summary slides pre midterm Flashcards
1
Q
structure of skin
A
epidermis: superficial and thinner portion
dermis: thicker deep connective tissue
2
Q
keratin
A
ensures the skin is waterproof and provides protection
3
Q
melanocyte
A
cells that make melanin
4
Q
dendritic cell
A
immune cells that engulf pathogens
5
Q
tactile epithelial cells
A
sensory cell
6
Q
epidermis layers
A
- stratum basale: deepest layer and contains stem cells that provide new skin cells
- stratum spinosum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum lucidum: only in thick skin
- stratum corneum: determine the type of skin cell ex. cuboidal vs columnar
7
Q
dermis
A
- composed of strong dense, irregular connective tissue
- contains collagen and elastic fibres
- 2 layers of the dermis: papillary region (has finger-like projections), and reticular region
8
Q
anatomy of hair
A
- hair is composed of dead squamous keratinocytes
- arrector muscle is what gives you goosebumps
each hair consists of:
- shaft: part you see
- root
- hair follicle: surrounds the root
- bulb: lower portion of the hair follicle
9
Q
skin glands: oil glands
A
- typically connected to hair follicles
- sebum: oily secretion that prevents dry skin
10
Q
skin glands: sweat glands
A
- eccrine: responsible for thermoreg
- apocrine: responsible for body odour, found in deep skin
11
Q
hyponychium
A
tissue that attaches the nail to finger
12
Q
free edge
A
extends past skin
13
Q
nail bed
A
skin below the nail plate
14
Q
nail plate
A
sits above the nail bed
15
Q
lunule
A
crescent of nail
16
Q
nail matrix
A
contains dividing cells which produce new nail cells
17
Q
what is a joint + classfications
A
- contact btwn bones, btwn bones and cartilage, or btwn bones and teeth
- fibrous joints
- cartilaginous joints
- synovial joints
18
Q
fibrous joints
A
2 types: sutures and syndesmoses
sutures:
- dense irregular connective tissue
- immoveable to slightly moveable
- ex. coronal suture
syndesmosis:
- more dense irregular connective tissue structure than in a suture
- 3 subtypes: interosseous ligaments (2 joints connect), interosseous membranes (binds neighbouring long bones), gomphosis (anchor root of tooth to the mouth)
19
Q
cartilaginous joints
A
synchondroses and symphyses
synchondroses:
- connecting tissue is hyaline cartilage
- slightly moveable to immovable
- ex. costal cartilage of rib 1
symphyses:
- ends of bones are covered by hyaline cartilage but connecting tissue is a fibrocartilage disc
- slightly moveable
- occur in midline of body
- ex. pubic symphysis
20
Q
synovial joints
A
- space btwn bones that contains a lubricating fluid
- slightly to highly moveable
characteristics:
- articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones
- articular capsule: sleeve like protection uniting bone ends
- synovial fluid: lubricating fluid secreted by synovial membrane
- rich in blood and nerve supply
21
Q
synovial joint types: plane
A
allows for gliding movements
ex. intercarpal
22
Q
synovial joint types: hinge
A
allows for flexion and extension movements
ex. knee
23
Q
synovial joint types: pivot
A
rotation movements
ex. radioulnar
24
Q
synovial joint types: ellipsoid
A
flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements
ex: radiocarpal
25
synovial joint types: saddle
flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements
ex. thumb movements
26
synovial joint types: ball and socket
freely mobile
ex: hip
27
synovial joint types
plane
hinge
pivot
ellipsoid
saddle
ball and socket
28
bone is an organ composed of
bone tissue
cartilage
blood and nervous tissue
dense connective tissue
adipose tissue
29
bone system
bone cell -> bone tissue -> bone organ -> skeleton
30
functions of the skeletal sys
- protection of internal organs
- support
- assistance in movement
- mineral storage and release
- blood cell production (hemopoiesis)
- triglyceride storage (in yellow bone marrow)
31
bone types
flat bones
irregular bones
sesamoid bones
short bones
long bones
32
flat bones
- 2 layers of compact bone enclose 1 layer of spongy bone
ex: skull bone, ribs
33
irregular bones
- contain various amounts of spongy and compact bone
ex: sphenoid bone, vertebrae
34
sesamoid bones
small bone embedded in tendons
ex. patella
35
short bones
cube shaped with mostly spongy bone and outside being compact bone
ex: carpals, tarsals
36
long bones
- greater length than width
- mostly compact bone
ex: humerus, femur, ulna
37
structure of a long bone
- diaphysis
- epiphysis
- metaphysis
- articular cartilage
- periosteum
- medullary cavity
- endosteum
38
diaphysis
bones body or shaft
39
epiphyses
proximal and distal ends of the bone
40
metaphysis
the regions btwn the diaphysis and epiphysis
- epiphyseal plate: for growth
- epiphyseal line: when bone growth stops and is replaced by bone
41
articular cartilage
thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bones articulate w each other
42
periosteum
connective tissue sheath that surrounds the bone
43
medullary cavity
hollow space within the diaphysis (body) that contains bone marrow
44
endosteum
thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity and internal space of spongy bone
45
ossification
process of bone formation
46
intramembranous (flat bones) formation
- development of the ossification center
- formation of bone trabeculae
- development of the periosteum
47
endochondral (long bones) formation
- development of the cartilage
- growth of cartilage
- medullary cavity development
- development of the primary ossification center
- formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
48
bone growth in length
interstitial growth of cartilage on the epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate and replacement of cartilage w bone via endochondral ossification
49
bone growth in width
- only my appositional growth
- occurs as the medullary cavity gets wider
50
types of muscle tissue
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
51
skeletal muscle tissue
moves bones of the skeleton (striated, voluntary)
52
cardiac muscle tissue
only in the heart (striated, involuntary)
53
smooth muscle tissue
walls of hollow internal structures (non striated, usually involuntary)
54
functions of muscle tissue
- produce body movements
- stabilizing body
- storing and moving substances
- produce heat
55
perimysium
surrounds the epimysium
56
epimysium
binds all the muscle fascicles together to form the muscle belly
57
endomysium
a thin wrapping of fibre surrounding each muscle fibre
58
muscle fascicle
bundle of fibres
59
myofibril
contain contractile filaments of muscle cells
60
muscle fibre
within each muscle fascicle
61
filament
slide to cause muscle contractions
62
sarcolemma
plasma membrane
63
terminal cisterns
contains extracellular fluid
64
sarcomeres
basic unit of a myofibril
65
how do muscles contract
- calcium causes head on myosin to interact w a myosin on an actin filament to form 2 cross bridges
- myosin head hydrolyzes ATP and becomes energized and orientated
- myosin head binds to actin forming a cross bridge
- myosin head pivots and pulls thin filament past thick filament
- myosin binds ATP, the cross bridge detaches from actin and the process repeats
66
vetebral column
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 fused sacral
4 fused coccygeal
67
spinal meninges
btwn the bony vertebral canal and spinal cord
dura mater: outer layer
arachnoid mater: middle layer
pia mater: innermost layer
68
spinal cord spaces
- epidural space: btwn the vertebral canal and dura mater
- subdural space: btwn dura and mater and arachnoid mater
- subarachnoid space: btwn arachnoid and pia mater
69
cerebrospinal fluid
a clear liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord
70
cauda equina
horse tail fibres
71
filum terminale
extension of the pia mater, attaches the spinal cord to the coccyx
72
endoneurium
surrounds the nerve fibre
73
perineurium
surrounds fasciculi
74
epineurium
surrounds the nerve
75
nerve impulse propagation
- sensory white matter tracts conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors to brain
- motor white matter tracts carry the nerve impulses from brain to skeletal muscles
76
integration of info
- gray matter receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information which creates the spinal reflex
- a fast involuntary unplanned sequence of actions
77
brain regions
brainstem
cerebellum
diencephalon
cerebrum
78
cerebrospinal fluid
- CSF is a clear colourless fluid
3 functions: mechanical protection, chemical protection, circulation
made in choroid plexus and is produced from blood plasma by ependymal cells
79
brainstem
medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain
80
medulla oblongata
- continuation of the superior part of the spinal cord
- contains all sensory and motor tracts that connect the spinal cord to the brain
- anterior aspect has 2 prominent bulges called pyramids
81
pons
- bulging portion
- controls respiration
82
midbrain
involved in auditory and visual pathways
83
cerebrum
- largest part of brain
- R and L hemispheres
- each hemisphere has a surface of gray matter called the cerebral cortex w the cerebral white matter being deep to this
- posterior to the medulla and pons
- facilitates smooth coordinated movements
- reg posture and balance
84
cerebral fissures
deep grooves
85
cerebral gyri
ridges
86
cerebral sulci
shallow grooves
87
5 lobes in the cerebrum
frontal
parietal lobe
temporal
occipital
insular
88
diencephalon
- processes sensory info
- 3 structures: thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus
89
mnemonic for cranial nerves
Oh
Once
One
Takes
The
Anatomy
Final
Very
Good
Vacations
Are Heavenly
90
what are the cranial nerves
olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens
facial
vestibulocochlear
glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory
hypoglossal
91
sensory nerves
contain axons of sensory neurons
92
motor nerves
contain axons of motor neurons
93
mixed nerves
axons of sensory and motor neurons
94
function of the ear
direct soundwaves inwards
95
outer ear structures
- auricle: consists of a helix and lobule
- external acoustic meatus: ear canal that leads toward the tympanic membrane
- tympanic membrane: separates the outer ear and the middle ear
96
ceruminous glands
secrete earwax for protection
97
3 auditory ossicles (middle ear)
transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to vestibular window
- malleus (hammer)
- incus (anvil)
- stapes (stirrup)
98
middle ear
2 skeletal muscles: prevent damage to internal ear by dampening vibrations; tensor tympani (inserts at the malleus), stapedius (inserts at the stapes)
eustachian tube: connects the middle ear to the throat for aid pressure equalization
99
inner ear 2 divisions
bony labyrinth:
- outer section
- collection of cavities in the temporal bone
- 3 structures: vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea, contains the perilymph
membranous labyrinth:
- inner section
- 4 structures: utricle, saccule, semicircular ducts, cochlear ducts
- contains the endolymph
100
mechanism of hearing
1. external ear collects sound waves
2. sound waves strike the tympanic membrane causing it to vibrate
3. vibrations are transmitted via ossicles
4. base of stapes causes vibrations in the vestibular window, sending fluid pressure waves into perilymph
5. pressure waves are transmitted and cause the cochlear window to bulge
6. cochlear window bulges and allows hearing
101
eye wall has 3 layers...
- fibrous (outer): cornea, sclera
- vascular (middle): choroid, ciliary body, and iris
- retinal (inner): consists of retina, photoreceptors, optic disc, and fovea
102
ocular cavities of the eye
anterior cavity: in front of lens
- consists of aqueous humor that nourishes the cornea and the lens
- anterior chamber is anterior to the iris
- posterior chamber is posterior to the iris
posterior cavity: behind the lens
- one large cavity filled w vitreous humour to maintain shape of eye
103
lens accommodation
thinner lens: focus on objects further away
thicker lens: focus on objects closer
this change in thickness is controlled by ciliary body and suspensory ligaments
104
accessory structures
eyelids: protect eye from excess light and spread lubricant
eyelashes and eyebrows: protect eye from sun, perspiration, and foreign objects
lacrimal apparatus: produce and drain tears
105
medial rectus
- attaches to medial surface of the sclera
- adduct the eye (look towards the nose)
106
lateral rectus
- attaches to the lateral surface of the sclera
- abduct the eye (look outwards)
107
superior rectus
- attaches to the superior surface of the sclera
- elevate the eyes
108
inferior rectus
- attaches to the inferior surface of the sclera
- depress the eyes
109
superior oblique
- attach to the superior posterior surface of the sclera
- depress and abduct the eyes (down and out)
110
inferior oblique
- attach to the inferior surface of the sclera
- elevate and adduct the eyes
