Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders Flashcards
A disorder involving unwanted, persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses, as well as repetitive actions intended to suppress them
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
True or False: The presence of both obsessions and compulsions are required to meet the diagnostic criteria for OCD.
False
To meet the diagnostic criteria for OCD, either obsessions or compulsions can be present, or both can be present.
Recurrent intrusive thoughts or impulses that the client seeks to suppress or neurtralize, while recognizing that they are not imposed by outside forces
Obsessions
Repetitive, ritualistic, time-consuming behaviors or mental acts that a person feels driven to perform to suppress obsessions
Compulsions
What are the 4 symptom subtypes of OCD?
- Symmetry/exactness/”just right”
- Forbidden thoughts or actions (aggressive/sexual/religious)
- Cleaning/contamination
- Hoarding
Syndrome characterized by sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic motor movement or vocalization
Tic disorder
Syndrome in which OCD and tics occur after a bout of strep throat
Pediatric autoimmune disorder associated with streptococcal infection (PANDAS)
Umbrella term that is a revised and broadened version of PANDAS
Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS)
What is the difference between OCD and other compulsive-like behaviors such as substance use disorder and gambling disorder?
In OCD, compulsions are not associated with pleasure, whereas in other compulsive-like behaviors, the individual derives pleasure from their compulsions.
What 3 brain structures are unusually active in people with OCD and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)?
- Orbitofrontal cortex
- Caudate nucleus
- Anterior cingulate
What 4 brain structures show alterations in structure and activity level in individuals with OCD?
- Frontal cortex
- Basal ganglia
- Striatum
- Thalamus
What type of conditioning reinforces compulsions?
Operant conditioning
Compulsions are reinforced via operant conditioning because they reduce anxiety.
What is the thinking style of individuals with OCD?
Rigid, moralistic thinking style
The subjective sense of knowing that one has achieved closure on an action or thought
Yedasentience
Equating thoughts with the specific actions or activity represented by the thoughts
Thought-action fusion
True or False: Thought-action fusion may be caused by the individual’s belief that they should be able to control all of their thoughts.
False
Thought-action fusion may be caused by attitudes of excessive responsibility and resulting guilt developed during childhood.
Key feature of OCD that has the paradoxical effect of inducing preoccupation with the object of thought
Thought suppression
What is an example of an adverse perinatal event that can increase the risk for OCD?
Maternal tobacco use during pregnancy
What type of antidepressant is most effective for patients with OCD?
Antidepressants that inhibit the reuptake of serotonin (SSRIs)
When are atypical antipsychotics prescribed to treat OCD?
Atypical antipsychotics are prescribed in addition to antidepressants when people do not respond fully to SRIs.
A psychotherapy technique whereby the rituals in OCD are actively prevented and the patient is systematically and gradually exposed to the feared thoughts or situations
Exposure and ritual prevention (ERP)
What are the radical treatments for OCD?
- Psychosurgery
- Deep brain stimulation
Disorder featuring a disruptive preoccupation with some imagined defect in appearance
Body dysmorphic disorder
Former term for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) referring to a fear of ugliness
Dysmorphobia
Specifier of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) referring to the preoccupation with the idea that one’s body build is too small or insufficiently muscular
With muscle dysmorphia
A form of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) in which individuals are preoccupied with defects they perceive in another person’s appearance
Body dysmorphic disorder by proxy
Apart from bias toward appearance-specific stimuli, state at least 1 psychological factor contributing to the development of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD).
- Visual-processing abnormalities (focus on detials more than on the whole)
- Abnormalities in emotion recognition and executive function
- Displacement
- Conditional self-worth
What medication is used to treat body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)?
Antidepressants
Disorder characterized by the excessive acquisition of things, difficulty discarding anything, and living with excessive clutter under conditions best described as gross disorganization
Hoarding disorder
What is the specifier for hoarding disorder whereby difficulty discarding possessions is accompanied by collecting items that are not needed or for which there is no available space?
With excessive acquisition
What is the key difference between hoarding disorder and OCD?
Hoarders experience thoughts about their possessions as part of their natural stream of thought.
True or False: People who hoard experience anxiety about their hoarding behavior.
False
Individuals with hoarding disorder often experience great pleasure, even euphoria, from shopping or otherwise collecting various items.
What 2 brain structures are altered in people with hoarding disorder?
- Frontal cortex
- Limbic system
Apart from unusual beliefs about possessions, state 1 psychological contribution to the development of hoarding disorder.
- Poor organizational abilities
- Indecisiveness
- Exaggerated sense of responsibility
- Perceived poor memory
Apart from exposure and ritual prevention (ERP) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), what are the 2 psychotherapy approaches commonly used to treat hoarding disorder?
- Motivational strategies
- Family therapy
Disorder characterized by the urge to pull out one’s own hair from anywhere on the body
Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder)
Treatment for trichotillomania and excoriation disorder in which patients are carefulyl taught to be more aware of their repetitive behavior and to then substitute a different behavior
Habit reversal training
Disorder characterized by recurrent, difficult-to-control picking of one’s skin leading to significant impairment or distress
Excoriation disorder (skin-picking disorder)
