Sensory

Question 1

What do the Somatic Motor Division control?

Answer 1

Skeletal muscles

Question 2

What is in between a muscular fibre and a neuron

Answer 2

Neuromuscular junction

Question 3

Whats the purpose of the Schwann cells?

Answer 3

Maintain neuromuscular junctionn

Question 4

What type of channels are found on the motor end plate?

Answer 4

nAcH receptors channels

Question 5

AcHE does what?

Answer 5

Deactivates AcH into acetyl and choline

Question 6

What do nicotonic receptors do?

Answer 6

Cause contraction of skeletal muscle

Question 7

What are tendons made of?

Answer 7

Collagen

Question 8

Bending of a limb is termed what?

Answer 8

Flexion (Bicep)

Question 9

Straightening of a limb is termed what?

Answer 9

Extension (Tricep)

Question 10

What do satellite cells do?

Answer 10

Activate and differentiate into muscle when needed for

Hypertrophy / Repair

Question 11

Where are satellite cells found?

Answer 11

Outside of muscle fibre membrane

Question 12

What are fasicles

Answer 12

Group of muscle fibres bundled together

Wrapped in perimysium

Question 13

What are the 3 parts that are needed for control of body movement?

Answer 13

Nerve

Bone

Muscle

Question 14

What makes up a motor neuron pool?

Answer 14

Motor neurons

Question 15

Where are motor neuron pools found?

Answer 15

Ventral horn of spinal cord

Question 16

With Learned actions, what does it start off as?

Answer 16

Starts as VOLUNTARY but moves

on to become INVOLUNTARY

Question 17

Incomplete tetanus

Answer 17

Stimulation is not maximum thus fibre can rest between stimuli

Question 18

Complete tetanus

Answer 18

Stimulation rate fast enough

No time for rest

Fibre reaches maximum tension

Question 19

What makes up a motor unit?

Answer 19

Group of muscle fibres

One somatic neuron

Question 20

Gastrocnemius contains how many muscle fibres for ONE somatic neuron

Answer 20

1 :20000

Question 21

How do the motor unit formation form fine movement in the hand and eye?

Answer 21

For every 1 SMN —>3 muscle fibres

Question 22

How do muscle fibres all be of the same muscle type?

Answer 22

SMN secrete cytokine to cause differentiation of the same type of muscle cell

Question 23

Inheritance can determine what?

Answer 23

Muscle type composition

Question 24

What do muscle fibre have which means we can switch between fast / slow twitch?

Answer 24

Plasticity

Question 25

How does a motor unit contract?

Answer 25

All or none manner

Question 26

Where are stretch receptors found?

Answer 26

End of afferent neurons

Question 27

What do stretch receptors monitor

Answer 27

Length / tension changes

Question 28

Where are muscle spindle stretch receptors found?

Answer 28

Embedded within muscle

Question 29

Intrafusal refers to what? Extrafusal refers to what?

Answer 29

Muscle spindle fibre Skeletal fibres

Question 30

Nuclear chain fibres (Spindle)

Answer 30

How much muscle has stretched

Question 31

Nuclear bag fibre (spindle)

Answer 31

Velocity of stretch

Question 32

Where are golgi tendon organs found?

Answer 32

Tendon Near muscular junction

Question 33

What activates Golgi Tendon organs

Answer 33

Straightening / stretching of collagen bundle

Question 34

Where are reflexes integrated in?

Answer 34

Spinal cord

Question 35

What dont reflexes require input from?

Answer 35

No input from Cerebral Cortex

Question 36

What type of movement requires input from cerebral cortex

Answer 36

Voluntary (most complex)

Question 37

Rhythmic involves what two types of movement?

Answer 37

Reflex / voluntary

Question 38

Rhythmic movement is terminated and initiated where?

Answer 38

Cerebral cortex

Question 39

CPG

Answer 39

Maintains spontaneous repetitive activity

Question 40

What type of reflex arc is the stretch reflex?

Answer 40

Monosynaptic

Question 41

Ipsilatetal

Answer 41

Muscles activated on the same side as receptors

Question 42

Contralateral

Answer 42

Response on opposite side of the body

Question 43

What type of reflex is flexion

Answer 43

Polysnaptic reflex

Question 44

What type of pathway does the Flexion Reflex require

Answer 44

Divergent pathways

Question 45

Excitatory neurons stimulate what type of neurons

Answer 45

Alpha motor neuron =Contraction

Question 46

Where are Postural Reflexes integrated in?

Answer 46

Brain stem

Question 47

Postural reflex requires continuous what?

Answer 47

Continuous sensory input

Question 48

Supraspinal reflex

Answer 48

Combination of spinal / cortical inputs

Question 49

Voluntary movement requires what 3 parts?

Answer 49

Cerebral cortex Cerebellum Basal Ganglia

Question 50

What does the cerebral cortex do

Answer 50

Decision making Planning

Question 51

What does the cerebellum do

Answer 51

Regulate timing of complex muscle actions

Question 52

What do visceral muscles (Heart/Stomach) have?

Answer 52

Spontaneous depolarising muscle fibres

Question 53

Where does the corticospinal pathway originate in and terminate it?

Answer 53

Cerebral cortex Spinal cord

Question 54

Brainstorm pathways originate where and terminate where

Answer 54

Brain stem Spinal cord

Question 55

Name the 4 nuclei in Basal Ganglia

Answer 55

Striatum (S) Globes Pallidus (GP) Substantial Nigra (SN) Sub Thalamic Nucleus (STN)

Question 56

Whats the role of the basal ganglia

Answer 56

Inhibit motor system

Question 57

Parkinson’s is the .... activity of Basal Ganglia Huntington’s is the ... activity of Basal Ganglia

Answer 57

Hyperactivity Hypoactivity

Question 58

What disease is there a lack of dopamine?

Answer 58

Parkinson’s

Question 59

Mutation in what gene causes Parkinson’s

Answer 59

LRKK2

Question 60

Myasthenia Gravis is associated with loss of what

Answer 60

AcH receptors

Question 61

Hyper-excitability is associated with what

Answer 61

Muscle cramps

Question 62

In McArdles disease, what is absent?

Answer 62

Myophosphorylase Glycogen —> glucose 6 phosphate

Question 63

Semi circular canals in the ear indicate what?

Answer 63

Rotational acceleration of the head

Question 64

Otoliths organs

Answer 64

Utricle Saccule

Question 65

What indicates linear acceleration of the head?

Answer 65

Otolith organs

Question 66

What two reflexes control safe posture

Answer 66

Vestibular / neck reflex

Question 67

Vestibular nuclei consists of information from what 3 things?

Answer 67

Labyrinth Eye movement Neck muscle spindles

Question 68

How many cues are needed to maintain safe posture

Answer 68

2/3

Question 69

Sensory summation

Answer 69

Combination of all sensory inputs That can lead to a state of tetanus

Question 70

What are the main 5 components of a sensory system

Answer 70

Sensory receptor Afferent neuron Synapse Thalamic relay Cortical area

Question 71

Midbrain

Answer 71

Visual information

Question 72

Medulla oblongata

Answer 72

Sound and taste

Question 73

Cerebellum

Answer 73

Balance/equilibrium

Question 74

Olfactory

Answer 74

Doesn’t pass through thalamaus

Question 75

Labelled line

Answer 75

Sensory neuron ONLY ENCODES it’s modality

Question 76

Amplitude coding

Answer 76

Loudness

Question 77

Pitch

Answer 77

Rate/frequency coding

Question 78

Time coding

Answer 78

Repitition

Question 79

Place coding

Answer 79

One ear vs the other

Question 80

Lateral inhibition

Answer 80

Improves definition as contrast is increased

Question 81

Tonic receptors

Answer 81

Slow adapting Baroreceptors

Question 82

Phasic receptors

Answer 82

Rapidly adapting (Gap in lines)

Question 83

Mechanical stress fibres

Answer 83

A beta

Question 84

Extremes of cold

Answer 84

A delta

Question 85

Temperature and pain

Answer 85

C fibres

Question 86

SCN9A

Answer 86

Pain syndrome

Question 87

Local level

Answer 87

Motor Brain Stem/spinal cord

Question 88

Middle level

Answer 88

Cerebellum Thalamus Brain stem Basal nuclei

Question 89

Higher centres

Answer 89

No fucking clue

Question 90

Local inter neurons only do what

Answer 90

Excitation of muscle cells

Question 91

Mutations in dystrophin gene

Answer 91

Muscular dystrophy

Question 92

Pressure sensors in feet + stretch receptors in ankles coordinate what

Answer 92

Limb position

Question 93

Trpv1-4

Answer 93

Skin receptors for warmth

Question 94

Pain processing

Answer 94

Dorsal horn

Question 95

Gate way thheory What stops inhibition of AB

Answer 95

C fibres