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Medical Physiology > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is a Barr body

A

Inactivated X chromosome

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2
Q

Whats the process called which inactivated X chromosome

A

Lyonziation (random process)

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3
Q

How many Barr bodies are in Triple X syndrome

A

2

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4
Q

How many Barr bodies are in Klinefelters syndrome

A

1 (XXY)

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5
Q

Euploidy

A

46 chromosomes

Right number

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6
Q

aneuploidy

A

Abnormal number

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7
Q

Bipotential

A

Embryonic tissue

Cant morphologically identify as male/female

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8
Q

Maternal Non disjunction

A

Aneuploidy

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9
Q

6 week embryo

A

Bipotential

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10
Q

7 week embryo

A

Gonad formation

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11
Q

SRY gene is found where?

A

Y chromosome

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12
Q

Gonads develop from cells of what?

A

Cells of genital ridge in embryo

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13
Q

SRY gene codes for what protein?

What 3 things does it activate?

A

TDF

SOX9 / WT1 / SF1

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14
Q

Testes form from where?

A

Bipotential gonad inner medulla

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15
Q

At what wk do genital ridge form ovaries?

What does it need?

A

11 Wk if no SRY gene present

2 XX chromosomes

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16
Q

What syndrome causes them to not have ovaries?

A

Turners Syndrome

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17
Q

What two hormones are made from the testes at 11Wk

A

Testosterone

MIH

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18
Q

What does the MIH degenerate?

Thus what does it leave behind

A

Degenerates Mullerian Duct

Wolffian duct

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19
Q

What does the Wolffian Duct concert into in the presence of testosterone (3)

A

Epididymis

Vas deferens

Seminal vesicle

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20
Q

What enzyme forms DIH

A

5 alpha reductase

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21
Q

What does DIH form?

A

Penis

Scrotum

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22
Q

If the SRY gene is not present (female) what is absent?

A

MIH

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23
Q

What degenerates and what forms?

A

Müllerian duct forms

Wolffian Duct degenerates

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24
Q

Guevedoces can’t form what?

Why?

A

DIH

No 5 alpha reductase

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25
Q

What “symptoms” are shown in Guevedocos

A

No male external genitalia

Puberty starts secreting testosterone which causes growth

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26
Q

What does the Wolffian Duct need to stop it degenerating?

A

Needs testosterone

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27
Q

What’s missing in androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

NR3C4

Therefore androgens cant bind

28
Q

Proteogenic Drugs metabolise into what?

A

Androgens

29
Q

Oogonia undergo mitosis differentiation to become?

A

Primary Oocyte

30
Q

Degeneration of ovarian follicles

A

Atresia

31
Q

How many primary oocytes do we need?

A

500

32
Q

Time between birth and puberty

A

Dictyotene phase

33
Q

Primary Oocyte undergoes meitotic division to form what?

A

Secondary Oocyte + 1st polar body

34
Q

Secondary Oocyte undergoes 2nd meiotic division to become?

A

Mature Ovum + 2nd polar body

35
Q

Follicle

A

Oocyte + Follicular Epithelial cells

36
Q

Primary Follicles contain a single layer of what?

A

Grandkids cells

37
Q

Prenatal follicle

A

Early Theca

Zona pellucida forms

38
Q

Early antrai follicle

A

Theca forms

Antrim forms

39
Q

How is the antrum formed?

A

Granulosa cells secreting fluid which collect in central cavities

40
Q

Antral fluid contains what?

A

Hormones/ Enzymes

41
Q

Oocyte connects to the granulosa via what?

A

Cumulus Oophorus

42
Q

What causes the separation of egg and follicle

A

MMP + Prostaglandins

43
Q

After egg separates Follicular cells + Granulosa cells form what?

A

Corpus luteum

44
Q

Whats the process of forming of corpus luteum?

A

Lutenization

45
Q

What secretes progesterone / oestrogen / inhibin?

A

Luteal cells

46
Q

What hormone stops contraction?

A

Progesterone

47
Q

What does the corpus luteum disintegrate into if no pregnancy?

A

Corpus albican

48
Q

What causes LH surge?

A

Excessive oestrogen + rising progesterone

49
Q

Where is sperm produced?

A

Coiled tubules of seminiferous tubule

50
Q

What forms 80% of testicular mass

A

Seminiferous tubule

51
Q

Leydig cells lie where?

A

Between seminiferous tubules

52
Q

What do Leydig cells secrete?

A

Testosterone

53
Q

When are leydig cells active?

And inactive?

A

Active in foetus

Inactive at birth

54
Q

What converts testosterone into

Oestradiol?

A

Aromatase

55
Q

What do Sertoli cells only allow?

A

Testosterone to pass

56
Q

What do Sertoli cells produce (3)

A

Inhibin

Activism

ABP

57
Q

Where do spermatids develop flagellated tails

A

Apical membrane

58
Q

Where do sperm complete maturation?

A

In the epididymis

59
Q

After leaving the Sertoli cells, where do sperm go to?

A

Rete testis

Vas deferens

Urethra

60
Q

FSH initiates what?

A

Gametogenesis

61
Q

What inhibit FSH secretion?

A

Inhibits

62
Q

What stimulates FSH secretion

A

Activins

63
Q

LH stimulate production of what?

A

Steroid sex hormone

Leydig (testosterone)

64
Q

What can affect reproduction cycle?

A

Day / night cycle

Melatonin levels

65
Q

What can block oestrogen effects?

A

Plastics / Drugs

Block oestrogen by binding to receptor

Medical Physiology (17 decks)

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