Stuff that is definitely going to be on the final Flashcards
What is the closest living relative to animals?
Choanoflagellates
Which groups of animals are coelomates?
everything except roundworms, rotifers, and flatworms
Which groups of animals are acoelomates?
flatworms
Which groups of animals are pseudocoelomates?
roundworms and rotifers
Distinguish among the cleavage, coelom formation, and fate of blastopore for protostomes and deuterostomes.
Protostome
Spiral and determinate
Solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom
Mouth develops from blastopore
Deuterostome
Radial and indeterminate
Folds of archenteron form coelom
Anus develops from blastopore
Describe the body organization (symmetry, gut, coelom) and level of organization for sponges.
asymmetrical, spongocoel for gut, cellular organization
Describe the body organization (symmetry, gut, coelom) and level of organization for cnidarians.
radial symmetry, incomplete gut, tissue level of organization (diploblastic)
Describe the body organization (symmetry, gut, coelom) and level of organization for flatworms.
bilateral, incomplete, acoelomates, organ system
Describe the body organization (symmetry, gut, coelom) and level of organization for rotifers.
bilateral, complete gut, pseudo, organ system
Describe the body organization (symmetry, gut, coelom) and level of organization for annelids
bilateral, complete, coe, organ system
Describe the body organization (symmetry, gut, coelom) and level of organization for molluscs
kind bilateral?, complete, coe, organ system
Describe the body organization (symmetry, gut, coelom) and level of organization for roundworms
bilateral, complete, psuedo, organ system
Describe the body organization (symmetry, gut, coelom) and level of organization for arthropods
bilateral, complete, coe, organ system
Describe the body organization (symmetry, gut, coelom) and level of organization for echnidoderms
radial (larvae are bilateral), complete, coe, organ system
Describe the body organization (symmetry, gut, coelom) and level of organization for chordates
bilateral, complete, coe, organ system
Define spongocoel
central cavity of sponges
Define osculum
large opening where food exits in sponges (not operculum)
Define choanocytes
flagellated collar cells that make water currents and ingest food in sponges
Define mesohyl
gelatinous noncellular layer between two cell layers in sponges
Define amoebocytes
found in mesoyl, move around and phagasitize food in sponges
Define gastrovascular cavity
central digestive compartment of cnidarians, also a general term for guts that only have one opening
Define cnidocytes
cells that function in defense and capture of prey in cnidarians
Define nematocysts
speciallized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a sting thread, in cnidarians
What was the first group to form three cell layers?
Flatworms
Define protonephridia
organs that regulate the osmotic balance in flatworms
Describe the life cycle of schistosoma
releases ciliated larva through the urine or feces, reproduces asexually in its snails, leaves as a motile larva, and burrows into the skin of a human and travels to the blood vessels of the large intestine, small intestine, or bladder
Describe swimmer’s itch
caused by a fish-eating-bird fluke that burrows into humans, but is repelled
What is special about the reproduction of rotifers?
by parthenogenesis, some species don’t even have any males
What are the three parts of the mollusca body plan?
Have foot, visceral mass, and mantle
Describe the reproduction of mussels native to MO
Fertilization occurs within female
Trochophore larvae matures to veliger, a specialized kind of which (a glochidium) are released on to fish gills or fins (after luring with fake fish)
Develop there for days to weeks, then metamorphose into juveniles and fall to stream bottom
Give some causes for the endangerment of the MO mussles
Button industry Habitat loss and fragmentation Dams and channelization Pollution and sedimentation Non-native species -> zebra mussel, Asiatic clam Loss of symbiotic fish species
What kind of circulatory system and muscle type do annelids have?
Complete and both circular and longitudinal
Give some examples of the use of leeches in medicine
Remove pooled blood
Help with reattached appendages
Help with reconstructive surgery
What kind of circulatory system and muscle type do nematodes have?
lack circulatory systems, only longitudinal
Describe trichinella spiralis, hookworm, pinworms, horsetail worms, and heartworms
Trichinella spiralis can be caught through undercooked pork
Hookworm larvae leave dirt and enter feet
Pinworms are transferred through contact, cause itching around anus
Horsetail worms cause the insects they infect to head to sources of water
Heartworms are transmitted by mosquitoes and treated by arsenic
What kind of circulatory system do arthropods have?
open
Define chelicerae
clawlike feeding appendages of the chelicerata clade (spiders and horseshoe crabs)
What is the difference between millipedes and centipedes?
Millipedes- eat decaying leaves and plant matter, two pairs of legs per truck segment
Centipedes- carnivores, one pair of legs per truck segment, poison claws
Give some examples about why insects are so numerous and successful
Flight allows them to escape predators, find food, and disperse to new habitats
Evolved many types of appendages
Coevolved with flowering plants
What is the covering of echinioderms made out of? What about arthropods?
CaCO3, chitin
Define water-vascular system
network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet that function in locomotion and feeding in echinoderms
What clade only resembles chordates during their larval stage?
Urochordata, tunicates
What are the four derived traits of chordates?
Notochord-
Longitudinal, flexible rod that provides skeletal support
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord-
Develops into the central nervous system
Pharyngeal slits or clefts-
Clefts develop into slits that function in suspension-feeding, gas exchange, or parts of the ear/head/neck
Muscular, post-anal tail
Describe the osteichyan clade
Clade of gnathostomes with a body endoskeleton, include bony fish and tetrapods
Describe the cyclostome and gnathostome clade
Hagfishes and lampreys are living jawless vertebrates, cyclostomes
Vertebrates with jaws are the gnathostomes
Describe the life cycle and methods to defend against lampreys
Reproduce in streams, larvae burrow in the floor, migrate towards lakes and enter parasitic stage
TFM in streams to attack larvae in streams, bailicide in the larger streams, sterilize male lampreys, barriers with direct currents, synthetic pheromones
Define oviparous, ovoviviparous, and viviparous
Oviparous: Eggs hatch outside of mother’s body
Ovoviviparous: Embryo develops in uterus, nourished by egg yolk
Viviparous: Embryo develops in uterus, nourished by yolk sac placenta from the mother’s blood
Name the three derived traits of vertebrates
Vertebral column, skull, fin rays
What are the two advantages of backbones?
finding food and evading predators
Describe Tiktaalik’s fish and tetrapod traits
Fins, gills, lungs, and scales Ribs to breathe air and support its body A neck and shoulders Fins with the bone pattern of a tetrapod limb Flat head with eyes on top
Describe the four features of the anmiotic egg (amnion, chorion, yolk sac, allantois)
Amnion: protection
Chorion: gas exchange, evolves into placenta
Yolk Sac: nutrients
Allantois: waste and gas exchange
Give some reasons for the sea turtle decline
Pollution from plastics, fishing (hooks and bycatch), hunting and harvesting of adults and eggs, light pollution, beach development (loss of habitat), global warming and gender determination
Name the five venomous snakes of MO
Eastern Copperhead Northern Cottonmouth Prairie Massasauga Timber Rattlesnake Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
How do tuataras differ from lizards? Where are they found? How are they threatened?
They differ from lizards in that they have no external ears, they enjoy cooler weather, they are nocturnal, and they have a third eye
Small islands off the coast of New Zealand
Threatened by introduced rats that eat their eggs
Describe the bird and dinosaur traits of archaeopteryx
Had a long tail with many vertebrae, toothed beak, and wing claws, but also had an airfoil wing with contour feathers and an S-shaped neck
How did mammals evolve from early synapsids?
two bones that made up the jaw joint were incorporated into the mammalian middle ear (incus and malleus)
