lecture 24: the resp sys

Question 1

air passage

Answer 1

1. nasal or oral cavity
2. pharynx
3. larynx
4. trachea
5. bronchi - 1st, 2nd, 3rd
6. terminal bronchioles
7. resp bronchioles
8. alveoli

Question 2

conducting zone

Answer 2

• air passage
• nose, nasal cavity, pharynx
• larynx, trachea, primary, secondary, tertiary bronchi, and terminal bronchioles

Question 3

resp zone

Answer 3

• gas exchange
• resp bronchioles
• alveolar duct and sacs
• pulmonary alveoli

Question 4

thoracic cavity

Answer 4

• lung sit within the thoracic cavity
• rib cage protects lungs
• vacuum inside your chest cavity

Question 5

the conducting zone includes the trachea, primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi

Answer 5

true

Question 6

left lung has 3 lobes while the right has 2

Answer 6

false

Question 7

pulmonary ventilation

Answer 7

• breathing
• the physical movement of air into and out of the lungs; inhalation and exhalation
• function: continuous supply supply of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide

Question 8

rules of ventilation

Answer 8

1. volume and pressure and inversely related
   - volume of the lungs is dependent on the volume of the thoracic cavity
   - the thoracic cavity volume is dictated by the muscles of inspiration and expiration

increased volume = decrease pressure
decreased volume = increased pressure

2. gases move from an area of high to low pressure
   - at rest: atmospheric pressure = pressure in lungs
   - inspiration: atmospheric pressure > pressure in lungs
   - expiration: atmospheric pressure < pressure in the lungs

Question 9

volume and pressure

Answer 9

pressure and volume are inversely related
- inspiration
- expiration

Question 10

changes in pressure

Answer 10

gases go from high to low pressure
- inspiration
- expiration

Question 11

inspiration

Answer 11

• increase in thoracic volume
• decrease in lung pressure, pulling in air
• two types: quiet, deep

Question 12

expiration

Answer 12

• decrease in thoracic volume
• increase in lung pressure, air expelled
• two types: passive, active

Question 13

primary musculature

Answer 13

diaphragm
- boundary between thoracic and abdominal cavity
- action during quiet and deep inspiration: contracts to increase volume of the thoracic cavity and expands lungs

Question 14

additional musculature

Answer 14

external intercostals
scaleness
- most superficial muscle in between the ribs
- fibers run towards pockets
- action during deep inspiration: elevates the rib cage and sternum to increase volume of the thoracic cavity

Question 15

passive expiration

Answer 15

• no muscle contraction involved
• muscles of inspiration return to resting position
• recoil of lungs forces air out

Question 16

abdominal muscles

Answer 16

• external oblique
• internal oblique
• transverse abdominis
• rectus abdominis
• action during forced expiration: abdominal muscles will move the diaphragm up and depress the rib cage to decrease volume of thoracic cavity
• diaphragm returns to dome shape

Question 17

internal intercostals

Answer 17

• deep to external intercostals
• fibers run towards opposite shoulder
• action during forced expiration: depresses the rib cage and sternum to decrease volume of the thoracic cavity

Question 18

respiratory summary

Answer 18

1. inspiratory muscles contract
2. thoracic volume increases
3. lungs expand
4. intrapulmonary pressure drops
5. pressure in lungs < atmospheric
6. air flows in
7. pressure in lungs will reach zero
8. triggers expiration
9. lungs recoil
10. diaphragm and chest wall relaxes
11. thoracic volume decreases
12. intrapulmonary pressure rises
13. pressure in lungs > atmosphere
14. air is forced out of lungs

Question 19

the rib cage and sternum elevate to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity during this action

Answer 19

inspiration

Question 20

during forced expiration, the abdominal muscles will pull the diaphragm down and depress the rib cage to decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity

Answer 20

false

Question 21

bronchiole tree

Answer 21

1. primary bronchus
2. secondary bronchus
3. tertiary bronchus
4. bronchioles: respiratory bronchiole, alveolar sacs

Question 22

respiratory portion: alveoli

Answer 22

primary site of gas exchange:
- o2 into bloodstream
- carbon dioxide out of blood stream
capillary network surrounding alveolus
large surface area and thin membrane allow for max gas exchange

Question 23

alveoli

Answer 23

type 1 pneumocytes:
- simple squamous epithelium of alveoli
- thin walls allow for gas exchange
elastic fibers:
- allow the alveoli to stretch and recoil
type 2 pneumocytes:
- “septal cells”
- produce surfactant: oily substance secreted over alveoli to reduce surface tension
- prevents collapse of alveoli
alveolar macrophage
- “dust cells”
- phagocytose particles

Question 24

what cell produces surfactant

Answer 24

type 2 pneumocyte

Question 25

the resp portion includes resp bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and pulmonary alveoli true/false

Answer 25

true

Question 26

the respiratory membrane

Answer 26

- aspects of the respiratory membrane: 1. capillary endothelium 2. fused basement membranes 3. alveolar epithelium (type 1 pneumocytes) *gas exchange occurs across this membrane!* respiratory membrane: capillary wall, fused basement membrane, wall of alveoli, surfactant

Question 27

external respiration (pulmonary)

Answer 27

- exchange btwn the body's fluids and the external environment; gas exchange btwm the pulmonary circuit and alveoli - o2 enters blood from alveoli via inhalation - co2 exits blood into alveoli via exhalation - blood gains o2 and loses co2

Question 28

internal respiration (tissue)

Answer 28

- gas exchange btwn the systemic circuit and cells of the body - o2 exits blood from capillary to tissue in need - co2 dioxide exits tissue into capillary - blood loses o2 and gains co2

Question 29

during external resp, there is gas exchange btwn the pulmonary circuit and alveoli. what changes happen to the blood?

Answer 29

gains o2 and loses co2

Question 30

blood supply

Answer 30

circulatory system 1. systemic circuit: btwn heart and body 2. pulmonary circuit: btwn heart and lungs

Question 31

systemic circuit

Answer 31

- blood becomes deoxygenated (co2) at body tissues (ex. muscle) - deoxygenated blood returned to the heart through the SVC and IVC - oxygenated blood exits the heart through the aorta - travels to body tissue in need of o2

Question 32

pulmonary circuit

Answer 32

pulmonary artery: - carries deoxygenated blood (rich in co2) from the heart to the lungs - exhale co2 at the lungs pulmonary vein: - carried oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

Question 33

circulatory sys review

Answer 33

1. tissue uses up oxygen 2. deoxygenated blood through vena cava to right atrium 3. right ventricle 4. pulmonary artery 5. blood travels back to the heart via the pulmonary vein 6. enters left atrium 7. left ventricle 8. exits heart at aorta 9. oxygenated blood to tissues

Question 34

pulmonary artery carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to heart true or false

Answer 34

false

Question 35

deoxygenated blood in the vena cava enters into which region of the heart

Answer 35

right atrium