Sugar and Other Sweeteners Flashcards
what are the effects of sugar on teeth
- intake of sugar increases risk for caries
- dose-response relationship between sugar consumption and dental caries
- caries considered highly prevalent oral disease negatively impacting quality of life for all ages
- impact of fluoride has been positive, even as sugar consumption increases around the world
what is sugar used for
- sweetening agent
- flavor blender/ modifier
- texture
- dispersing agent
- color agent
- bulking agent
as higher amounts of sugar are consumed:
your brain requires more sweetness to satisfy reward levels in your brain
how much sugar should we consume
- no DV for total sugars that occur naturally in our food
- DV for added sugars: 50g/day for a 2,000 cal diet
what is the average sugar consumption of US daily
17 grams/day
what percentage of sugar comes from what in daily diet
- 25% soda
- 11% fruit drinks
- 3% sports drinks and energy drinks
- 7% added sugar in coffee and tea
what are the 3 classes of alternative sweeteners
- polyols
- intense sweeteners
- nonnutritive sweeteners
describe polyols as sweeteners
- sugar alcohols
- 40% of caloric content of sucrose
- physical characteristics to sucrose
- not typically great in baking
- also used in toothpastes and mouth washes
decsribe sorbitol
- occurs naturally in fruits and berries
- only 60% as sweet as sucrose
- considered noncariogenic however is slowly fermented by S. mutans
- shown to be cariogenic in patients with decreased salivary gland function
- can cause GI issues if large quantities digested
describe mannitol
- naturally occuring polyol found in seaweed
- virtually no cariogenic activity due to slow metabolization from oral microorganisms
- used as a dusting agent for chewing gum and bulking agent in powdered foods
- 50-70% of the relative sweetness of sugar
- lingers in intestines and may cause bloating. diarrhea
describe erythritol
- sweetness level is 60-80% of sucrose
- safe for diabetics; does not affect blood glucose levels after ingestion
- sugar alcohol containing zero calories
- when eaten in excessive amounts may cause GI discomfort
- noncariogenic; inhibits the growth of S mutans
describe xylitol
- naturally occuring caloric 5- carbon sugar alcohol
- nonfermentable by oral bacteria and exhibits antibacterial properties
- produced commercially from birch trees, corncobs and waste from sugarcane
- sweetness approximates that of sucrose; however it is 10x more costly to produce
- primarily used in chewing gum, mints, mouth rinses, toothpaste and sometimes found in syrup and candy
describe xylitol as an antibacterial
-decreases bacterial metabolism and produces a drop in dental plaque pH
- promotes the selection of xylitol resistant mutans streptococci
- stimulates salivary secretion
describe patient based caries management with xylitol
recommend using xylitol containing products in addition to daily fluoride exposure
at least ______ of xylitol per day needed to achieve optimum therapeutic effect on S mutans
5g
how should xylitold be ingested daily
should be divided into 3 or 4 doses with exposure time 5-10 minutes per dose
xylitol products that actively stimulate _____ should be recommeneded
salivary flow
products should ideally have _______ as the single sweetender
xylitol
what is xylitol highly toxic to and what happens
dogs
- causes rapid/ severe increase of insulin productions and leads to hypoglycemia
- higher amounts of xylitol can lead to death
what are the amounts of xylitol in epic gum? ice cubes? trident? orbit?
- epic: 1.06g per piece
- ice cubes: 1.15g per piece
- trident: 0.17g per piece
- orbit: 0.009-0.3g xylitol per piece
describe saccharin
- 200-700 times sweeter than sucrose
- nonnutritive and noncariogenic
- oldest artifical sweetener used in the US
- AKA Sweet N low
- used as sweetener in some toothpastes
describe aspartame
- 200 times sweeter than sucrose
- soft drinks account for more than 70% of aspartame consumption
- FDA requires foods containing aspartame have the following label: PHENYLKETONURICS: CONTAINS PHENYLALANINE
- limited evidence that consumption of aspartame might cause cancer
describe sucralose
- noncariogenic, nonnutritive sweetener that is 600 times sweeter than sucrose
- poorly absorbed and is largely excreted in the feces and urine, unchanged
- no carcinogenic risks posed to humans
decsribe stevioside
- stevia
- natural sweetener extracted from the leaves of a shrub found in south america
- 100-300 times sweeter than table sugar
- heat stable ( good for baking)
- supports the prevention of caries; streptococcus mutans experience growth suppression and secretes less acid with presence of stevioside
- FDA approved in 2008 as generally recognized as safe
describe monk fruit
- natural, zero calorie sweetener extracted from monk fruit
- high in antioxidants, called mogrosides- making it 100-250 times sweeter than table sugar
- used for centuries in traditional chinese medicine; FDA approved sweetener in 2010
- often mixed with other natural sweetners such as erythritol to reduce the intensity of its sweetness
