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ANAT101 EXAM > lecture 18: endocrine sys > Flashcards

lecture 18: endocrine sys Flashcards

1
Q

exocrine

A

glands secrete into ducts that empty onto an epithelium that lines a surface
ex. sweat, sebaceous, mucous, and digestive glands

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2
Q

endocrine

A

glands secrete into interstitial fluid -> diffuse into blood capillaries
ex. pituitary and thyroid glands

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3
Q

hormones

A

molecules that alter the physiological activity of other cells in the body
powerful effects even when present in low concentration

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4
Q

hormone path

A
  1. endocrine cells release hormones into the interstitial fluid
  2. hormones diffuse into the bloodstream
  3. hormones bind to the target cells located far away
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5
Q

nervous sys

A

neurotransmitters - released locally
close to site of release - postsynaptic membrane

  • muscle fibers, gland cells, and other neurons
  • release within milliseconds, short term effects
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6
Q

endocrine sys

A

hormones: delivered globally
far from site of release: target cells located far away
cells throughout the body
seconds, hrs, days, - longer term effects

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7
Q

mediator molecules

A

nervous sys:
- neurotransmitters released locally in response to nerve impulses

endocrine:
- hormones delivered to tissues throughout the body by blood

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8
Q

site of mediator action

A

nervous sys:
- close to site of release, at a synapse; bind to postsynaptic membrane

endocrine:
- far from site of release; bind to target cells located far away

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9
Q

types of target cells
time of onset of action
duration of action

A

nervous sys:
- muscle fibers, gland cells, other neurons
- typ. within milliseconds
- generally short term

endocrine:
- cells throughout the body
- several to hrs or days
- generally longer

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10
Q

what is a space or fluid you would not expect to find in a hormone

A

duct

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11
Q

hypothalamus

A

located inferior to the thalamus
neuroendocrine organ
controls pituitary gland

acts as your body’s smart control coordinating center

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12
Q

pituitary gland

A

pea-shaped; lies in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
- master endocrine organ; secretes several hormones that control other endocrine organs

anterior lobe - indirectly: pars distalis (larger bulbar portion), pars tuberalis (sheath around infundibulum)
produces and secretes 7 hormones

posterior lobe - directly
- pars nervosa: larger bulbar portion
- infundibulum: stalk portion, connect to hypothalamus
- stores and releases 2 hormones

  • pars intermedia: separates the 2 lobes, size decreases during fetal development, not present in adults
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13
Q

the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland are joined by a mass of tissue called the

A

pars intermedia

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14
Q

hypothalamic regulation

(direct and indirect control)

A
  1. transport 2 hormones to posterior pituitary (direct control)
  2. secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones to the anterior pituitary (indirect control)
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15
Q

releasing hormone: “turn up”

A

hypothalamus -> releasing hormone -> anterior pituitary -> hormone 1 to target organ or endocrine glands -> if from endocrine gland its hormone 2

releasing hormones to stim production and release of other hormones in the endocrine system.

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16
Q

inhibiting hormone: “turn down”

A

hypothalamus -> inhibiting hormone -> anterior pituitary -> hormone 1 rither to target organ or endocrine glands -> hormone 2 -> target organ from endocrine glands

basically just hormones produced and released by specialized cells in various organs throughout the body
ex: somatostatin (inhibits growth hormone and insulin), dopamine (inhibits prolactin)

17
Q

hypothalamic neurosecretory cells

A

synthesize hypothalamic hormones

18
Q

1st capillary bed

A

at junction of hypothalamus and infundibulum

19
Q

portal veins

A

connect 2 capillary plexuses
carry hypothalamic hormones

blood vessel that carries blood from GI, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, liver

20
Q

2nd capillary bed

A

receive hypothalamus hormones and send out hormones secreted by anterior lobe

21
Q

veins carrying hormones 1

A

enter general circulation
secreted by the anterior pituitary

22
Q

hormones of the anterior pituitary

A

F -> follicle-stim hormone (FSH)
L -> luteinizing hormone (LH)
A -> adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
T -> thyroid-stim hormone (TSH)

P -> prolactin (PRL)
E -> melanocyte-stim hormone (MSH)
G -> growth hormone (GH)

23
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

target: liver and other tissues (muscle, bone, cartilage)
principle action: stim body growth and increases protein synthesis

24
Q

thyroid stim hormone (TSH)

A

target: thyroid gland
principle action: stim the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones

25
Q

follicle stim hormone (TSH)

A

target: ovaries and testes
principle action: females (initiates oocytes development and induces secretion of estrogens), males (stim sperm production)

26
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

target: ovaries and testes
principle action: females (stim secretion of estrogen and progesterone, ovulation, and formation of corpus luteum), male (stim secretion of testosterone

27
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A

targets: mammary gland
principle action: initiates milk production

28
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

targets: adrenal cortex
principle action: stim glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) secretion

glucocorticoids: widely used for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases

29
Q

melanocyte-stim hormone (MSH)

A

target: melanocyte
principle action: excess causes skin darkening

30
Q

hormones of the posterior pituitary

A
  1. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  2. oxytocin (OT)
    produced by hypothalamus!!
31
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin

A

target: kidney, sweat gland, arterioles
principle action: decrease urine volume, decrease water loss through sweating, constrict arterioles to increase bp

32
Q

oxytocin (OT)

A

target: mammary glands
principle action: during childbirth (stim contraction of smooth muscle fibres of the uterus), after childbirth (stim milk ejection from mammary glands)

stim uterine contraction for childbirth and lactation after childbirth

33
Q

why does alc cause frequent urination

A
  • diuretic
  • alc inhibits secretion of ADH
  • lack of ADH = increased urine output

normal: 1-2 L/day
- w 4 fl oz beer: 1.25 L/hr

34
Q

oxytocin (describe the actual hormone not its job, how does it increase)

A

the “love hormone”
- levels increase when we’re excited by our sexual partner and when we fall in love
- acts to boost oxytocin: giving someone a massage, cuddling with pets, give someone a hug

35
Q

which of the following are not direct targets of anterior pituitary hormones?
a) mammary glands
b) adrenal cortex
c) thyroid gland
d) kidneys

A

d) kidneys

ANAT101 EXAM (18 decks)

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