Depressive Disorders Flashcards
State at last 1 gene found to have abnormalities in individuals with depressive disorders.
- DRD4.2 gene
- Serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT)
True or False: The same genetic factors contribute to both anxiety and depression.
True
State 2 brain structures that show elevated activity in individuals with depressive disorders.
- Amygdala
- Anterior cingulate
What are the abnormalities found in the hippocampus of people with depressive disorders?
- Diminished activation
- Small volume
State 2 brain structures that show diminished activity in individuals with depressive disorders.
- Hippocampus
- Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- Left prefrontal cortex
True or False: Neural reactivity to rewarding stimuli is decreasd in people with depressive disorders.
True
State 3 neurotransmitters that are implicated in depressive disorders.
- Dopamine
- Serotonin
- Norepinephrine
What depressive symptoms are explained by low dopamine in individuals with depressive disorders?
Deficits in pleasure, motivation, and energy
Etiological model of depression that focuses on overactivity in the HPA axis
Stress hypothesis
An endocrine disorder usually affecting young women, produced by oversecretion of cortisol and marked by mood swings, irritability, agitation, and physical disfigurement
Cushing’s syndrome
State at least 3 cognitive-behavioral contributions to the development of depreession.
- Sympathy as a positive reinforcer
- Self-defeating behaviors
- Negative cognitive triad
- Negative attributional styles
- Hopelessness
- Rumination
Etiological model of depression that holds that depression is the result of perceived or real absence of control over the outcome of an undesirablee situation
Learned helplessness theory of depression
A person’s negative views of the self, the world, and the future, in a reciprocal causal relationship with schemas and cognitive biases
Negative cognitive triad
An enduring negative cognitive belief system about some aspect of life
Negative schema
Tendencies to perceive events in a negative manner
Cognitive biases
Etiological model of depression holding the view that people who attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global causes are more likely than others to experience learned helplessness deficits following such events and thus are predisposed to depression
Reformulated learned helplessness theory
Etiological model of depression suggesting that depression develops when people make pessimistic attributions for the most important events in their lives and perceive that they have no way to cope with the consequences of these events
Hopelessness theory of depression
Sense that the future is bleak and that there is no way to make it more positiv
Hopelessness
Repetitive thoughts about why a person is experiencing a negative mood
Rumination
Etiological model of depression that focuses more on the processes of thinking than on the content of thinking as a contributor to depression
Rumination response styles theory
Hostility, criticism, and emotional overinvolvement directed from other people toward the patient, usually within a family
Expressed emotion (EE)
Tendency to be hypervigilant and overreactive to signs of rejection from others
Rejection sensitivity
Mood disorder specifier that involves the presence and severity of accompanying anxiety, whether in the form of comorbid anxiety disorders or anxiety symptoms that do not meet all of the criteria for the disorder
Anxious distress specifier
How many symptoms must be present for the anxious distress specifier to be included in the diagnosis of a depressive disorder?
At least 2 symptoms
Mood disorder specifier in which the individual experiences both elation and depression or anxiety at the same time
Mixed features specifier (dysphoric manic episode or mixed manic episode)
How many manic or hypomanic symptoms must be present to meet the criteria for mixed features specifier?
At last 3 symptoms
Mood disorder specifier that includes some of the more severe somatic symptoms
Melancholic features specifier
Not including loss of pleasure, how many symptoms must be present to meet the criteria for the melancholic features specifier?
At least 3 symptoms
Mood disorder specifier characterized by the ability to react with interest or pleasure to some things
Atypical features specifier
How many symptoms must be present to meet the criteria for the atypical features specifier?
At least 2 symptoms
Mood disorder specifier that describes psychotic symptoms that seem directly related to the depression
Mood-congruent psychotic features specifier
Mood disorder specifier that describes psychotic symptoms that do not seem consistent with the depressed mood
Mood-incongruent psychotic features specifier
Mood disorder specifier that includes catalepsy or excessive but random or purposeless movement
Catatonia specifier
Mood disorder specifier characterized by depressed mood during the period of time just before and just after the birth
Peripartum onset specifier (peripartum depression)
Mood disorder specifier characterized by a cycling of episodes corresponding to the seasons of the year, typically with depression occurring during the winter
Seasonal pattern specifier (seasonal affective disorder)
Etiological model of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) suggesting that SAD is a result of phase-delayed circadian misalignment, meaning that the patient’s circadian rhythm is misaligned with the environmental day-night cycle
Phase-shift hypothesis
Treatment for seasonal affective disorder (SAD) in which patints are exposed to 2 hours of bright light immediately on awakening during the winter months
Phototherapy
Depressive disorder involving at least 1 major depressive episode
Major depressive disorder (MDD)
Depression characterized by the presence of only 3 symptoms for 10 days
Subclinical depression
Grief that evolves from acute grief into a condition in which the individual accepts the finality of a death and adjusts to the loss
Integrated grief
Debilitating grief characterized by strong yearning for the deceased person and preoccupation with the loss, persistent regrests about one’s own or others’ behavior toward the decased, difficulty accepting the finality of the loss, and a sense that life is empty and meaningless
Complicated grief
A disorder whose symptoms dissipate but that tends to recur
Episodic disorder
Depressive disorder involving persistently depressed mood, with low self-esteem, withdrawal, pessimism, or despair, that is present for at least 2 years, with no absence of symptoms for more than 2 months
Persistent depressive disorder (PDD)
What is the minimum duration for persistent depressive disorder (PDD) in children and adolescents?
At least 1 year
How many symptoms must be present to meet the criteria for persistent depressive disorder (PDD)?
At least 2 symptoms
Severe depressive disorder typified by major depressive episodes superimposed over a background of persistent dysthymic mood
Persistent depressive disorder with intermittent major depressive episodes (double depression)
Depressive disorder characterized by clinically significant emotional problems that can occur during the prmenstrual phase of the reproductive cycle of a woman
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
How many symptoms in total are required to meet the diagnostic criteria for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)?
5 symptoms in total
Depressive disorder in which a child has chronic negative moods such as anger and irritability without any accompanying mania
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)
How many times a week should the temper outbursts occur to meet the diagnostic criteria for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)?
At least 3 times a week
How long should the symptoms last to meet the criteria for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)?
At least 12 months
True or False: Disruptive mood dysregulation disordr (DMDD) cannot coexist with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and intermittent explosive disorder.
False
What is the difference between disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) and intermittent explosive disordeer?
Intermittent explosive disorder does not require the mood to be persistently irritable or angry between outbursts, whereas disruptive mood dysregulation disorder does.
What medical treatments are used to treat depressive disorders?
- Antidepressants
- Brain stimulation techniques
Cognitive-beehavioral therapy approach designed for persistent depressive disorder (PDD) that integrates cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal strategies and focuses on problem-solving skills, particularly in the context of important relationships
Cognitive-behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy
Therapy pioneered by Aaron Beck, which is based on the idea that depressed mood is caused by distortions in the way people perceive life experiences and aims to provide people with experiences that will alter their negative schemas
Cognitive therapy
A recent adaptation of cognitive therapy or restructuring that aims to decenter the person’s perspective in order to break the cycle between sadness and thinking patterns
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)
A combination of continued psychosocial treatment and medication designed to prevent relapse following therapy
Maintenance treatment
