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Z - BioSci 1223 (S&T) > Chapter 32, and Sponges/Cnidarians > Flashcards

Chapter 32, and Sponges/Cnidarians Flashcards

1
Q

Give a few characteristics of animals (11 possible)

A

Heterotrophic, nervous and muscle tissue, multicellular, tissues developed from embryoic tissues, eukaryotes, no cell walls, sexual reproduction, at least one larval stage, developmental (Hox) genes, all animals share a common ancestor

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2
Q

Define bilaterally symmetric and give the unique traits, movement, and number of embryonic tissues

A

Have a dorsal/ventral side, a right/left side, and anterior/posterior ends

Most have nervous system located in the “head”
Can move faster than a radial organism
All are triploblastic

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3
Q

Define radially symmetric and give the movement style

A

Have a top and bottom, but no front/back or left/right

Often sessile or planktonic

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4
Q

Define ectoderm

A

Ectoderm covers the embryo’s surface

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5
Q

Define endoderm

A

Endoderm lines the developing digestive tube

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6
Q

Define diploblastic

A

Diploblastic animals have only ectoderm and endoderm

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7
Q

Define triploblastic

A

Triploblastic animals have mesoderm as well as ecto/endoderm

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8
Q

Define coelom. Which animals do not have a coelom?

A

a true body cavity derived from mesoderm

Include everything except roundworms, rotifers, and flatworms

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9
Q

Define acoelomates. What group do they contain?

A

lack a body cavity

Include flatworms

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10
Q

Define pseudocoelomates. What groups do they contain?

A

have a body cavity that is not lined with mesoderm (still functional)

includes roundworms and rotifers

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11
Q

What is the function (3) of a body cavity?

A

Fluid that cushions the suspended organs and provides a ‘skeleton’ for muscles
Enables internal organs to grow and move independently of the outer body wall

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12
Q

Protostome or Deuterostome?

Spiral and determinate cleavage

A

P

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13
Q

Protostome or Deuterostome?

mouth develops from blastopore

A

P

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14
Q

Protostome or Deuterostome?

anus develops from blastopore

A

D

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15
Q

Protostome or Deuterostome?

solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom

A

P

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16
Q

Protostome or Deuterostome?

folds of archenteron form coelom

A

D

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17
Q

Protostome or Deuterostome?

radial and indeterminate cleavage

A

D

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18
Q

What animals are protostomes?

A

Flatworms (platyhelminthes), Rotifera, nematodes, most mollusca, most annelids, a few arthropods

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19
Q

What animals are deuterostomes?

A

Echinodermata, Chordata, Most arthropods, a few molluscs and annelids

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20
Q

What defines the eumetazoa clade?

A

having tissues

21
Q

What three major groups make up the eumetazoa clade?

A

deuterostomia, ecdysozoa, and lophotrochozoa

22
Q

What are the members of the deuterostomia clade?

A

Hemichordates (acorn worms), Echinoderms (sea stars), and Chordates

23
Q

What defines the ecdysozoa clade?

A

Secrete external skeletons, which are shed through ecdysis

24
Q

What defines the lophotrochozoa clade?

A

Feeding structures called lophophore
(horseshoe-shaped and ciliated)
and/or Distinct developmental stage of a trochophore larva (Short-lived)

Resemble corals

25
Q

What is the tissue type and symmetry of porifera?

A

Lack tissues and organs, asymmetrical

26
Q

Where are porifera in the phylogeny of animals?

A

They are the basal animals and the sister group to all other animals

27
Q

Describe the sexual traits of porifera.

A

Most are hermaphrodites

28
Q

What makes up the ‘skeleton’ of porifera (two types)?

A

Structural protein is collegen, a specialized form is spongin

spicules are made of caco3 or si, and are used to classify sponges

29
Q

What is the ecological significance of porifera?

A

Symbiotic relationships with algae, bacteria, fish, and invertebrates
Important members of shallow reefs, form deepwater reefs
Boring sponges can injure coral

30
Q

What drugs come from porifera?

A

A chemotherapeutic drug for leukemia, Ara-C/cytarabine is derived from spongothymidine

31
Q

Define spongocoel

A

the central cavity of sponges

32
Q

Define osculum

A

the large opening where food exits in sponges

33
Q

Define choanocytes

A

the flagellated collar cells in sponges that make water currents and ingest food

34
Q

Define mesohyl

A

the gelatinous noncellular layer found between two cell layers in sponges

35
Q

Define amoebocytes

A

found in the mesohyl, move around and phagasitize food

36
Q

Describe the symmetry and tissue type of cnidarians

A

diploblastic, radial

37
Q

Where are cnidarians in the phylogeny of animals?

A

They are one of the oldest groups in the eumetazoa clade

38
Q

Describe the movement and forms of cnidarians

A

Sessile (polyps are stationary)
Both polyp and medusa forms
Advantages-> good at doing different things
Jellyfish are only medusa

39
Q

What are the two major clades of cnidarians?

A

medusozoa and anthozoa

40
Q

What are the three clades of medusozoa?

A

hydrozoans, scyphozoans, and cubozoans

41
Q

What are the characteristics of medusozoans?

A

Dominant medusa stage

42
Q

What are the characteristics of hydrozoans? What are some examples?

A

Most alternate between polyp and medusa forms
Hydra exists only in polyp form
Portuguese Man-of-War looks like a jelly

43
Q

What are the characteristics of cubozoans? What are some examples?

A

Sea wasp

Highly toxic cnidocytes

44
Q

What are the characteristics of anthozoans? What are some examples?

A

include sea anemones and corals
Only have polyp stage
Symbiont with algae/dinoflagellates and secrete a hard CaCO3 exoskeleton

45
Q

Give some threats to coral reefs

A

Coral reefs are under threat from excess nutrients, siltation, overfishing, toxic chemicals, ocean acidification, and global warming

46
Q

Define gastrovascular cavity

A

central digestive compartment in cnidarians

47
Q

Define cnidocytes

A

cells that function in defense and capture of prey

48
Q

Define nematocysts

A

specialized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread

49
Q

What are some characteristics of scyphozoans?

A

Coastal have a brief polyp stage, open ocean has none

Z - BioSci 1223 (S&T) (16 decks)

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