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Medical Physiology > Substrate > Flashcards

Substrate Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Warburg effect

A

Cancer cells taking up higher amount of glucose

FDG-PET scan

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2
Q

Name 5 causes of obesity

A

Metabolic (McArdles disease)

Genetic

Behavioural

Environment (cooler temp=increase glucose metabolism)

Lack of sleep

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3
Q

Total body energy

A

(Energy stored + energy intake) -Energy output

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4
Q

Energy output

A

Work + Heat

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5
Q

Name the 3 forms of work

A

Transport (molecule movement)

Chemical (growth)

Mechanical (muscle contraction)

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6
Q

What are the 2 ways of measuring metabolic processes?

A

Oxygen consumption rate

Carbon dioxide production

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7
Q

What is the lowest metabolic rate called?

When does it occur?

A

BMR

Sleep

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8
Q

When does the resting metabolic rate occur?

A

After 12 hr fast

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9
Q

How does being a woman affect metabolic rate

A

More adipose tissue less lean muscle mass

Muscle has higher o2 consumption rate

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10
Q

Why is weight training recommended for those who are trying to lose weight?

A

Gain muscle

Increase Basal metabolic rate

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11
Q

Whats the term called for RMR increasing after a meal?

A

Diet- Induced thermogenesis

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12
Q

What has a higher diet induced thermogenesis…. proteins or fat

A

Proteins

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13
Q

What part of brain controls food intake

A

Hypothalamus

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14
Q

Which part of hypothalamus is the satiety centre

A

Lateral hypothalamus

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15
Q

Which part of the hypothalamus did the feeding centre

A

Ventromedial nuclei

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16
Q

What can lesions in the ventromedial nuclei cause?

A

Hyperphagia (Obesity)

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17
Q

What can be released from adipose tissue to reduce food intake

What sort of feedback?

A

Leptin

Negative feedback system

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18
Q

What gene synthesises Leptin?

A

Ob.gene

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19
Q

Absorptive state

A

Anabolic state

Last for 4hrs after eating

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20
Q

Post-absorptive state

A

Catabolic state

4hrs after the meal

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21
Q

Why is energy stored as glycogen?

A

Less water for hydration

More compact than glucose

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22
Q

Why is energy stored as fats

A

Minimal cytosol

Harder to access though

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23
Q

What are the 3 main energy usages?

A

Forms ATP for energy (work)

Synthesise molecules (cholesterol)

Storage if ingested > body requirements

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24
Q

When is glucose excreted in the urine?

A

Rental threshold for glucose reabsorption is exceeded

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25
Q

How many amino acids is Insulin?

Where is it secreted from

A

51 amino acid

Beta cells

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26
Q

What is Insulin mostly stimulated by?

A

Glucose levels

> 100mg/dl

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27
Q

How does the SNS affect Insulin secretion?

PNS?

A

Inhibit release (during stress)

Promotes

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28
Q

How is insulin released in cells?

A

GLUT 2 take up glucose in Beta

Depolarises the cell

Release of insulin in granules

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29
Q

What are always present on Hepatocytes?

Why?

A

GLUT 2

30
Q

What does insulin cause on hexokinase?

What does this allow?

A

Glucose —> glucose 6 phosphate

Concentration gradient formed between inside cell and vasculature

31
Q

What inhibits B oxidation

A

Insulin

32
Q

Glucagon is secreted from where?

Whats its most potent stimuli?

A

Alpha cells

Hypoglycaemia +SNS

33
Q

What hormone inhibits glucagon release? (2)

A

GLP-1

Insulin

34
Q

<100mg/dl

A

Glucagon secretion

35
Q

> 100mg/dl

A

Glucagon secretion inhibited

36
Q

What does insulin bind to?

What does this then phosphorylate

A

Tyrosine kinase receptor

IRS

37
Q

Whats does phosphorylated IRS do?

A

Signal transduction cascade

GLUT4 move to surface

38
Q

How does glucose move into cells?

A

Facilitated diffusion

GLUT4

39
Q

What two organs are insulin independent

A

Brain

Kidney

40
Q

How much glucose is produced in liver in fasted state

A

75%

41
Q

During fed state, what dominates

A

Insulin

Net anabolism

42
Q

Hyperglycaemia

A

Excess glucose in bloodstream

Deposited behind back of eye

43
Q

What happens to Glucose levels with diabetic hyperglycaemia

And OsM

A

600-1200mg/dl

330-380mOsM

44
Q

What does the increase in OsM mean?

A

Triggers ADH and thirst

Try and decrease OsM to normal

45
Q

Whats the glucose levels of a normal person?

A

90mg/dl

46
Q

Name a possible treatment for type 1

A

Encapsulated beta cells

47
Q

Name 3 symptoms of type 2 diabetes

A

Atherosclerosis

Renal failure

Obesity

48
Q

Why is it RIP for type 2 diabetics

A

Elevated glucagon levels

Alpha cells are insulin dependent

Therefore gluconeogenesis occurs

Increase glucose into the blood even more!

49
Q

Why does exercise improve insulin resistance in type 2

A

Lowers blood glucose levels

Exercising muscle doesn’t need insulin for uptake of glucose

GLUT4 are inserted into membrane with insulin

50
Q

Name a treatment for type 2 diabetics in terms of stimulation

A

Sulfonyureas

Stimulate beta cell secretion of insulin

51
Q

Name a drug which increases glucose in urine

A

SGLT2 inhibitors

52
Q

Name a drug which stimulates insulin secretion

A

Exendin-4

53
Q

Define insulin resistance

A

More insulin needed for same effect of hepatic glucose output

Ability to reduce plasma glucose is impaired

54
Q

What does metabolic syndrome link?

A

Obesity

Cardiovascular disease

Diabetes

MI /Stroke

55
Q

Abnormal amount of lipids in insulin resistant

A

Dyslipidaemia

56
Q

Lipids can bind to what gene to initiate adipocyte differentiation

A

PPRA-Y

57
Q

What produces albumin

A

Liver

58
Q

Which part of albumin faces water

A

Polar group

59
Q

What does the VLDL transport?

A

Endogenous lipids

60
Q

What does the VLDL contain (apoprotein)

A

apoB-100

61
Q

What apoproteins do Chylomicron have?

A

B-48

C-3

C-2

62
Q

What do Chylomicrons transport

A

Exogenous

63
Q

Integral apoprotein

A

APO-B

64
Q

Peripheral protein

A

APO-C

65
Q

How does VLDL interact with LPL

A

B-100

66
Q

What hydrolysis triglyceride to FFA

A

LPL

67
Q

What does VLDL become after removing core of triglyceride

A

IDL

68
Q

What hormone increases LPL secretion?

A

Insulin

69
Q

What does insulin inhibit?

A

Lipases that deal with Triglycerides to FFA to capillaries

70
Q

Why does insulin inhibit breakdown of FFA

A

Prevents FFA this just came in to be ejected straight out

71
Q

What hormone stimulates Lipolysis

What 2 other thing stimulate lipolysis

A

Glucagon

Catecholamines ANP/BNP

72
Q

Postprandial lipaemia

A

Rise in lipoproteins after eating

Medical Physiology (17 decks)

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