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Medical Physiology > Sensory > Flashcards

Sensory Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What do the Somatic Motor Division control?

A

Skeletal muscles

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2
Q

What is in between a muscular fibre and a neuron

A

Neuromuscular junction

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3
Q

Whats the purpose of the Schwann cells?

A

Maintain neuromuscular junctionn

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4
Q

What type of channels are found on the motor end plate?

A

nAcH receptors channels

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5
Q

AcHE does what?

A

Deactivates AcH into acetyl and choline

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6
Q

What do nicotonic receptors do?

A

Cause contraction of skeletal muscle

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7
Q

What are tendons made of?

A

Collagen

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8
Q

Bending of a limb is termed what?

A

Flexion (Bicep)

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9
Q

Straightening of a limb is termed what?

A

Extension (Tricep)

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10
Q

What do satellite cells do?

A

Activate and differentiate into muscle when needed for

Hypertrophy / Repair

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11
Q

Where are satellite cells found?

A

Outside of muscle fibre membrane

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12
Q

What are fasicles

A

Group of muscle fibres bundled together

Wrapped in perimysium

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13
Q

What are the 3 parts that are needed for control of body movement?

A

Nerve

Bone

Muscle

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14
Q

What makes up a motor neuron pool?

A

Motor neurons

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15
Q

Where are motor neuron pools found?

A

Ventral horn of spinal cord

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16
Q

With Learned actions, what does it start off as?

A

Starts as VOLUNTARY but moves

on to become INVOLUNTARY

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17
Q

Incomplete tetanus

A

Stimulation is not maximum thus fibre can rest between stimuli

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18
Q

Complete tetanus

A

Stimulation rate fast enough

No time for rest

Fibre reaches maximum tension

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19
Q

What makes up a motor unit?

A

Group of muscle fibres

One somatic neuron

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20
Q

Gastrocnemius contains how many muscle fibres for ONE somatic neuron

A

1 :20000

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21
Q

How do the motor unit formation form fine movement in the hand and eye?

A

For every 1 SMN —>3 muscle fibres

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22
Q

How do muscle fibres all be of the same muscle type?

A

SMN secrete cytokine to cause differentiation of the same type of muscle cell

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23
Q

Inheritance can determine what?

A

Muscle type composition

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24
Q

What do muscle fibre have which means we can switch between fast / slow twitch?

A

Plasticity

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25
Q

How does a motor unit contract?

A

All or none manner

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26
Q

Where are stretch receptors found?

A

End of afferent neurons

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27
Q

What do stretch receptors monitor

A

Length / tension changes

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28
Q

Where are muscle spindle stretch receptors found?

A

Embedded within muscle

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29
Q

Intrafusal refers to what?

Extrafusal refers to what?

A

Muscle spindle fibre

Skeletal fibres

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30
Q

Nuclear chain fibres (Spindle)

A

How much muscle has stretched

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31
Q

Nuclear bag fibre (spindle)

A

Velocity of stretch

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32
Q

Where are golgi tendon organs found?

A

Tendon

Near muscular junction

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33
Q

What activates Golgi Tendon organs

A

Straightening / stretching of collagen bundle

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34
Q

Where are reflexes integrated in?

A

Spinal cord

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35
Q

What dont reflexes require input from?

A

No input from Cerebral Cortex

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36
Q

What type of movement requires input from cerebral cortex

A

Voluntary (most complex)

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37
Q

Rhythmic involves what two types of movement?

A

Reflex / voluntary

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38
Q

Rhythmic movement is terminated and initiated where?

A

Cerebral cortex

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39
Q

CPG

A

Maintains spontaneous repetitive activity

40
Q

What type of reflex arc is the stretch reflex?

A

Monosynaptic

41
Q

Ipsilatetal

A

Muscles activated on the same side as receptors

42
Q

Contralateral

A

Response on opposite side of the body

43
Q

What type of reflex is flexion

A

Polysnaptic reflex

44
Q

What type of pathway does the Flexion Reflex require

A

Divergent pathways

45
Q

Excitatory neurons stimulate what type of neurons

A

Alpha motor neuron

=Contraction

46
Q

Where are Postural Reflexes integrated in?

A

Brain stem

47
Q

Postural reflex requires continuous what?

A

Continuous sensory input

48
Q

Supraspinal reflex

A

Combination of spinal / cortical inputs

49
Q

Voluntary movement requires what 3 parts?

A

Cerebral cortex

Cerebellum

Basal Ganglia

50
Q

What does the cerebral cortex do

A

Decision making

Planning

51
Q

What does the cerebellum do

A

Regulate timing of complex muscle actions

52
Q

What do visceral muscles (Heart/Stomach) have?

A

Spontaneous depolarising muscle fibres

53
Q

Where does the corticospinal pathway originate in and terminate it?

A

Cerebral cortex

Spinal cord

54
Q

Brainstorm pathways originate where and terminate where

A

Brain stem

Spinal cord

55
Q

Name the 4 nuclei in Basal Ganglia

A

Striatum (S)

Globes Pallidus (GP)

Substantial Nigra (SN)

Sub Thalamic Nucleus (STN)

56
Q

Whats the role of the basal ganglia

A

Inhibit motor system

57
Q

Parkinson’s is the …. activity of Basal Ganglia

Huntington’s is the … activity of Basal Ganglia

A

Hyperactivity

Hypoactivity

58
Q

What disease is there a lack of dopamine?

A

Parkinson’s

59
Q

Mutation in what gene causes Parkinson’s

A

LRKK2

60
Q

Myasthenia Gravis is associated with loss of what

A

AcH receptors

61
Q

Hyper-excitability is associated with what

A

Muscle cramps

62
Q

In McArdles disease, what is absent?

A

Myophosphorylase

Glycogen —> glucose 6 phosphate

63
Q

Semi circular canals in the ear indicate what?

A

Rotational acceleration of the head

64
Q

Otoliths organs

A

Utricle

Saccule

65
Q

What indicates linear acceleration of the head?

A

Otolith organs

66
Q

What two reflexes control safe posture

A

Vestibular / neck reflex

67
Q

Vestibular nuclei consists of information from what 3 things?

A

Labyrinth

Eye movement

Neck muscle spindles

68
Q

How many cues are needed to maintain safe posture

A

2/3

69
Q

Sensory summation

A

Combination of all sensory inputs

That can lead to a state of tetanus

70
Q

What are the main 5 components of a sensory system

A

Sensory receptor

Afferent neuron

Synapse

Thalamic relay

Cortical area

71
Q

Midbrain

A

Visual information

72
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Sound and taste

73
Q

Cerebellum

A

Balance/equilibrium

74
Q

Olfactory

A

Doesn’t pass through thalamaus

75
Q

Labelled line

A

Sensory neuron ONLY ENCODES it’s modality

76
Q

Amplitude coding

A

Loudness

77
Q

Pitch

A

Rate/frequency coding

78
Q

Time coding

A

Repitition

79
Q

Place coding

A

One ear vs the other

80
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

Improves definition as contrast is increased

81
Q

Tonic receptors

A

Slow adapting

Baroreceptors

82
Q

Phasic receptors

A

Rapidly adapting (Gap in lines)

83
Q

Mechanical stress fibres

A

A beta

84
Q

Extremes of cold

A

A delta

85
Q

Temperature and pain

A

C fibres

86
Q

SCN9A

A

Pain syndrome

87
Q

Local level

A

Motor

Brain Stem/spinal cord

88
Q

Middle level

A

Cerebellum

Thalamus

Brain stem

Basal nuclei

89
Q

Higher centres

A

No fucking clue

90
Q

Local inter neurons only do what

A

Excitation of muscle cells

91
Q

Mutations in dystrophin gene

A

Muscular dystrophy

92
Q

Pressure sensors in feet + stretch receptors in ankles coordinate what

A

Limb position

93
Q

Trpv1-4

A

Skin receptors for warmth

94
Q

Pain processing

A

Dorsal horn

95
Q

Gate way thheory

What stops inhibition of AB

A

C fibres

Medical Physiology (17 decks)

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