Bipolar Disorders Flashcards
True or False: Bipolar disorder is among the most heritable of disorders.
True
State the 4 brain structures implicated in bipolar disorders and their level of activity.
- Amygdala (high)
- Subgenual anterior cingulate (high)
- Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (low)
- Hippocampus (low)
What neurobiological factor suggests that people with bipolar disorder may be neurobiologically hypersensitive to rewarding cues in the environment?
Overly active striatum
What is the implication of having abnormal white matter in the prefrontal cortex, in relation to bipolar disorder?
- Prefrontal cortex has difficulty communicating with and exerting control over other areas.
- Emotions become disorganized, and behavior becomes extreme.
What neurobiological factor is seen in people with bipolar disorder and not in people with major depression?
Cellular membrane deficits
What brain lobe shows elevated activity in bipolar spectrum patients, which predicts the onset of bipolar I disorder?
Left frontal lobe
What neurotransmitter receptors are overly sensitive in individuals with bipoolar disorder?
Dopamine receptors
What neurotransmitter receptors show low sensitivity in individuals with bipolar disorder?
Serotonin receptors
Apart from high sensitivity of dopamine and low sensitivity of serotonin receptors, state 1 other neurobiological factor in bipolar disorder with regard to neurotransmitter activity.
Abnormally high protein kinase C activity
State at least 1 neurobiological factor in bipolar disorder with regard to the neuroendocrine system.
- Dysregulated cortisol
- Overactive behavioral approach system
State at least 1 psychological contribution to the development of bipolar disorder.
- Neuroticism
- Negative cognitive style
- Reward sensitivity
What characterizes the negative cognitive style seen in individuals with bipolar disorder?
- Ambitious striving for goals
- Perfectionism
- Self-criticism
State at least 2 social contributions to the development of bipolar disorder.
- Stressful events
- Lack of social support
- High sensitivity to punishment
Bipolar disorder specifier that does not respond well to standard treatments and is accompanied by at least 5 manic/hypomanic or depressive episodes within 1 year
Rapid cycling specifier
Pattern of rapid cycling that only lasts for days to weeks
Ultra-rapid cycling
Pattern of rapid cycling whose cycle lengths are less than 24 hours
Ultra-ultra-rapid cycling
Bipolar disorder defined on the basis of at least 1 lifetime episode of mania
Bipolar I disorder
True or False: For manic episodes to be considered separate, there must be a symptom-free period of at least 2 weeks between them.
False
For manic episodes to be considered separate, there must be a symptom-free period of at least 2 months between them.
True or False: The first episode of bipolar disorder is often depressive.
True
True or False: Bipolar disorder shares a genetic origin with schizophrenia.
True
Bipolar disorder diagnosed in those who have experienced at least 1 major depressive episode and at least 1 hypomanic episode
Bipolar II disorder
What is the minimum duration of a hypomanic episode?
At least 4 days
True or False: Bipolar II disorder has a genetic architecture similar to bipolar I disorder and schizophrenia.
False
Bipolar II disorder may have a genetic architecture that is at least partially distinct from bipolar I disorder and from schizophrenia.
Chronic (at least 2 years) bipolar disorder characterized by alternating mood elevation and depression levels that are not as severe as hypomanic or major depressive episodes
Cyclothymic disorder
What is the minimum duration for symptoms in cyclothymic disorder?
At least 2 years
True or False: Antidepressants can induce manic episodes in individuals without preexisting bipolar disorder.
True
True or False: Therapy for acute mania typically begins with lithium, after which an antipsychotic is added.
False
Both lithium and antipsychotics are prescribed as drug treatment for acute mania since lithium takes effect gradually.
What type of symptoms is targeted by atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of bipolar disorder?
Psychotic mania symptoms
True or False: Psychological treatments are more necessary than medications in treating bipolar disorder.
False
Medication is a necessary part of treatment for bipolar disorder, but psychological treatments can supplement medications to help address social and psychological problems.
Therapy approach for bipolar disorder that regulates circadian rhythms by helping patients regulate their eating and sleeping cycles and other daily schedules, as well as cope more effectively with stressful life events, particularly interpersonal issues
Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (ISRT)
Therapy approach in which patients with bipolar disorder and their families are given education about bipolar disorder and training in communication and problem-solving skills
Family-focused therapy (FFT)
Treatment component that helps people learn about their symptoms, expected time course, triggers for symptoms, and treatment strategies
Psychoeducation
