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Abnormal Psychology > Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders > Flashcards

Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

The ingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate amounts that does not significantly interfere with social, educational, or occupational functioning

A

Substance use

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2
Q

The experience of significantly maladaptive behavioral and psychological symptoms due to the effect of a substance on the central nervous system that develops during or shortly after use of the substance

A

Intoxication

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3
Q

A category of psychological disorders in which drugs are used to such an extent that behavior becomes maladaptive, social and occupational functionining are impaired, and control or abstinence becomes impossible

A

Substance use disorders

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4
Q

How many symptoms are required to meet the criteria for substance use disorder?

A

At least 2 symptoms

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5
Q

How long should symptoms persist to meet the criteria for substance use disorder?

A

At least 12 months

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6
Q

The use of a drug that is accompanied by a physiological dependence on it, made evident by tolerance and withdrawal symptoms

A

Addiction

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7
Q

The need for increased amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effect and a diminished effect with continued use of the same amount

A

Tolerance

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8
Q

Severely negative physiological reaction to the removal of a psychoactive substance, which can be alleviated by the same or a similar substance

A

Withdrawal

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9
Q

Maladaptive pattern of substance use characterized by:

  • The need for increased amounts to achieve the desired effect
  • Negative physical effects when the substance is withdrawn
  • Unsuccessful efforts to control its use
  • Substantial effort expended to seek it or recover from its effects
A

Substance dependence

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10
Q

Maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to significant distress or impairment in social and occupational roles and in hazardous situations

A

Substance abuse

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11
Q

Psychoactive substances that result in behavioral sedation and that slow the nervous system

A

Depressants

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12
Q

A depressant byproduct of the fermentation of yeasts, sugar, and water

A

Alcohol

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13
Q

Pattern of alcohol use whereby the individual has at least 5 drinks in a short period of time

A

Binge drinking

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14
Q

Pattern of alcohol use whereby the individual has at least 5 drinks on the same occasion at least 5 times in a 30-day period

A

Heavy-use drinking

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15
Q

Amnesia for the events that occurred while one was intoxicated

A

Blackout

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16
Q

How does alcohol affect GABA receptors?

A

It inhibits GABA receptors, which may account for its ability to reduce tension.

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17
Q

How does alcohol affect glutamate receptors?

A

Alcohol inhibits glutamate receptors, which may cause slowed thinking and memory loss.

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18
Q

How does alcohol affect serotonin and dopamine?

A

Alcohol increases serotonin and dopamine levels.

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19
Q

A condition referring to a Vitamin B deficiency resulting from chronic alcohol abuse, whereby the individual suffers severe loss of memory wherein memory gaps are filled in by reporting imaginary events (confabulation)

A

Amnestic syndrome

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20
Q

A condition characterized by frightening hallucinations and body tremors that result when a heavy drinker withdraws from alcohol

A

Delirium tremens (withdrawal delirium)

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21
Q

An organic brain syndrome resulting from prolonged heavy alcohol use and consequent thiamine deficiency, accompanied by symptoms of confusion, unintelligible speech, and loss of motor coordination

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

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22
Q

A pattern of problems defined by retarded growth of the developing fetus and infant involving cranial, facial, and limb anomalies and intellectual disabilities that result from heavy drinking by the victim’s mother during pregnancy

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

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23
Q

Enzyme that helps humans metabolize alcohol

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase

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24
Q

The misuse of more than 1 drug at a time

A

Polydrug abuse

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25
Q

How are alcohol and nicotine cross-tolerant?

A

Nicotine can induce tolerance for the rewarding effects of alcohol, and vice versa.

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26
Q

Gene that produces a severe flushing effect (reddening and burning of the face) after drinking alcohol

A

Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) gene

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27
Q

Impairment in cognitive processing from drinking alcohol that narrows attention to the most immediately available cues

A

Alcohol myopia

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28
Q

What are the 4 stages of alcoholism?

A
  1. Pre-alcoholic stage
  2. Prodromal stage
  3. Crucial stage
  4. Chronic stage
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29
Q

State at least 1 medication commonly prescribed to reduce alcohol cravings.

A
  1. Naltrexone
  2. Acamprosate
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30
Q

A drug that prevents the breakdown of acetaldehyde (a byproduct of alcohol), thereby producing nausea, vomiting, and elevated heart rate and respiration

A

Disulfiram

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31
Q

State at least 3 psychotherapy approaches used to treat alcohol use disorder.

A
  • Aversive therapy
  • Behavioral couples therapy
  • Cognitive therapy
  • Contingency management therapy
  • Motivational interventions
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32
Q

An interview used in motivational interventions that carefully assesses drinking in the past 3 months

A

Timeline Follow Back (TFLB)

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33
Q

An organization that is founded on the notion that alcoholism is a disease and that alcoholics must acknowledge their addiction

A

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)

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34
Q

An approach to alcohol consumption that avoids the extremes of total abstinence and inebriation

A

Controlled drinking

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35
Q

Sobell’s current approach to moderate alcohol consumption based on the assumption that people have more potential control over their drinking and that heightened awareness of the costs of drinking excessively - as well as of the benefits of cutting down - can be of material help

A

Guided self-change

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36
Q

What neurotransmitter system is impacted by sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic drugs?

A

GABA

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37
Q

Also known as liquid ecstasy, a depressant approved for the treatment of narcolepsy tht can produce a state of relaxation at low doses

A

Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB)

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38
Q

Substances that elevate mood, activity, and alertness by activating the nervous system

A

Stimulants

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39
Q

Stimulants used to treat hypersomnia and narcolepsy by helping the release of norepinephrine and dopamine and blocking their reuptake, thereby making more of them available throughout the system

A

Amphetamines

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40
Q

The first amphetamine synthesized in 1927 that was used as an inhalant to relieve stuffy nose

A

Benzedrine

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41
Q

The practice of injecting amphetamines frequently over several days without eating or sleeping

A

Speed run

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42
Q

A drug with stimulant effects and occasional hallucinogen-like properties that is made from MDMA, which is chemically similar to mescaline and amphetamines

A

Ecstasy

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43
Q

An amphetamine initially used as an appetite suppressant for WWI soldiers that is derived from precursors found in nutmeg, dill, saffron, and sassafras

A

Methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)

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44
Q

A variation of MDMA that has been marketed as a purified powder in capsules

A

Molly

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45
Q

What neurotransmitter is affected by ecstasy?

A

Serotonin

Ecstasy acts primarily by contributing to both the release and the subsequent reuptake of serotonin.

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46
Q

A purified, crystallized form of amphetamine that is smoked and that causes marked aggressive tendencies

A

Methamphetamine

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47
Q

True or False: Methamphetamine stays in the system longer than cocaine.

A

True

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48
Q

A variation of methamphetamine in cleaar crystal form

A

Crystal meth (ice)

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49
Q

What 2 neurotransmitters are affected by chronic methamphetamine use?

A
  1. Dopamine
  2. Serotonin
50
Q

A stimulant derived from coca leaves used medically as a local anesthetic and narcotic that increases mental prowess, produces euphoria, heightens sexual desire, and in large doses, causes paranoia and hallucinations

A

Cocaine

51
Q

A component of cocaine separated by heating it with ether, which induces an intense 2-minute high, followed by restlessness and discomfort

A

Freebase

52
Q

A form of freebase cocaine boiled down into tiny rocks or crystals that are heated, melted, and smoked

A

Crack

53
Q

True or False: Drug replacement is effective for cocaine use problems.

A

False

54
Q

State 2 psychotherapy approaches used to treat cocaine use disorder.

A
  1. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
  2. Contingency management therapy
55
Q

Alkaloid substance found in tobacco leaves that operates on the nervous system, resulting in the release of biochemicals

A

Nicotine

56
Q

The smoke from the burning end of a cigarette, which contains higher concentrations of ammonia, carbon monoxide, nictoine, and tar than the smoke inhaled by the smoker

A

Secondhand smoke (environmental tobacco smoke [ETS])

57
Q

True or False: Anxiety and depression are predictors of whether people initiate smoking.

A

False

58
Q

A drug that combines with the saliva of a smoker to produce a bad taste in the mouth

A

Silver nitrate

59
Q

The use of nicotine gum, patch, nasal spray, or inhaler to prevent withdrawal effects

A

Nicotine replacement therapy

60
Q

A strategy to reduce nicotine intake gradually over a period of a few weeks by getting smokers to agree to increase the time between cigarettes

A

Scheduled smoking

61
Q

A generalized stimulant that increases the levels of doapmine, norepinephrine, and serotonin and blocks adenosine reuptake and that, in relation to substance use disorder, is a condition for futher study in the DSM-5

A

Caffeine

62
Q

A neuromodulator that plays a role on the release of dopamine and glutamate in the striatum, which may explain the elation and increased energy that comes with caffeine use

A

Adenosine

63
Q

Synthetic stimulant found in the khat plant from East Africa and Saudia arabia known for producing paranoia, delirium, hallucinations, and panic attacks

A

Synthetic cathinones (bath salts or 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone)

64
Q

Family of substances that produce euphoria followed by a tranquil state (e.g., natural opiates and synthetic variations)

A

Opioids

65
Q

Addictive substances that cause temporary euphoria and analgesia (pain reduction) and induce sleep

A

Opiates

66
Q

An opiate made of dried, milky juice obtained from the immature fruit of the opium poppy

A

Opium (the plant of joy)

67
Q

An alkaloid opiate extracted from opium, used primarily as an analgesic and as a sedative

A

Morphine

68
Q

An opiate derived from morphine used initially as a cure for morphine addiction

A

Heroin (God’s own medicine)

69
Q

What are 2 commonly abused opiates combined with other drugs to produce prescription pain medications?

A
  1. Hydrocodone
  2. Oxycodone
70
Q

Why do opiates produce pleasurable effects when they inhibit GABA?

A

When opiates inhibit GABA, it stops GABA neurons from inhibiting dopamine, which makes more dopamine available in the pleasure pathway.

71
Q

A feeling of warm, suffusing ecstasy immediately after an intravenous injection

A

Rush

72
Q

Drugs chemically similar to heroin that can replace the body’s craving for it

A

Heroin substitutes

73
Q

Occurs when the old addiction is replaced with a new one due to the drug acting on the same neurotransmitter receptors

A

Cross-dependence

74
Q

Drugs that prevent the user from experiencing the heroin high

A

Opiate antagonists

75
Q

A synthetic heroin substitute for treating individuals with heroin use disorder that eliminates its effects and cravings

A

Methadone

76
Q

Substance derived from the dried and ground leaves and stems of teh female hemp plant Cannabis sativa, which causes feeligns of well-being, perceptual distortions, and paranoid thinking

A

Marijuana

77
Q

The dried resin of the cannabis plant, stronger in its effects than the dried leaves and stems that constitute marijuana

A

Hashish

78
Q

The major active chemical in marijuana

A

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

79
Q

Condition in which regular users experience more pleasure from the drug after repeated use

A

Reverse tolerance

80
Q

The view that marijuana is dangerous not only in itself but also because it is a first step for young people on the path to becoming addicted to other drugs

A

Gateway theory

81
Q

Any psychoactive substance that can produce delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, and altered sensory perception

A

Hallucinogen

82
Q

Term applied to emphasize the sujectively experienced expansion of consciousness reported by LSD users

A

Psychedelic

83
Q

A hallucinogen that is the synthetic version of the grain fungus ergot

A

D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

84
Q

A hallucinogen found in certain species of mushrooms

A

Psilocybin

85
Q

A hallucinogen found in the seeds of the morning glory plant that was synthesized in 1938 and discovered by accident to be a hallucinogen in 1943

A

Lysergic acid amide

86
Q

A hallucinogen found in the barks of the Virola tree, which grows in South and Central America

A

Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)

87
Q

A hallucinogen and alkaloid that is the active ingredient of peyote, which has been used for centuries in the religious rites of Native Americans

A

Mescaline

88
Q

A hallucinogen developed as a horse tranquilizer that produces euphoria, slowed reaction times, and involuntary movements at low doses; disorganized thinking, feeligns of unreality, and hostility at intermediate doses; and amnesia, analgesia, respiratory problems, and changes in body temperature at high doses

A

Phencyclidine (PCP; angel dust)

89
Q

The overflow from one sensory modality to another

A

Synesthesia

90
Q

Illness that constricts the flow of blood to the arms or legs and eventually results in gangrene and the loss of limbs

A

Ergotism

91
Q

An unpredictable recurrence of experiences from an earlier drug high that occurs most frequently in times of stess, illness, or fatigue

A

Flashback (hallucinogen persisting perception disorder [HPPD])

92
Q

Solvent drugs that one inhales to produce a high and that can cause permanent central nervous system (CNS) damage, as well as liver and kidney disease

A

Inhalants

93
Q

A cardiac event that can lead to death resulting from inhalant users getting startled

A

Sudden sniffing death

94
Q

A gas that, when inhaled, produces euphoria and sometimes giddiness

A

Nitrous oxide (laughing gas)

95
Q

Substances derived from or are a synthesized form of testosterone

A

Anabolic-androgenic steroids

96
Q

Alternating between steroid use and a break from its use

A

Cycling

97
Q

Combining several types of steroids

A

Stacking

98
Q

Substances that cause drowsiness, pain relief, and the feeling of being out of one’s body

A

Dissociative anesthetics

99
Q

A dissociative anesthetic that produces a sense of detachment, reduced awareness of pain, and hallucinogenic effects ranging from rapture to paranoia to boredom

A

Ketamine

100
Q

Etiological model of substance use disorder that holds the view that problems in the dopamine system may increase the vulnerability of some people to become dependent on a substance

A

Vulnerability model

101
Q

Etiological model of substance use disorder viewing problems in the dopamine system as the consequences of taking substances

A

Toxic effect model

102
Q

Etiological model of substance use disorder suggesting that the dopamine system linked to pleasure becomes hypersensitive not just to the direct effects of drugs but also to the cues associated with drugs

A

Incentive-sensitization theory

103
Q

The tendency to be impulsive and sensation seeking and to be prone to antisocial behaviors

A

Behavior undercontrol

104
Q

Etiological model of substance use disorder that holds that an increase in positive feelings will be followed shortly by an increase in negative feelings, and vice versa

A

Opponent-process theory

105
Q

Etiological model of substance use disorder asserting that social networks influence a person’s drug or alcohol behavior

A

Social influence model

106
Q

Etiological model of substance use disorder holding the view that people who are inclined to develop substance use disorder select social networks that conform to their own drinking or drug use patterns

A

Social influence model

107
Q

Etiological model of substance use disorder that views drug use as a failure of self-control in the face of temptation

A

Moral weakkness model of chemical dependence

108
Q

Etiological model of substance use disorder asserting that, because of biological, psychological, and spiritual deficits, some people will lose all control over the substance use once they have lapsed

A

Disease model of physiological dependence

109
Q

The initial stage in weaning a user from a drug that involves medical supervision of the sometimes-painful withdrawal

A

Detoxification

110
Q

Replacement of a drug on which a person is dependent with one that has a similar chemical makeup

A

Agonist substitution

111
Q

State 2 behavior therapy approaches used to treat substance use disorder.

A
  1. Aversion therapy
  2. Covert sensitization
112
Q

Therapy approach in which the clinician and the client select the behaviors that the client needs to change and decide on the reinforcers that will reward reaching certain goals

A

Contingency management therapy

113
Q

Therapy approach for sufferers of substance use disorders to elicit and solidify individuals’ motivation and commitment to changing their substance use by combining CBT techniques with techniques associated with helping clients generate solutions that work for themselves

A

Motivational interviewing (MI; motivational enhancement therapy)

114
Q

Package of treatments in which several facets of the drug problem are addressed to help identify and correct aspects of the person’s life that might contribute to substance use or interfere with efforts to abstain

A

Community reinforcement approach

115
Q

Treatment that involves helping people remove any ambivalence about stopping their substance use by examining their beliefs about the positive aspects of the substance and confronting the negative consequences of its use

A

Relapse prevention

116
Q

Occurs when a person attempting to abstain ingests a substance and then endures conflict and quits abstinence by making an internal attribution to explain their substance use, thereby making them more likely to continue using in order to cope with the self-blame and guilt

A

Abstinence violation effort

117
Q

Approach to treating alcohol use disorder that views alcohol use as normative behavior and focuses education on the immediate risks of the excessive use of alcohol and the payoffs of moderation

A

Harm-reduction model

118
Q

Addictive disorder characterized by persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behavior, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress

A

Gambling disorder

119
Q

How many symptoms are required to meet the criteria for gambling disorder?

A

At least 4 symptoms

120
Q

How long should symptoms persist to meet the criteria for gambling disorder?

A

At least 12 months

Abnormal Psychology (16 decks)

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