What is the Energy Company Obligation (ECO) scheme and what will it fund?

A

Energy Company Obligation Scheme (ECO) - a government energy efficiency scheme in Great Britain designed to tackle fuel poverty and help reduce carbon emissions

It will fund eligible customers to make their homes more energy-efficient by installing free energy-saving measures and heating improvements

80
Q

Explain a key theme discussed in the RICS Sustainability Report 2022

A

Key Themes of the RICS Sustainability Report 2022

  • Increased demand for green buildings
  • Adding green or sustainability features to buildings leads to a shift in asset values
  • The industry needs a decarbonisation toolkit
81
Q

What is the Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR)?

A

SFDR

The SFDR is a new regulation requiring financial service providers and owners of financial products to assess and disclose environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations publicly

82
Q

What changes is the Government making to the use of rebated diesel and biofuels?

A

At Budget 2020, the government announced that it would remove the entitlement to use rebated diesel and biofuels from most sectors from 1 April 2022 to help meet its climate change and air quality targets

83
Q

How will the use of rebated diesel and bio-fuels affect the construction industry?

A

More expensive to use unsustainable machinery - You will need to apply for a ‘rebated fuel licence’. Rebated fuel licences enable the continued operation of vehicles or machines used for essential and critical purposes. Using red diesel will be allowed only in response to exceptional circumstances, such as fuel supply issues.

84
Q

Explain the key objectives of the Environment Act 2021.

A

The Environment Act, which became law in 2021, acts as the UK’s new framework of environmental protection. Once the UK left the EU, rules on nature protection, water quality, clean air and other environmental protections that originally came from Brussels were at risk. Makes provision about targets, plans and policies for improving the natural environment; for statements and reports about environmental protection;

85
Q

What is the role of the Office for Environmental Protection?

A

A public body that protects and improves the environment by holding government and other public bodies accountable

86
Q

What are Scope 1, 2 and 3 carbon emissions?

A

Scope 1 Emissions - covers emissions from sources that an organisation owns or controls directly – for example from burning fuel in our fleet of vehicles (if they’re not electrically-powered)

Scope 2 Emissions - emissions that a company causes indirectly when the energy it purchases and uses is produced. For example, for our electric fleet vehicles the emissions from the generation of the electricity they’re powered by would fall into this category

Scope 3 Emissions - encompasses emissions that are not produced by the company itself, and not the result of activities from assets owned or controlled by them, but by those that it’s indirectly responsible for, up and down its value chain. An example of this is when we buy, use and dispose of products from suppliers. Scope 3 emissions include all sources not within the scope 1 and 2 boundaries

87
Q

What does Approved Document L relate to?

A

Approved document L relates to the building regulation for conservation of fuel and power setting standards for the energy performance of new and existing buildings

88
Q

What recent changes to the Building Regulations have been made to work towards the Future Homes and Buildings Standard in 2025?

A

The changes were made to the following parts of the building regulations to meet the Future Homes Standard in 2025

Must meet higher standards under the following ‘Parts’ which reduce carbon emissions by at least 31% (compared to the old regulations):
- Part L - energy and carbon emissions
- Part F - ventilation
- Part O - overheating
- Part S - electric vehicle charging points

89
Q

What does Approved Document S relate to?

A

Part S relates to electric vehicle charging points in Building Regulations

90
Q

What is the UN Race to Zero?

A

Race to Zero is a UN-backed global campaign to take rigorous and immediate action to halve emissions by 2030.

91
Q

What is the World GBC Net Zero Carbon Buildings Commitment?

A

he Net Zero Carbon Buildings Commitment is developed to recognise and promote advanced climate leadership action from businesses, organisations, cities and subnational governments in decarbonising the built environment, to inspire others to take similar action and remove barriers to implementation.

The Commitment requires that by 2030:
- Existing buildings reduce their energy consumption and eliminate emissions from energy and refrigerants removing fossil fuel use as fast as practicable (where applicable). Where necessary, compensate for residual emissions.

  • New developments and major renovations are built to be highly efficient, powered by renewables, with a maximum reduction in embodied carbon and compensation of all residual upfront emissions.
92
Q

What are the key dates in relation to the Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards (2018)?

A
  • 1st April 2018, it became illegal to renew or extend an existing lease or issue a new lease on commercial and residential properties with an EPC rating below E
  • 1st April 2020, is the date the regulations applied to every lease on residential properties
  • 1st April 2023, the regulations apply to every lease on commercial properties

APC Revision 2023 (34 decks)

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