Substrate

Question 1

Warburg effect

Answer 1

Cancer cells taking up higher amount of glucose

FDG-PET scan

Question 2

Name 5 causes of obesity

Answer 2

Metabolic (McArdles disease)

Genetic

Behavioural

Environment (cooler temp=increase glucose metabolism)

Lack of sleep

Question 3

Total body energy

Answer 3

(Energy stored + energy intake) -Energy output

Question 4

Energy output

Answer 4

Work + Heat

Question 5

Name the 3 forms of work

Answer 5

Transport (molecule movement)

Chemical (growth)

Mechanical (muscle contraction)

Question 6

What are the 2 ways of measuring metabolic processes?

Answer 6

Oxygen consumption rate

Carbon dioxide production

Question 7

What is the lowest metabolic rate called?

When does it occur?

Answer 7

BMR

Sleep

Question 8

When does the resting metabolic rate occur?

Answer 8

After 12 hr fast

Question 9

How does being a woman affect metabolic rate

Answer 9

More adipose tissue less lean muscle mass

Muscle has higher o2 consumption rate

Question 10

Why is weight training recommended for those who are trying to lose weight?

Answer 10

Gain muscle

Increase Basal metabolic rate

Question 11

Whats the term called for RMR increasing after a meal?

Answer 11

Diet- Induced thermogenesis

Question 12

What has a higher diet induced thermogenesis…. proteins or fat

Answer 12

Proteins

Question 13

What part of brain controls food intake

Answer 13

Hypothalamus

Question 14

Which part of hypothalamus is the satiety centre

Answer 14

Lateral hypothalamus

Question 15

Which part of the hypothalamus did the feeding centre

Answer 15

Ventromedial nuclei

Question 16

What can lesions in the ventromedial nuclei cause?

Answer 16

Hyperphagia (Obesity)

Question 17

What can be released from adipose tissue to reduce food intake

What sort of feedback?

Answer 17

Leptin

Negative feedback system

Question 18

What gene synthesises Leptin?

Answer 18

Ob.gene

Question 19

Absorptive state

Answer 19

Anabolic state

Last for 4hrs after eating

Question 20

Post-absorptive state

Answer 20

Catabolic state

4hrs after the meal

Question 21

Why is energy stored as glycogen?

Answer 21

Less water for hydration

More compact than glucose

Question 22

Why is energy stored as fats

Answer 22

Minimal cytosol

Harder to access though

Question 23

What are the 3 main energy usages?

Answer 23

Forms ATP for energy (work)

Synthesise molecules (cholesterol)

Storage if ingested > body requirements

Question 24

When is glucose excreted in the urine?

Answer 24

Rental threshold for glucose reabsorption is exceeded

Question 25

How many amino acids is Insulin? Where is it secreted from

Answer 25

51 amino acid Beta cells

Question 26

What is Insulin mostly stimulated by?

Answer 26

Glucose levels >100mg/dl

Question 27

How does the SNS affect Insulin secretion? PNS?

Answer 27

Inhibit release (during stress) Promotes

Question 28

How is insulin released in cells?

Answer 28

GLUT 2 take up glucose in Beta Depolarises the cell Release of insulin in granules

Question 29

What are always present on Hepatocytes? Why?

Answer 29

GLUT 2

Question 30

What does insulin cause on hexokinase? What does this allow?

Answer 30

Glucose —> glucose 6 phosphate Concentration gradient formed between inside cell and vasculature

Question 31

What inhibits B oxidation

Answer 31

Insulin

Question 32

Glucagon is secreted from where? Whats its most potent stimuli?

Answer 32

Alpha cells Hypoglycaemia +SNS

Question 33

What hormone inhibits glucagon release? (2)

Answer 33

GLP-1 Insulin

Question 34

<100mg/dl

Answer 34

Glucagon secretion

Question 35

>100mg/dl

Answer 35

Glucagon secretion inhibited

Question 36

What does insulin bind to? What does this then phosphorylate

Answer 36

Tyrosine kinase receptor IRS

Question 37

Whats does phosphorylated IRS do?

Answer 37

Signal transduction cascade GLUT4 move to surface

Question 38

How does glucose move into cells?

Answer 38

Facilitated diffusion GLUT4

Question 39

What two organs are insulin independent

Answer 39

Brain Kidney

Question 40

How much glucose is produced in liver in fasted state

Answer 40

75%

Question 41

During fed state, what dominates

Answer 41

Insulin Net anabolism

Question 42

Hyperglycaemia

Answer 42

Excess glucose in bloodstream Deposited behind back of eye

Question 43

What happens to Glucose levels with diabetic hyperglycaemia And OsM

Answer 43

600-1200mg/dl 330-380mOsM

Question 44

What does the increase in OsM mean?

Answer 44

Triggers ADH and thirst Try and decrease OsM to normal

Question 45

Whats the glucose levels of a normal person?

Answer 45

90mg/dl

Question 46

Name a possible treatment for type 1

Answer 46

Encapsulated beta cells

Question 47

Name 3 symptoms of type 2 diabetes

Answer 47

Atherosclerosis Renal failure Obesity

Question 48

Why is it RIP for type 2 diabetics

Answer 48

Elevated glucagon levels Alpha cells are insulin dependent Therefore gluconeogenesis occurs Increase glucose into the blood even more!

Question 49

Why does exercise improve insulin resistance in type 2

Answer 49

Lowers blood glucose levels Exercising muscle doesn’t need insulin for uptake of glucose GLUT4 are inserted into membrane with insulin

Question 50

Name a treatment for type 2 diabetics in terms of stimulation

Answer 50

Sulfonyureas Stimulate beta cell secretion of insulin

Question 51

Name a drug which increases glucose in urine

Answer 51

SGLT2 inhibitors

Question 52

Name a drug which stimulates insulin secretion

Answer 52

Exendin-4

Question 53

Define insulin resistance

Answer 53

More insulin needed for same effect of hepatic glucose output Ability to reduce plasma glucose is impaired

Question 54

What does metabolic syndrome link?

Answer 54

Obesity Cardiovascular disease Diabetes MI /Stroke

Question 55

Abnormal amount of lipids in insulin resistant

Answer 55

Dyslipidaemia

Question 56

Lipids can bind to what gene to initiate adipocyte differentiation

Answer 56

PPRA-Y

Question 57

What produces albumin

Answer 57

Liver

Question 58

Which part of albumin faces water

Answer 58

Polar group

Question 59

What does the VLDL transport?

Answer 59

Endogenous lipids

Question 60

What does the VLDL contain (apoprotein)

Answer 60

apoB-100

Question 61

What apoproteins do Chylomicron have?

Answer 61

B-48 C-3 C-2

Question 62

What do Chylomicrons transport

Answer 62

Exogenous

Question 63

Integral apoprotein

Answer 63

APO-B

Question 64

Peripheral protein

Answer 64

APO-C

Question 65

How does VLDL interact with LPL

Answer 65

B-100

Question 66

What hydrolysis triglyceride to FFA

Answer 66

LPL

Question 67

What does VLDL become after removing core of triglyceride

Answer 67

IDL

Question 68

What hormone increases LPL secretion?

Answer 68

Insulin

Question 69

What does insulin inhibit?

Answer 69

Lipases that deal with Triglycerides to FFA to capillaries

Question 70

Why does insulin inhibit breakdown of FFA

Answer 70

Prevents FFA this just came in to be ejected straight out

Question 71

What hormone stimulates Lipolysis What 2 other thing stimulate lipolysis

Answer 71

Glucagon Catecholamines ANP/BNP

Question 72

Postprandial lipaemia

Answer 72

Rise in lipoproteins after eating