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Abnormal Psychology > Depressive Disorders > Flashcards

Depressive Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

State at last 1 gene found to have abnormalities in individuals with depressive disorders.

A
  1. DRD4.2 gene
  2. Serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT)
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2
Q

True or False: The same genetic factors contribute to both anxiety and depression.

A

True

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3
Q

State 2 brain structures that show elevated activity in individuals with depressive disorders.

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. Anterior cingulate
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4
Q

What are the abnormalities found in the hippocampus of people with depressive disorders?

A
  1. Diminished activation
  2. Small volume
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5
Q

State 2 brain structures that show diminished activity in individuals with depressive disorders.

A
  1. Hippocampus
  2. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
  3. Left prefrontal cortex
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6
Q

True or False: Neural reactivity to rewarding stimuli is decreasd in people with depressive disorders.

A

True

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7
Q

State 3 neurotransmitters that are implicated in depressive disorders.

A
  1. Dopamine
  2. Serotonin
  3. Norepinephrine
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8
Q

What depressive symptoms are explained by low dopamine in individuals with depressive disorders?

A

Deficits in pleasure, motivation, and energy

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9
Q

Etiological model of depression that focuses on overactivity in the HPA axis

A

Stress hypothesis

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10
Q

An endocrine disorder usually affecting young women, produced by oversecretion of cortisol and marked by mood swings, irritability, agitation, and physical disfigurement

A

Cushing’s syndrome

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11
Q

State at least 3 cognitive-behavioral contributions to the development of depreession.

A
  1. Sympathy as a positive reinforcer
  2. Self-defeating behaviors
  3. Negative cognitive triad
  4. Negative attributional styles
  5. Hopelessness
  6. Rumination
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12
Q

Etiological model of depression that holds that depression is the result of perceived or real absence of control over the outcome of an undesirablee situation

A

Learned helplessness theory of depression

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13
Q

A person’s negative views of the self, the world, and the future, in a reciprocal causal relationship with schemas and cognitive biases

A

Negative cognitive triad

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14
Q

An enduring negative cognitive belief system about some aspect of life

A

Negative schema

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15
Q

Tendencies to perceive events in a negative manner

A

Cognitive biases

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16
Q

Etiological model of depression holding the view that people who attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global causes are more likely than others to experience learned helplessness deficits following such events and thus are predisposed to depression

A

Reformulated learned helplessness theory

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17
Q

Etiological model of depression suggesting that depression develops when people make pessimistic attributions for the most important events in their lives and perceive that they have no way to cope with the consequences of these events

A

Hopelessness theory of depression

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18
Q

Sense that the future is bleak and that there is no way to make it more positiv

A

Hopelessness

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19
Q

Repetitive thoughts about why a person is experiencing a negative mood

A

Rumination

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20
Q

Etiological model of depression that focuses more on the processes of thinking than on the content of thinking as a contributor to depression

A

Rumination response styles theory

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21
Q

Hostility, criticism, and emotional overinvolvement directed from other people toward the patient, usually within a family

A

Expressed emotion (EE)

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22
Q

Tendency to be hypervigilant and overreactive to signs of rejection from others

A

Rejection sensitivity

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23
Q

Mood disorder specifier that involves the presence and severity of accompanying anxiety, whether in the form of comorbid anxiety disorders or anxiety symptoms that do not meet all of the criteria for the disorder

A

Anxious distress specifier

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24
Q

How many symptoms must be present for the anxious distress specifier to be included in the diagnosis of a depressive disorder?

A

At least 2 symptoms

25
Q

Mood disorder specifier in which the individual experiences both elation and depression or anxiety at the same time

A

Mixed features specifier (dysphoric manic episode or mixed manic episode)

26
Q

How many manic or hypomanic symptoms must be present to meet the criteria for mixed features specifier?

A

At last 3 symptoms

27
Q

Mood disorder specifier that includes some of the more severe somatic symptoms

A

Melancholic features specifier

28
Q

Not including loss of pleasure, how many symptoms must be present to meet the criteria for the melancholic features specifier?

A

At least 3 symptoms

29
Q

Mood disorder specifier characterized by the ability to react with interest or pleasure to some things

A

Atypical features specifier

30
Q

How many symptoms must be present to meet the criteria for the atypical features specifier?

A

At least 2 symptoms

31
Q

Mood disorder specifier that describes psychotic symptoms that seem directly related to the depression

A

Mood-congruent psychotic features specifier

32
Q

Mood disorder specifier that describes psychotic symptoms that do not seem consistent with the depressed mood

A

Mood-incongruent psychotic features specifier

33
Q

Mood disorder specifier that includes catalepsy or excessive but random or purposeless movement

A

Catatonia specifier

34
Q

Mood disorder specifier characterized by depressed mood during the period of time just before and just after the birth

A

Peripartum onset specifier (peripartum depression)

35
Q

Mood disorder specifier characterized by a cycling of episodes corresponding to the seasons of the year, typically with depression occurring during the winter

A

Seasonal pattern specifier (seasonal affective disorder)

36
Q

Etiological model of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) suggesting that SAD is a result of phase-delayed circadian misalignment, meaning that the patient’s circadian rhythm is misaligned with the environmental day-night cycle

A

Phase-shift hypothesis

37
Q

Treatment for seasonal affective disorder (SAD) in which patints are exposed to 2 hours of bright light immediately on awakening during the winter months

A

Phototherapy

38
Q

Depressive disorder involving at least 1 major depressive episode

A

Major depressive disorder (MDD)

39
Q

Depression characterized by the presence of only 3 symptoms for 10 days

A

Subclinical depression

40
Q

Grief that evolves from acute grief into a condition in which the individual accepts the finality of a death and adjusts to the loss

A

Integrated grief

41
Q

Debilitating grief characterized by strong yearning for the deceased person and preoccupation with the loss, persistent regrests about one’s own or others’ behavior toward the decased, difficulty accepting the finality of the loss, and a sense that life is empty and meaningless

A

Complicated grief

42
Q

A disorder whose symptoms dissipate but that tends to recur

A

Episodic disorder

43
Q

Depressive disorder involving persistently depressed mood, with low self-esteem, withdrawal, pessimism, or despair, that is present for at least 2 years, with no absence of symptoms for more than 2 months

A

Persistent depressive disorder (PDD)

44
Q

What is the minimum duration for persistent depressive disorder (PDD) in children and adolescents?

A

At least 1 year

45
Q

How many symptoms must be present to meet the criteria for persistent depressive disorder (PDD)?

A

At least 2 symptoms

46
Q

Severe depressive disorder typified by major depressive episodes superimposed over a background of persistent dysthymic mood

A

Persistent depressive disorder with intermittent major depressive episodes (double depression)

47
Q

Depressive disorder characterized by clinically significant emotional problems that can occur during the prmenstrual phase of the reproductive cycle of a woman

A

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

48
Q

How many symptoms in total are required to meet the diagnostic criteria for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)?

A

5 symptoms in total

49
Q

Depressive disorder in which a child has chronic negative moods such as anger and irritability without any accompanying mania

A

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)

50
Q

How many times a week should the temper outbursts occur to meet the diagnostic criteria for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)?

A

At least 3 times a week

51
Q

How long should the symptoms last to meet the criteria for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)?

A

At least 12 months

52
Q

True or False: Disruptive mood dysregulation disordr (DMDD) cannot coexist with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and intermittent explosive disorder.

A

False

53
Q

What is the difference between disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) and intermittent explosive disordeer?

A

Intermittent explosive disorder does not require the mood to be persistently irritable or angry between outbursts, whereas disruptive mood dysregulation disorder does.

54
Q

What medical treatments are used to treat depressive disorders?

A
  1. Antidepressants
  2. Brain stimulation techniques
55
Q

Cognitive-beehavioral therapy approach designed for persistent depressive disorder (PDD) that integrates cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal strategies and focuses on problem-solving skills, particularly in the context of important relationships

A

Cognitive-behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy

56
Q

Therapy pioneered by Aaron Beck, which is based on the idea that depressed mood is caused by distortions in the way people perceive life experiences and aims to provide people with experiences that will alter their negative schemas

A

Cognitive therapy

57
Q

A recent adaptation of cognitive therapy or restructuring that aims to decenter the person’s perspective in order to break the cycle between sadness and thinking patterns

A

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)

58
Q

A combination of continued psychosocial treatment and medication designed to prevent relapse following therapy

A

Maintenance treatment

Abnormal Psychology (16 decks)

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