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ANAT101 EXAM > summary slides pre midterm > Flashcards

summary slides pre midterm Flashcards

1
Q

structure of skin

A

epidermis: superficial and thinner portion
dermis: thicker deep connective tissue

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2
Q

keratin

A

ensures the skin is waterproof and provides protection

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3
Q

melanocyte

A

cells that make melanin

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4
Q

dendritic cell

A

immune cells that engulf pathogens

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5
Q

tactile epithelial cells

A

sensory cell

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6
Q

epidermis layers

A
  • stratum basale: deepest layer and contains stem cells that provide new skin cells
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum lucidum: only in thick skin
  • stratum corneum: determine the type of skin cell ex. cuboidal vs columnar
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7
Q

dermis

A
  • composed of strong dense, irregular connective tissue
  • contains collagen and elastic fibres
  • 2 layers of the dermis: papillary region (has finger-like projections), and reticular region
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8
Q

anatomy of hair

A
  • hair is composed of dead squamous keratinocytes
  • arrector muscle is what gives you goosebumps

each hair consists of:
- shaft: part you see
- root
- hair follicle: surrounds the root
- bulb: lower portion of the hair follicle

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9
Q

skin glands: oil glands

A
  • typically connected to hair follicles
  • sebum: oily secretion that prevents dry skin
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10
Q

skin glands: sweat glands

A
  • eccrine: responsible for thermoreg
  • apocrine: responsible for body odour, found in deep skin
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11
Q

hyponychium

A

tissue that attaches the nail to finger

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12
Q

free edge

A

extends past skin

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13
Q

nail bed

A

skin below the nail plate

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14
Q

nail plate

A

sits above the nail bed

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15
Q

lunule

A

crescent of nail

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16
Q

nail matrix

A

contains dividing cells which produce new nail cells

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17
Q

what is a joint + classfications

A
  • contact btwn bones, btwn bones and cartilage, or btwn bones and teeth
  • fibrous joints
  • cartilaginous joints
  • synovial joints
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18
Q

fibrous joints

A

2 types: sutures and syndesmoses

sutures:
- dense irregular connective tissue
- immoveable to slightly moveable
- ex. coronal suture

syndesmosis:
- more dense irregular connective tissue structure than in a suture
- 3 subtypes: interosseous ligaments (2 joints connect), interosseous membranes (binds neighbouring long bones), gomphosis (anchor root of tooth to the mouth)

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19
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

synchondroses and symphyses

synchondroses:
- connecting tissue is hyaline cartilage
- slightly moveable to immovable
- ex. costal cartilage of rib 1

symphyses:
- ends of bones are covered by hyaline cartilage but connecting tissue is a fibrocartilage disc
- slightly moveable
- occur in midline of body
- ex. pubic symphysis

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20
Q

synovial joints

A
  • space btwn bones that contains a lubricating fluid
  • slightly to highly moveable

characteristics:
- articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones
- articular capsule: sleeve like protection uniting bone ends
- synovial fluid: lubricating fluid secreted by synovial membrane
- rich in blood and nerve supply

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21
Q

synovial joint types: plane

A

allows for gliding movements
ex. intercarpal

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22
Q

synovial joint types: hinge

A

allows for flexion and extension movements
ex. knee

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23
Q

synovial joint types: pivot

A

rotation movements
ex. radioulnar

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24
Q

synovial joint types: ellipsoid

A

flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements
ex: radiocarpal

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25
Q

synovial joint types: saddle

A

flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements
ex. thumb movements

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26
Q

synovial joint types: ball and socket

A

freely mobile
ex: hip

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27
Q

synovial joint types

A

plane
hinge
pivot
ellipsoid
saddle
ball and socket

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28
Q

bone is an organ composed of

A

bone tissue
cartilage
blood and nervous tissue
dense connective tissue
adipose tissue

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29
Q

bone system

A

bone cell -> bone tissue -> bone organ -> skeleton

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30
Q

functions of the skeletal sys

A
  • protection of internal organs
  • support
  • assistance in movement
  • mineral storage and release
  • blood cell production (hemopoiesis)
  • triglyceride storage (in yellow bone marrow)
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31
Q

bone types

A

flat bones
irregular bones
sesamoid bones
short bones
long bones

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32
Q

flat bones

A
  • 2 layers of compact bone enclose 1 layer of spongy bone
    ex: skull bone, ribs
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33
Q

irregular bones

A
  • contain various amounts of spongy and compact bone
    ex: sphenoid bone, vertebrae
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34
Q

sesamoid bones

A

small bone embedded in tendons
ex. patella

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35
Q

short bones

A

cube shaped with mostly spongy bone and outside being compact bone
ex: carpals, tarsals

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36
Q

long bones

A
  • greater length than width
  • mostly compact bone
    ex: humerus, femur, ulna
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37
Q

structure of a long bone

A
  • diaphysis
  • epiphysis
  • metaphysis
  • articular cartilage
  • periosteum
  • medullary cavity
  • endosteum
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38
Q

diaphysis

A

bones body or shaft

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39
Q

epiphyses

A

proximal and distal ends of the bone

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40
Q

metaphysis

A

the regions btwn the diaphysis and epiphysis
- epiphyseal plate: for growth
- epiphyseal line: when bone growth stops and is replaced by bone

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41
Q

articular cartilage

A

thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bones articulate w each other

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42
Q

periosteum

A

connective tissue sheath that surrounds the bone

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43
Q

medullary cavity

A

hollow space within the diaphysis (body) that contains bone marrow

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44
Q

endosteum

A

thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity and internal space of spongy bone

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45
Q

ossification

A

process of bone formation

46
Q

intramembranous (flat bones) formation

A
  • development of the ossification center
  • formation of bone trabeculae
  • development of the periosteum
47
Q

endochondral (long bones) formation

A
  • development of the cartilage
  • growth of cartilage
  • medullary cavity development
  • development of the primary ossification center
  • formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
48
Q

bone growth in length

A

interstitial growth of cartilage on the epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate and replacement of cartilage w bone via endochondral ossification

49
Q

bone growth in width

A
  • only my appositional growth
  • occurs as the medullary cavity gets wider
50
Q

types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

51
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A

moves bones of the skeleton (striated, voluntary)

52
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

only in the heart (striated, involuntary)

53
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

walls of hollow internal structures (non striated, usually involuntary)

54
Q

functions of muscle tissue

A
  • produce body movements
  • stabilizing body
  • storing and moving substances
  • produce heat
55
Q

perimysium

A

surrounds the epimysium

56
Q

epimysium

A

binds all the muscle fascicles together to form the muscle belly

57
Q

endomysium

A

a thin wrapping of fibre surrounding each muscle fibre

58
Q

muscle fascicle

A

bundle of fibres

59
Q

myofibril

A

contain contractile filaments of muscle cells

60
Q

muscle fibre

A

within each muscle fascicle

61
Q

filament

A

slide to cause muscle contractions

62
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane

63
Q

terminal cisterns

A

contains extracellular fluid

64
Q

sarcomeres

A

basic unit of a myofibril

65
Q

how do muscles contract

A
  • calcium causes head on myosin to interact w a myosin on an actin filament to form 2 cross bridges
  • myosin head hydrolyzes ATP and becomes energized and orientated
  • myosin head binds to actin forming a cross bridge
  • myosin head pivots and pulls thin filament past thick filament
  • myosin binds ATP, the cross bridge detaches from actin and the process repeats
66
Q

vetebral column

A

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 fused sacral
4 fused coccygeal

67
Q

spinal meninges

A

btwn the bony vertebral canal and spinal cord

dura mater: outer layer
arachnoid mater: middle layer
pia mater: innermost layer

68
Q

spinal cord spaces

A
  • epidural space: btwn the vertebral canal and dura mater
  • subdural space: btwn dura and mater and arachnoid mater
  • subarachnoid space: btwn arachnoid and pia mater
69
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

a clear liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord

70
Q

cauda equina

A

horse tail fibres

71
Q

filum terminale

A

extension of the pia mater, attaches the spinal cord to the coccyx

72
Q

endoneurium

A

surrounds the nerve fibre

73
Q

perineurium

A

surrounds fasciculi

74
Q

epineurium

A

surrounds the nerve

75
Q

nerve impulse propagation

A
  • sensory white matter tracts conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors to brain
  • motor white matter tracts carry the nerve impulses from brain to skeletal muscles
76
Q

integration of info

A
  • gray matter receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information which creates the spinal reflex
  • a fast involuntary unplanned sequence of actions
77
Q

brain regions

A

brainstem
cerebellum
diencephalon
cerebrum

78
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • CSF is a clear colourless fluid

3 functions: mechanical protection, chemical protection, circulation

made in choroid plexus and is produced from blood plasma by ependymal cells

79
Q

brainstem

A

medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain

80
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • continuation of the superior part of the spinal cord
  • contains all sensory and motor tracts that connect the spinal cord to the brain
  • anterior aspect has 2 prominent bulges called pyramids
81
Q

pons

A
  • bulging portion
  • controls respiration
82
Q

midbrain

A

involved in auditory and visual pathways

83
Q

cerebrum

A
  • largest part of brain
  • R and L hemispheres
  • each hemisphere has a surface of gray matter called the cerebral cortex w the cerebral white matter being deep to this
  • posterior to the medulla and pons
  • facilitates smooth coordinated movements
  • reg posture and balance
84
Q

cerebral fissures

A

deep grooves

85
Q

cerebral gyri

A

ridges

86
Q

cerebral sulci

A

shallow grooves

87
Q

5 lobes in the cerebrum

A

frontal
parietal lobe
temporal
occipital
insular

88
Q

diencephalon

A
  • processes sensory info
  • 3 structures: thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus
89
Q

mnemonic for cranial nerves

A

Oh
Once
One
Takes
The
Anatomy
Final
Very
Good
Vacations
Are Heavenly

90
Q

what are the cranial nerves

A

olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens
facial
vestibulocochlear
glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory
hypoglossal

91
Q

sensory nerves

A

contain axons of sensory neurons

92
Q

motor nerves

A

contain axons of motor neurons

93
Q

mixed nerves

A

axons of sensory and motor neurons

94
Q

function of the ear

A

direct soundwaves inwards

95
Q

outer ear structures

A
  • auricle: consists of a helix and lobule
  • external acoustic meatus: ear canal that leads toward the tympanic membrane
  • tympanic membrane: separates the outer ear and the middle ear
96
Q

ceruminous glands

A

secrete earwax for protection

97
Q

3 auditory ossicles (middle ear)

A

transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to vestibular window
- malleus (hammer)
- incus (anvil)
- stapes (stirrup)

98
Q

middle ear

A

2 skeletal muscles: prevent damage to internal ear by dampening vibrations; tensor tympani (inserts at the malleus), stapedius (inserts at the stapes)

eustachian tube: connects the middle ear to the throat for aid pressure equalization

99
Q

inner ear 2 divisions

A

bony labyrinth:
- outer section
- collection of cavities in the temporal bone
- 3 structures: vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea, contains the perilymph

membranous labyrinth:
- inner section
- 4 structures: utricle, saccule, semicircular ducts, cochlear ducts
- contains the endolymph

100
Q

mechanism of hearing

A
  1. external ear collects sound waves
  2. sound waves strike the tympanic membrane causing it to vibrate
  3. vibrations are transmitted via ossicles
  4. base of stapes causes vibrations in the vestibular window, sending fluid pressure waves into perilymph
  5. pressure waves are transmitted and cause the cochlear window to bulge
  6. cochlear window bulges and allows hearing
101
Q

eye wall has 3 layers…

A
  • fibrous (outer): cornea, sclera
  • vascular (middle): choroid, ciliary body, and iris
  • retinal (inner): consists of retina, photoreceptors, optic disc, and fovea
102
Q

ocular cavities of the eye

A

anterior cavity: in front of lens
- consists of aqueous humor that nourishes the cornea and the lens
- anterior chamber is anterior to the iris
- posterior chamber is posterior to the iris

posterior cavity: behind the lens
- one large cavity filled w vitreous humour to maintain shape of eye

103
Q

lens accommodation

A

thinner lens: focus on objects further away
thicker lens: focus on objects closer
this change in thickness is controlled by ciliary body and suspensory ligaments

104
Q

accessory structures

A

eyelids: protect eye from excess light and spread lubricant

eyelashes and eyebrows: protect eye from sun, perspiration, and foreign objects

lacrimal apparatus: produce and drain tears

105
Q

medial rectus

A
  • attaches to medial surface of the sclera
  • adduct the eye (look towards the nose)
106
Q

lateral rectus

A
  • attaches to the lateral surface of the sclera
  • abduct the eye (look outwards)
107
Q

superior rectus

A
  • attaches to the superior surface of the sclera
  • elevate the eyes
108
Q

inferior rectus

A
  • attaches to the inferior surface of the sclera
  • depress the eyes
109
Q

superior oblique

A
  • attach to the superior posterior surface of the sclera
  • depress and abduct the eyes (down and out)
110
Q

inferior oblique

A
  • attach to the inferior surface of the sclera
  • elevate and adduct the eyes

ANAT101 EXAM (18 decks)

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