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Abnormal Psychology > Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

A category of psychological disorders related to schizophrenia that vary along a severity continuum

A

Schizophrenia spectrum

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2
Q

State involving a loss of contact with reality, as well as an inability to differentiate between reality and one’s subjective state

A

Psychosis

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3
Q

Symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders characterized by distorted reality

A

Positive symptoms

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4
Q

Psychotic symptom involving disorder of thought content and presence of strong beliefs that are misrepresentations of reality, firmly held in spite of evidence to the contrary

A

Delusion

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5
Q

Delusional belief that one is going to be harmed, harassed, and so forth by an individual, organization, or other group

A

Persecutory delusion

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6
Q

Delusional belief that certain gestures, comments, environmental cues, and so forth are directed at oneself

A

Ideas of reference

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7
Q

Delusional belief that one has exceptional abilities, wealth, or fame

A

Grandiose delusion

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8
Q

Delusional belief that another person is in love with them

A

Erotomanic delusion

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9
Q

Delusional belief that a major catastrophe will occur

A

Nihilistic delusion

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10
Q

Delusional belief focusing on preoccupations regarding health and organ function, specifically that one’s apeparance or part of one’s body is diseased or altered

A

Somatic delusion

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11
Q

Delusional belief that one has committed a terrible act or is responsible for a terrible event

A

Delusion of guilt or sin

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12
Q

Bizarre delusional belief that one’s thoughts have been removed by some outside force

A

Thought withdrawal

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13
Q

Bizarre delusional belief that alien thoughts have been put into one’s mind

A

Thought insertion

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14
Q

Bizarre delusional belief that one’s body or actions are being acted on or manipulated by some outside force

A

Delusions of control

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15
Q

Bizarre delusional belief that one’s thoughts are transmitted so that others know what they are thinking

A

Thought broadcasting

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16
Q

Bizarre delusional belief in which the person thinks that someone they know has been replaced by a double

A

Capgras syndrome

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17
Q

Bizarre delusional belief that one is dead

A

Cotard’s syndrome

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18
Q

Etiological model that views delusions as attempts to deal with and relieve anxiety and stress

A

Motivational view of delusions

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19
Q

Etiological model that sees delusions as resulting from brain dysfunction that creates these disordered cognitions or perceptions

A

Deficit view of delusions

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20
Q

Vivid and clear perception-like experiences that occur without an external stimulus and not under voluntary control, with the full force and impact of normal perceptions

A

Hallucinations

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21
Q

A type of hallucination involving the perception that something is happening to the outside of the person’s body

A

Tactile hallucination

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22
Q

A type of hallucination involving the perception that something is happening inside the person’s body

A

Somatic hallucination

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23
Q

Etiological model suggesting that people who are hallucinating are listening to their own thoughts rather than hearing the voices of others and cannot recognize the difference

A

Metacognition theory

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24
Q

A symptom of schizophrenia that is typically inferred from the individual’s speech and that must be severe enough to substantially impair effective communication

A

Disorganized thinking (formal thought disorder)

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25
Q

A symptom of schizophrenia defined by a style of talking involving incoherence and a lack of typical logic patterns that is difficult for others to understand

A

Disorganized speech

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26
Q

Type of disorganized speech in which the individual switches from one topic to another and drifts off on a train of associations evoked by an idea from the past with little coherent transition

A

Derailment (loose associations)

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27
Q

Type of disorganized speech in which answers to questions may be obliquely related or completely unrelated

A

Tangentiality

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28
Q

Type of disorganized speech that is nearly incomprehensible and resembles receptive aphasia in its linguistic disorganization

A

Incoherence (word salad)

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29
Q

Type of disorganized speech characterized by words made up by a person that mean something only to them

A

Neologisms

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30
Q

Type of disorganized speech whereby associations between words are based on the sounds of the words

A

Clangs

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31
Q

Symptom of schizophrenia spectrum disorers that is marked by odd behaviors that do not appear organized

A

Disorganized behavior

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32
Q

Disorganized symptom of schizophrenia spectrum disorders characterized by emotional displays that are improper for the situation

A

Inappropriate affect

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33
Q

Less outgoing symptoms and behavioral deficits displayed by some people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders

A

Negative symptoms

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34
Q

Domain of negative symptoms in schizophrenia involving motivation, emotional experience, and sociality

A

Experience domain

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35
Q

Domain of negative symptoms in schizophrenia involving outward expression of emotion and vocalization

A

Expression domain

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36
Q

Negative symptom marked by a decrease in motivated, self-initiated, purposeful activities, where the individual may sit for long periods of time and show little interest in participating in work or social activities

A

Avolition

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37
Q

Negative symptom manifested by diminished speech output (in amount or content of speech)

A

Alogia

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38
Q

Negative symptom defined by the decreased ability to experience pleasure

A

Anhedonia

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39
Q

Pleasure experienced in the moment or in the presence of a pleasurable stimulus

A

Consummatory pleasure

40
Q

Expected pleasure for events, people, or activities in the future

A

Anticipatory pleasure

41
Q

True or False: People with schizophrenia have a deficit in consummatory pleasure.

A

False

People with schizophrenia apepar to have a deficit in anticipatory pleasure but not consummatory pleasure.

42
Q

Negative symptom referring to the apparent lack of interest in social interactions

A

Asociality

43
Q

Negative symptom that includes reductions in the expression of emotions in the face, eye contact, prosody, and movements that normally give an emotional emphasis to speech

A

Diminished emotional expression

44
Q

An apparently emotionless demeanor (including toneless speech and vacant gaze) when a reaction would be expected

A

Flat affect (blunted affect or restricted affect)

45
Q

A psychotic disorder in which the individual has persistent delusions and is very often contentious but has no disorganized thinking or hallucinations

A

Delusional disorder

46
Q

What is the minimum duration required to meet the criteria for delusional disorder?

A

1 month

47
Q

Psychotic disturbance in the previous versions of the DSM in which individuals develop a delusion similar to that of a person with whom they share a close relationship

A

Shared psychotic disorder (folie a deux)

48
Q

A psychotic disorder involving delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech or behavior but lasting less than 1 month, often occurring in reaction to a stressor

A

Brief psychotic disorder

49
Q

What is the required duration in brief psychotic disorder?

A

At least 1 day but less than 1 month

50
Q

How many symptoms are required to meet the criteria for brief psychotic disorder?

A

At least 1 symptom

51
Q

Psychotic disorder involving the symptoms of schizophrenia but lasting less than 6 months

A

Schizophreniform disorder

52
Q

How many symptoms are required to meet the criteria for schizophreniform disorder?

A

At least 2 symptoms

53
Q

What is the required duration for schizophreniform disorder?

A

At least 1 month but less than 6 months

54
Q

True or False: Impaired social and occupational functioning must be present for a diagnosis of schizophreniform disorder to be made.

A

False

Impaired social and occupational functioning may potentially be present, but it is not necessary for a diagnosis of schizophreniform disorder.

55
Q

Psychological disorder characterized by silly and immature emotionality

A

Hebephrenia

56
Q

Irrational belief that one is especially important or that other people are seeking to do them harm

A

Paranoia

57
Q

The separation among basic functions of human personality seen by some as the defining characteristic of schizophrenia

A

Associative splitting

58
Q

What did the term schizophrenia originally mean?

A

Splitting of the mind

59
Q

State the 4 DSM-IV-TR schizophrenia subtypes.

A
  1. Paranoid
  2. Disorganized
  3. Catatonic
  4. Undifferentiated
60
Q

How many symptoms must be present to meet the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia?

A

At least 2 symptoms

61
Q

How long should the disturbance persist in schizophrenia?

A

At least 6 months (with active-phase symptoms persisting for at least 1 month)

62
Q

Phase in schizophrenia characterized by milder symptoms prior to an acute phase of the disorder, during which behaviors are unusual and peculiar but not yet psychotic or completely disorganized

A

Prodromal phase

63
Q

Phase in schizophrenia characterized by a continuous presence of the disturbance

A

Active phase

64
Q

Phase in schizophrenia characterized by mild or subthreshold form of hallucinations or delusions following the active phase

A

Residual phase

65
Q

A lack of insight or awareness of one’s disorder

A

Anosognosia

66
Q

Genetic mutations that can occur as a result of a mutation in a germ cell of one of the parents or in the fertilized egg after conception

A

De novo mutations

67
Q

What are the 3 chromosomes involved in the susceptibility to schizophrenia?

A
  1. Chromosome 8
  2. Chromosome 6
  3. Chromosome 22
68
Q

Molecular genetics strategy that involves finding the basic processes that contribute to the behaviors or symptoms of a disorder and their finding the gene(s) that causes these difficulties

A

Endophenotyping

69
Q

Etiological model of schizophrenia suggesting that the symptoms of schizophrenia are caused by excess levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex and limbic system

A

Dopamine theory

70
Q

Etiological model of schizophrenia proposing that there may be excess dopamine activity in the mesolimbic pathway and low dopamine activity in the prefrontal area among people with schizophrenia

A

Revised dopamine theory

71
Q

What brain pathway shows abnormal functioning that may contribute to hallucinations, delusions, and deficits in motivation in individuals with schizophrenia?

A

Mesolimbic pathway

72
Q

Apart from dopamine, state at least 1 neurotransmitter that shows abnormal levels contributing to cognitive and emotional symptoms in schizophrenia.

A
  1. GABA
  2. Glutamate
73
Q

In terms of brain structure and function, state at least 3 neurobiological contributions to the development of schizophrenia.

A
  1. Enlarged ventricles
  2. Underactive prefrontal cortex
  3. Deficient activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
  4. Loss of dendritic spines
  5. Reduction in gray matter in temporal cortex
  6. Disrupted HPA axis
  7. Smaller hippocampal volume
74
Q

Phenomenon in which the frontal lobes may be less active in people with schizophrenia than in people without the disorder

A

Hypofrontality

75
Q

True or False: People with schizophrenia are more reactive to stress.

A

True

People with schizophrenia have a disrupted HPA axis.

76
Q

State at least 1 prenatal or perinatal factor contributing to the development of schizophrenia.

A
  1. Perinatal hypoxia
  2. Maternal malnutrition during pregnancy
  3. Prenatal viral exposure
77
Q

Etiological model of schizophrenia that seeks causes in social conditions (i.e., being in a low social class can cause one to develop schizophrenia)

A

Sociogenic hypothesis

78
Q

Etiological model of schizophrenia saying that because schizophrenia symptoms interfere with educational attainment and employment, people with schizophrenia tend to drift downward in social class compared to their family of origin

A

Social selection hypothesis (social drift)

79
Q

A cold, dominating, and rejecting parent who was thought to cause schizophrenia in her offspring, according to an obsolete, unsupported theory

A

Schizophrenogenic mother

80
Q

The practice of transmitting conflicting messages that was thought to cause schizophrenia, according to an obsolete, unsupported theory

A

Double-bind communication

81
Q

What medication is prescribed to improve memory, problem solving, and emotion processing in individuals with schizophrenia?

A

Modafinil

82
Q

State 2 medical procedures that were once used to treat schizophrenia.

A
  1. Insulin coma therapy
  2. Electroconvulsive therapy
83
Q

What brain-stimulation technique is used to treat schizophrenia?

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

84
Q

State at least 2 psychotherapy approaches used to treat schizophrenia.

A
  1. Social skills training
  2. Family therapy
  3. Cognitive-behavioral therapy
  4. Cogntive enhancement therapy
  5. Psychoeducation
85
Q

Psychotherapy approach that seeks to improve basic cognitive functions of people with schizophrenia while reducing symptoms as well

A

Cognitive enhancement therapy (CET or cognitive training)

86
Q

Mental health professional who coordinates the range of medical and psychological services that people need to keep functioning outside of institutions with some degree of independence and peace of mind

A

Case manager

87
Q

Treatment process in which residents learn marketable skills that can help them secure employment and thereby increase their chances of remaining in the community

A

Vocational rehabilitation

88
Q

Psychotic disorder featuring symptoms of both schizophrenia (or schizophreniform disorder) and a major mood disorder

A

Schizoaffective disorder

89
Q

How long should the delusions and hallucinations last in the absence of a major mood episode for an individual to be diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder?

A

At least 2 weeks

90
Q

A constellation of schizophrenic symptoms including repetitive, peculiar, complex gestures and, in some cases, an almost manic increase to overall activity level

A

Catatonia

91
Q

Catatonic behavior characterized by resistance to instructions

A

Negativism

92
Q

Catatonic behavior characterized by a complete lack of verbal responses

A

Mutism

93
Q

Catatonic behavior characterized by a complete lack of motor responses

A

Stupor

94
Q

Catatonic behavior characterized by purposeless and excessive motor activity without obvious cause

A

Catatonic excitement

95
Q

Catatonic behavior in which the person remains motionless, sometimes in an awkward position, for extended periods, with accompanying muscular rigidity, trancelike state of consciousness, and waxy flexibility

A

Catatonic immobility

96
Q

The tendency to keep one’s body and limbs in the position they are put in by somebody else

A

Waxy flexibility

97
Q

How many symptoms are required to be considered for a diagnosis of catatonia associated with another mental disorder (catatonia specifier)?

A

At least 3 symptoms

Abnormal Psychology (16 decks)

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