summary slides pre midterm Flashcards
structure of skin
epidermis: superficial and thinner portion
dermis: thicker deep connective tissue
keratin
ensures the skin is waterproof and provides protection
melanocyte
cells that make melanin
dendritic cell
immune cells that engulf pathogens
tactile epithelial cells
sensory cell
epidermis layers
- stratum basale: deepest layer and contains stem cells that provide new skin cells
- stratum spinosum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum lucidum: only in thick skin
- stratum corneum: determine the type of skin cell ex. cuboidal vs columnar
dermis
- composed of strong dense, irregular connective tissue
- contains collagen and elastic fibres
- 2 layers of the dermis: papillary region (has finger-like projections), and reticular region
anatomy of hair
- hair is composed of dead squamous keratinocytes
- arrector muscle is what gives you goosebumps
each hair consists of:
- shaft: part you see
- root
- hair follicle: surrounds the root
- bulb: lower portion of the hair follicle
skin glands: oil glands
- typically connected to hair follicles
- sebum: oily secretion that prevents dry skin
skin glands: sweat glands
- eccrine: responsible for thermoreg
- apocrine: responsible for body odour, found in deep skin
hyponychium
tissue that attaches the nail to finger
free edge
extends past skin
nail bed
skin below the nail plate
nail plate
sits above the nail bed
lunule
crescent of nail
nail matrix
contains dividing cells which produce new nail cells
what is a joint + classfications
- contact btwn bones, btwn bones and cartilage, or btwn bones and teeth
- fibrous joints
- cartilaginous joints
- synovial joints
fibrous joints
2 types: sutures and syndesmoses
sutures:
- dense irregular connective tissue
- immoveable to slightly moveable
- ex. coronal suture
syndesmosis:
- more dense irregular connective tissue structure than in a suture
- 3 subtypes: interosseous ligaments (2 joints connect), interosseous membranes (binds neighbouring long bones), gomphosis (anchor root of tooth to the mouth)
cartilaginous joints
synchondroses and symphyses
synchondroses:
- connecting tissue is hyaline cartilage
- slightly moveable to immovable
- ex. costal cartilage of rib 1
symphyses:
- ends of bones are covered by hyaline cartilage but connecting tissue is a fibrocartilage disc
- slightly moveable
- occur in midline of body
- ex. pubic symphysis
synovial joints
- space btwn bones that contains a lubricating fluid
- slightly to highly moveable
characteristics:
- articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones
- articular capsule: sleeve like protection uniting bone ends
- synovial fluid: lubricating fluid secreted by synovial membrane
- rich in blood and nerve supply
synovial joint types: plane
allows for gliding movements
ex. intercarpal
synovial joint types: hinge
allows for flexion and extension movements
ex. knee
synovial joint types: pivot
rotation movements
ex. radioulnar
synovial joint types: ellipsoid
flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements
ex: radiocarpal
synovial joint types: saddle
flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements
ex. thumb movements
synovial joint types: ball and socket
freely mobile
ex: hip
synovial joint types
plane
hinge
pivot
ellipsoid
saddle
ball and socket
bone is an organ composed of
bone tissue
cartilage
blood and nervous tissue
dense connective tissue
adipose tissue
bone system
bone cell -> bone tissue -> bone organ -> skeleton
functions of the skeletal sys
- protection of internal organs
- support
- assistance in movement
- mineral storage and release
- blood cell production (hemopoiesis)
- triglyceride storage (in yellow bone marrow)
bone types
flat bones
irregular bones
sesamoid bones
short bones
long bones
flat bones
- 2 layers of compact bone enclose 1 layer of spongy bone
ex: skull bone, ribs
irregular bones
- contain various amounts of spongy and compact bone
ex: sphenoid bone, vertebrae
sesamoid bones
small bone embedded in tendons
ex. patella
short bones
cube shaped with mostly spongy bone and outside being compact bone
ex: carpals, tarsals
long bones
- greater length than width
- mostly compact bone
ex: humerus, femur, ulna
structure of a long bone
- diaphysis
- epiphysis
- metaphysis
- articular cartilage
- periosteum
- medullary cavity
- endosteum
diaphysis
bones body or shaft
epiphyses
proximal and distal ends of the bone
metaphysis
the regions btwn the diaphysis and epiphysis
- epiphyseal plate: for growth
- epiphyseal line: when bone growth stops and is replaced by bone
articular cartilage
thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bones articulate w each other
periosteum
connective tissue sheath that surrounds the bone
medullary cavity
hollow space within the diaphysis (body) that contains bone marrow
endosteum
thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity and internal space of spongy bone
ossification
process of bone formation
intramembranous (flat bones) formation
- development of the ossification center
- formation of bone trabeculae
- development of the periosteum
endochondral (long bones) formation
- development of the cartilage
- growth of cartilage
- medullary cavity development
- development of the primary ossification center
- formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
bone growth in length
interstitial growth of cartilage on the epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate and replacement of cartilage w bone via endochondral ossification
bone growth in width
- only my appositional growth
- occurs as the medullary cavity gets wider
types of muscle tissue
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
skeletal muscle tissue
moves bones of the skeleton (striated, voluntary)
cardiac muscle tissue
only in the heart (striated, involuntary)
smooth muscle tissue
walls of hollow internal structures (non striated, usually involuntary)
functions of muscle tissue
- produce body movements
- stabilizing body
- storing and moving substances
- produce heat
perimysium
surrounds the epimysium
epimysium
binds all the muscle fascicles together to form the muscle belly
endomysium
a thin wrapping of fibre surrounding each muscle fibre
muscle fascicle
bundle of fibres
myofibril
contain contractile filaments of muscle cells
muscle fibre
within each muscle fascicle
filament
slide to cause muscle contractions
sarcolemma
plasma membrane
terminal cisterns
contains extracellular fluid
sarcomeres
basic unit of a myofibril
how do muscles contract
- calcium causes head on myosin to interact w a myosin on an actin filament to form 2 cross bridges
- myosin head hydrolyzes ATP and becomes energized and orientated
- myosin head binds to actin forming a cross bridge
- myosin head pivots and pulls thin filament past thick filament
- myosin binds ATP, the cross bridge detaches from actin and the process repeats
vetebral column
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 fused sacral
4 fused coccygeal
spinal meninges
btwn the bony vertebral canal and spinal cord
dura mater: outer layer
arachnoid mater: middle layer
pia mater: innermost layer
spinal cord spaces
- epidural space: btwn the vertebral canal and dura mater
- subdural space: btwn dura and mater and arachnoid mater
- subarachnoid space: btwn arachnoid and pia mater
cerebrospinal fluid
a clear liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord
cauda equina
horse tail fibres
filum terminale
extension of the pia mater, attaches the spinal cord to the coccyx
endoneurium
surrounds the nerve fibre
perineurium
surrounds fasciculi
epineurium
surrounds the nerve
nerve impulse propagation
- sensory white matter tracts conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors to brain
- motor white matter tracts carry the nerve impulses from brain to skeletal muscles
integration of info
- gray matter receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information which creates the spinal reflex
- a fast involuntary unplanned sequence of actions
brain regions
brainstem
cerebellum
diencephalon
cerebrum
cerebrospinal fluid
- CSF is a clear colourless fluid
3 functions: mechanical protection, chemical protection, circulation
made in choroid plexus and is produced from blood plasma by ependymal cells
brainstem
medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain
medulla oblongata
- continuation of the superior part of the spinal cord
- contains all sensory and motor tracts that connect the spinal cord to the brain
- anterior aspect has 2 prominent bulges called pyramids
pons
- bulging portion
- controls respiration
midbrain
involved in auditory and visual pathways
cerebrum
- largest part of brain
- R and L hemispheres
- each hemisphere has a surface of gray matter called the cerebral cortex w the cerebral white matter being deep to this
- posterior to the medulla and pons
- facilitates smooth coordinated movements
- reg posture and balance
cerebral fissures
deep grooves
cerebral gyri
ridges
cerebral sulci
shallow grooves
5 lobes in the cerebrum
frontal
parietal lobe
temporal
occipital
insular
diencephalon
- processes sensory info
- 3 structures: thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus
mnemonic for cranial nerves
Oh
Once
One
Takes
The
Anatomy
Final
Very
Good
Vacations
Are Heavenly
what are the cranial nerves
olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens
facial
vestibulocochlear
glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory
hypoglossal
sensory nerves
contain axons of sensory neurons
motor nerves
contain axons of motor neurons
mixed nerves
axons of sensory and motor neurons
function of the ear
direct soundwaves inwards
outer ear structures
- auricle: consists of a helix and lobule
- external acoustic meatus: ear canal that leads toward the tympanic membrane
- tympanic membrane: separates the outer ear and the middle ear
ceruminous glands
secrete earwax for protection
3 auditory ossicles (middle ear)
transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to vestibular window
- malleus (hammer)
- incus (anvil)
- stapes (stirrup)
middle ear
2 skeletal muscles: prevent damage to internal ear by dampening vibrations; tensor tympani (inserts at the malleus), stapedius (inserts at the stapes)
eustachian tube: connects the middle ear to the throat for aid pressure equalization
inner ear 2 divisions
bony labyrinth:
- outer section
- collection of cavities in the temporal bone
- 3 structures: vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea, contains the perilymph
membranous labyrinth:
- inner section
- 4 structures: utricle, saccule, semicircular ducts, cochlear ducts
- contains the endolymph
mechanism of hearing
- external ear collects sound waves
- sound waves strike the tympanic membrane causing it to vibrate
- vibrations are transmitted via ossicles
- base of stapes causes vibrations in the vestibular window, sending fluid pressure waves into perilymph
- pressure waves are transmitted and cause the cochlear window to bulge
- cochlear window bulges and allows hearing
eye wall has 3 layers…
- fibrous (outer): cornea, sclera
- vascular (middle): choroid, ciliary body, and iris
- retinal (inner): consists of retina, photoreceptors, optic disc, and fovea
ocular cavities of the eye
anterior cavity: in front of lens
- consists of aqueous humor that nourishes the cornea and the lens
- anterior chamber is anterior to the iris
- posterior chamber is posterior to the iris
posterior cavity: behind the lens
- one large cavity filled w vitreous humour to maintain shape of eye
lens accommodation
thinner lens: focus on objects further away
thicker lens: focus on objects closer
this change in thickness is controlled by ciliary body and suspensory ligaments
accessory structures
eyelids: protect eye from excess light and spread lubricant
eyelashes and eyebrows: protect eye from sun, perspiration, and foreign objects
lacrimal apparatus: produce and drain tears
medial rectus
- attaches to medial surface of the sclera
- adduct the eye (look towards the nose)
lateral rectus
- attaches to the lateral surface of the sclera
- abduct the eye (look outwards)
superior rectus
- attaches to the superior surface of the sclera
- elevate the eyes
inferior rectus
- attaches to the inferior surface of the sclera
- depress the eyes
superior oblique
- attach to the superior posterior surface of the sclera
- depress and abduct the eyes (down and out)
inferior oblique
- attach to the inferior surface of the sclera
- elevate and adduct the eyes
