Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders Flashcards
A category of psychological disorders related to schizophrenia that vary along a severity continuum
Schizophrenia spectrum
State involving a loss of contact with reality, as well as an inability to differentiate between reality and one’s subjective state
Psychosis
Symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders characterized by distorted reality
Positive symptoms
Psychotic symptom involving disorder of thought content and presence of strong beliefs that are misrepresentations of reality, firmly held in spite of evidence to the contrary
Delusion
Delusional belief that one is going to be harmed, harassed, and so forth by an individual, organization, or other group
Persecutory delusion
Delusional belief that certain gestures, comments, environmental cues, and so forth are directed at oneself
Ideas of reference
Delusional belief that one has exceptional abilities, wealth, or fame
Grandiose delusion
Delusional belief that another person is in love with them
Erotomanic delusion
Delusional belief that a major catastrophe will occur
Nihilistic delusion
Delusional belief focusing on preoccupations regarding health and organ function, specifically that one’s apeparance or part of one’s body is diseased or altered
Somatic delusion
Delusional belief that one has committed a terrible act or is responsible for a terrible event
Delusion of guilt or sin
Bizarre delusional belief that one’s thoughts have been removed by some outside force
Thought withdrawal
Bizarre delusional belief that alien thoughts have been put into one’s mind
Thought insertion
Bizarre delusional belief that one’s body or actions are being acted on or manipulated by some outside force
Delusions of control
Bizarre delusional belief that one’s thoughts are transmitted so that others know what they are thinking
Thought broadcasting
Bizarre delusional belief in which the person thinks that someone they know has been replaced by a double
Capgras syndrome
Bizarre delusional belief that one is dead
Cotard’s syndrome
Etiological model that views delusions as attempts to deal with and relieve anxiety and stress
Motivational view of delusions
Etiological model that sees delusions as resulting from brain dysfunction that creates these disordered cognitions or perceptions
Deficit view of delusions
Vivid and clear perception-like experiences that occur without an external stimulus and not under voluntary control, with the full force and impact of normal perceptions
Hallucinations
A type of hallucination involving the perception that something is happening to the outside of the person’s body
Tactile hallucination
A type of hallucination involving the perception that something is happening inside the person’s body
Somatic hallucination
Etiological model suggesting that people who are hallucinating are listening to their own thoughts rather than hearing the voices of others and cannot recognize the difference
Metacognition theory
A symptom of schizophrenia that is typically inferred from the individual’s speech and that must be severe enough to substantially impair effective communication
Disorganized thinking (formal thought disorder)
A symptom of schizophrenia defined by a style of talking involving incoherence and a lack of typical logic patterns that is difficult for others to understand
Disorganized speech
Type of disorganized speech in which the individual switches from one topic to another and drifts off on a train of associations evoked by an idea from the past with little coherent transition
Derailment (loose associations)
Type of disorganized speech in which answers to questions may be obliquely related or completely unrelated
Tangentiality
Type of disorganized speech that is nearly incomprehensible and resembles receptive aphasia in its linguistic disorganization
Incoherence (word salad)
Type of disorganized speech characterized by words made up by a person that mean something only to them
Neologisms
Type of disorganized speech whereby associations between words are based on the sounds of the words
Clangs
Symptom of schizophrenia spectrum disorers that is marked by odd behaviors that do not appear organized
Disorganized behavior
Disorganized symptom of schizophrenia spectrum disorders characterized by emotional displays that are improper for the situation
Inappropriate affect
Less outgoing symptoms and behavioral deficits displayed by some people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Negative symptoms
Domain of negative symptoms in schizophrenia involving motivation, emotional experience, and sociality
Experience domain
Domain of negative symptoms in schizophrenia involving outward expression of emotion and vocalization
Expression domain
Negative symptom marked by a decrease in motivated, self-initiated, purposeful activities, where the individual may sit for long periods of time and show little interest in participating in work or social activities
Avolition
Negative symptom manifested by diminished speech output (in amount or content of speech)
Alogia
Negative symptom defined by the decreased ability to experience pleasure
Anhedonia
Pleasure experienced in the moment or in the presence of a pleasurable stimulus
Consummatory pleasure
Expected pleasure for events, people, or activities in the future
Anticipatory pleasure
True or False: People with schizophrenia have a deficit in consummatory pleasure.
False
People with schizophrenia apepar to have a deficit in anticipatory pleasure but not consummatory pleasure.
Negative symptom referring to the apparent lack of interest in social interactions
Asociality
Negative symptom that includes reductions in the expression of emotions in the face, eye contact, prosody, and movements that normally give an emotional emphasis to speech
Diminished emotional expression
An apparently emotionless demeanor (including toneless speech and vacant gaze) when a reaction would be expected
Flat affect (blunted affect or restricted affect)
A psychotic disorder in which the individual has persistent delusions and is very often contentious but has no disorganized thinking or hallucinations
Delusional disorder
What is the minimum duration required to meet the criteria for delusional disorder?
1 month
Psychotic disturbance in the previous versions of the DSM in which individuals develop a delusion similar to that of a person with whom they share a close relationship
Shared psychotic disorder (folie a deux)
A psychotic disorder involving delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech or behavior but lasting less than 1 month, often occurring in reaction to a stressor
Brief psychotic disorder
What is the required duration in brief psychotic disorder?
At least 1 day but less than 1 month
How many symptoms are required to meet the criteria for brief psychotic disorder?
At least 1 symptom
Psychotic disorder involving the symptoms of schizophrenia but lasting less than 6 months
Schizophreniform disorder
How many symptoms are required to meet the criteria for schizophreniform disorder?
At least 2 symptoms
What is the required duration for schizophreniform disorder?
At least 1 month but less than 6 months
True or False: Impaired social and occupational functioning must be present for a diagnosis of schizophreniform disorder to be made.
False
Impaired social and occupational functioning may potentially be present, but it is not necessary for a diagnosis of schizophreniform disorder.
Psychological disorder characterized by silly and immature emotionality
Hebephrenia
Irrational belief that one is especially important or that other people are seeking to do them harm
Paranoia
The separation among basic functions of human personality seen by some as the defining characteristic of schizophrenia
Associative splitting
What did the term schizophrenia originally mean?
Splitting of the mind
State the 4 DSM-IV-TR schizophrenia subtypes.
- Paranoid
- Disorganized
- Catatonic
- Undifferentiated
How many symptoms must be present to meet the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia?
At least 2 symptoms
How long should the disturbance persist in schizophrenia?
At least 6 months (with active-phase symptoms persisting for at least 1 month)
Phase in schizophrenia characterized by milder symptoms prior to an acute phase of the disorder, during which behaviors are unusual and peculiar but not yet psychotic or completely disorganized
Prodromal phase
Phase in schizophrenia characterized by a continuous presence of the disturbance
Active phase
Phase in schizophrenia characterized by mild or subthreshold form of hallucinations or delusions following the active phase
Residual phase
A lack of insight or awareness of one’s disorder
Anosognosia
Genetic mutations that can occur as a result of a mutation in a germ cell of one of the parents or in the fertilized egg after conception
De novo mutations
What are the 3 chromosomes involved in the susceptibility to schizophrenia?
- Chromosome 8
- Chromosome 6
- Chromosome 22
Molecular genetics strategy that involves finding the basic processes that contribute to the behaviors or symptoms of a disorder and their finding the gene(s) that causes these difficulties
Endophenotyping
Etiological model of schizophrenia suggesting that the symptoms of schizophrenia are caused by excess levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex and limbic system
Dopamine theory
Etiological model of schizophrenia proposing that there may be excess dopamine activity in the mesolimbic pathway and low dopamine activity in the prefrontal area among people with schizophrenia
Revised dopamine theory
What brain pathway shows abnormal functioning that may contribute to hallucinations, delusions, and deficits in motivation in individuals with schizophrenia?
Mesolimbic pathway
Apart from dopamine, state at least 1 neurotransmitter that shows abnormal levels contributing to cognitive and emotional symptoms in schizophrenia.
- GABA
- Glutamate
In terms of brain structure and function, state at least 3 neurobiological contributions to the development of schizophrenia.
- Enlarged ventricles
- Underactive prefrontal cortex
- Deficient activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- Loss of dendritic spines
- Reduction in gray matter in temporal cortex
- Disrupted HPA axis
- Smaller hippocampal volume
Phenomenon in which the frontal lobes may be less active in people with schizophrenia than in people without the disorder
Hypofrontality
True or False: People with schizophrenia are more reactive to stress.
True
People with schizophrenia have a disrupted HPA axis.
State at least 1 prenatal or perinatal factor contributing to the development of schizophrenia.
- Perinatal hypoxia
- Maternal malnutrition during pregnancy
- Prenatal viral exposure
Etiological model of schizophrenia that seeks causes in social conditions (i.e., being in a low social class can cause one to develop schizophrenia)
Sociogenic hypothesis
Etiological model of schizophrenia saying that because schizophrenia symptoms interfere with educational attainment and employment, people with schizophrenia tend to drift downward in social class compared to their family of origin
Social selection hypothesis (social drift)
A cold, dominating, and rejecting parent who was thought to cause schizophrenia in her offspring, according to an obsolete, unsupported theory
Schizophrenogenic mother
The practice of transmitting conflicting messages that was thought to cause schizophrenia, according to an obsolete, unsupported theory
Double-bind communication
What medication is prescribed to improve memory, problem solving, and emotion processing in individuals with schizophrenia?
Modafinil
State 2 medical procedures that were once used to treat schizophrenia.
- Insulin coma therapy
- Electroconvulsive therapy
What brain-stimulation technique is used to treat schizophrenia?
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
State at least 2 psychotherapy approaches used to treat schizophrenia.
- Social skills training
- Family therapy
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy
- Cogntive enhancement therapy
- Psychoeducation
Psychotherapy approach that seeks to improve basic cognitive functions of people with schizophrenia while reducing symptoms as well
Cognitive enhancement therapy (CET or cognitive training)
Mental health professional who coordinates the range of medical and psychological services that people need to keep functioning outside of institutions with some degree of independence and peace of mind
Case manager
Treatment process in which residents learn marketable skills that can help them secure employment and thereby increase their chances of remaining in the community
Vocational rehabilitation
Psychotic disorder featuring symptoms of both schizophrenia (or schizophreniform disorder) and a major mood disorder
Schizoaffective disorder
How long should the delusions and hallucinations last in the absence of a major mood episode for an individual to be diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder?
At least 2 weeks
A constellation of schizophrenic symptoms including repetitive, peculiar, complex gestures and, in some cases, an almost manic increase to overall activity level
Catatonia
Catatonic behavior characterized by resistance to instructions
Negativism
Catatonic behavior characterized by a complete lack of verbal responses
Mutism
Catatonic behavior characterized by a complete lack of motor responses
Stupor
Catatonic behavior characterized by purposeless and excessive motor activity without obvious cause
Catatonic excitement
Catatonic behavior in which the person remains motionless, sometimes in an awkward position, for extended periods, with accompanying muscular rigidity, trancelike state of consciousness, and waxy flexibility
Catatonic immobility
The tendency to keep one’s body and limbs in the position they are put in by somebody else
Waxy flexibility
How many symptoms are required to be considered for a diagnosis of catatonia associated with another mental disorder (catatonia specifier)?
At least 3 symptoms
