Midterm Flashcards
What are the three plant organs?
Roots, stems, and leaves
What is the primary function of roots?
Anchor the plant, absorb minerals and water, store carbohydrates
What are some specialized functions of roots?
Support, obtaining oxygen, storage
What is the primary function of stems?
to elongate and orient the shoot for photosynthesis
What are some specialized functions of stems?
Support, reproduction
What are some examples of stems?
Rhizomes, stolons, tubers, brussel sprouts
What is the primary function of leaves?
photosynthesis
What are some secondary functions of leaves?
Gas exchange, heat dissipation, defense from herbivores and pathogens
What are some specialized functions of leaves?
Defense, reproduction, storage, movement
What are some examples of leaves?
spines, tendrils, plantlets, onions
What are the three types of plant tissues?
dermal, vascular, ground
What is the main function of dermal tissue?
protection and reduction of water loss
Describe ‘periderm’
the protective layer of dermal tissue that replaces the epidermis in woody plants
Describe ‘cuticle’
a part of the epidermis that prevents water loss
Describe ‘trichomes’
a dermal tissue that reduces water loss, reflects light, and defends against insects
What is the main function of vascular tissue?
to transport materials and provide mechanical support
What is the main function of xylem?
to conduct water and dissolved minerals upward
Describe ‘tracheids’
a type of xylem that has long thin walls with tapered ends and thin regions lacking secondary walls called pits through which water moves
Describe ‘vessel elements’
a type of xylem that has end walls with perforation plates so water can flow freely
What is the main function of phloem?
transport sugars from production areas to storage/growing areas
What kind of plants have sieve cells? What kind of tissue are they?
Seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms, phloem
What kind of plants have sieve tubes?
angiosperms
Describe ‘sieve tubes’
chains of cells called sieve-tube elements whose porus end walls between them (sieve plates) allow for fluid to flow between cells
Each sieve-tube element is connected to a companion cell (that has organelles) by plasmodesmata
What are some functions of ground tissue?
storage, photosynthesis, support, transport
What are the three types of ground tissue?
Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, or multiple -> supports herbaceous plants
collenchyma and sclerenchyma
Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, or multiple -> has a large central vacuole that can be used for storage
Parenchyma
Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, or multiple -> made up of sclereids and fibers
sclerenchyma
Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, or multiple -> perform the most metabolic functions
Parenchyma
Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, or multiple -> provides flexible support without restraining growth
collenchyma
Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, or multiple -> retains the ability to divide and differentiate
Parenchyma
Describe ‘sclerids’. What kind of ground tissue are they?
short and irregular with thick, lignified secondary walls
Sclerenchyma
Describe ‘fibers’. What kind of ground tissue are they?
long, slender, and arranged in threads
Sclerenchyma
What are the two major types of plant meristems?
Apical and lateral
What is the general function of apical meristems?
elongate shoots and roots, prevent the growth of lateral branches/axillary buds
What do apical meristems produce?
Produce protoderm (dermal tissue), ground meristem (ground tissue), and procambium (vascular tissue)
What two things make up lateral meristems?
vascular cambium and cork cambium
What is the function of a root cap?
cover the root tip to protect the apical meristem
What are the three zones of root growth?
Cell division
Elongation
Differentiation/Maturation
Describe ‘pericycle’
Lateral roots arise from the pericycle that surrounds xylem/phloem
Describe what you would see in a root cross-section of a eudicot
xylem and phloem in the center, the xylem is arranged in a star with the phloem around it
Describe what you would see in a root cross-section of a monocot
a core of parenchyma cells surrounded by a ring of xylem, and phloem (looser arrangement)
What protects the apical meristem>
the leaves of the apical bud
Where do axillary buds develop from?
meristematic cells left at the bases of leaf primordia
Describe what you would see in a stem cross-section of a eudicot
a vascular bundle forming a ring around the edge of the stem, that goes pith-xylem-phloem-fiber cells-cortex-eipdermis
Describe what you would see in a stem cross-section of a monocot
mostly ground tissue, with vascular bundles scattered throughout
Describe the function and arrangement of stomata
Stomata are pores in the epidermis that allow gas exchange
Major avenues for evaporation loss (so most are on the lower side)
Describe the function of guard cells
guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata
What is the general type of tissue between the upper and lower epidermis of plants? (tissue type, cell type, name)
ground tissue -> parenchyma ->mesophyll
Describe the bilayer arrangement of the tissues between the upper and lower epidermis in eudicots
There are two layers in eudicots: the palisade in the upper part and the spongy in the lower part (loose arrangement for gas exchange)
Palisade is lined up in rows
What are the two functions of leaf veins?
vascular bundles and skeleton
Describe ‘bundle sheath’
a protective layer that encloses leaf veins
What three tissues could make up secondary xylem?
tracheids, vessel elements (angiosperms), and fibers
Describe ‘heartwood’
older layers of xylem that no longer function
Describe ‘sapwood’
outer layers of xylem that still transport materials
What happens with older secondary phloem?
sloughs off
What is the direction of secondary growth of xylem and phloem?
Xylem is towards the core, phloem is towards the outside
Describe ‘early wood’
formed in the spring in temperate regions and has thin cell walls to maximize water delivery
Describe ‘late wood’
formed in the summer and has thick cell walls for support
How do tree rings form?
Tree rings are visible where late and early wood meet and can be used to estimate a tree’s age
Describe ‘dendrochronology’
the analysis of tree ring growth patterns and can be used to study climate change
Thick rings indicate a warm or wet year
Thin rings indicate a cold or dry year
What is the function of the cork cambium?
Replaces the epidermis with periderm (towards the outside)
Describe the life cycle of cork cells
Cork cells accumulate to the exterior of the cork cambium
They deposit waxy suberin in their walls, then die
Describe ‘phelloderm’
the thin layer of tissue produced on the inside of the cork cambium in woody plants that forms a secondary cortex
Describe ‘prop roots’
found in plants that grow very tall and need support
Describe ‘pneumatophores’ (hint: a type of root)
grow in waterlogged soil to get oxygen to roots
Describe ‘strangling aerial roots’
a seed lands in a host tree and envelopes it
Describe ‘buttress roots’
when trees have shallow roots or are in humid climates
How can you detect a phase change in a plant?
The morphological changes in leaves that occur during phase changes from a juvenile phase to an adult vegetative stage to an adult reproductive stage can be used to detect phase changes
What are the kinds of water-transporting cells that are dead at functional maturity?
tracheids and vessel elements
Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, or multiple -> unevenly thickened primary cell walls
collenchyma
When was the origin of the earth?
4.6 BYA
When was the first fossils of prokaryotic life? What were they?
3.5 BYA, stromatolites
When were the first animals? What were they?
.7 BYA, sponges
When was the oxygen revolution? Why was it significant?
2.7 BYA, caused the extinction of many prokaryotic groups, others adapted using cellular respiration
How did the first eukaryotes form (basic)? When was this?
1.8 BYA, originated by endosymbiosis with a aerobic bacterium
What were the first multicellular organisms? When were they?
1.4 BYA, small red algae
Most modern animals via the _____ explosion
Cambrian
What were the first colonists on land? When was that?
.5 BYA, plants and fungi as mycorrhizae
What is the edicaran biota?
an assemblage of larger and more diverse soft-bodied organisms that lived from 635 to 541 MYA
Define phylogeny
the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species
Define systematics
the discipline that classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships
What are the the eight levels of the current hierarchical classification? What groups make up the highest level (most broad)?
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes
What are the rules for binomial nomenclature? (parts, format)
The first part of the name is the genus, the second is the specific epithet
The first letter of the genus is capitalized, the entire species name is italicized
Both parts together name the species
What is a phylogenetic tree?
The evolutionary history of a group of organisms
What do branch points on a phylogenetic tree represent?
the divergence of two species
(phylogentic trees) define sister taxa
groups that share an immediate common ancestor
(phylogentic trees) define clade
a group of species (an ancestral species and all descendants)
(phylogentic trees) define outgroup
a species or group of species that is closely related to the ingroup (the various species being studied)
(phylogentic trees) define polytomy
section of a phylogeny in which the relationships cannot be fully resolved (many branches from one point, do not know order of divergence)
(phylogentic trees) define basal taxa
a lineage that evolved early and remains unbranched
Describe monophyletic groups
The only valid clade
Consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants
Describe paraphyletic groups
Consists of an ancestral species and only some descendants
Describe polyphletic groups
Includes distantly related species but does not include their most recent common ancestor
What are the general characteristics of protists?
Protists are a polyphyletic group consisting of any eukaryotic organism that is not a plant, animal, or fungus
Define endosymbiosis
a relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of the other organism
Define primary endosymbiosis and give examples (there are two really good examples)
when one free living organism engulfs a cell
Mitochondria arose from a bacteria engulfing an archean
Plastids arose when a heterotrophic eukaryote engulfed a photosynthetic cyanobacterium
Dinoflagellates are endosymbionts with coral reefs, giving them color and carbon
Many forams have endosymbiotic algae
Define secondary endosymbiosis and give examples
when the product of primary endosymbiosis is engulfed and retained by another free living organism
Red and green algae were ingested by a heterotrophic eukaryote, producing chlorarachniophytes (green), euglenids (green), dinoflagellates (red), and stramenopiles (red)
Give examples of mutalistic protists
See above primary examples- Dinoflagellates, Forams
Wood-digesting protists inhabit the gut of termites
Give examples of parasitic protists
Plasmodium causes malaria
Pfiesteria shumwayae causes fish kills (dinoflagellate)
Phytophthora ramorum causes sudden oak death
P. infestans causes potato late blight
Giardia intestinalis (a diplomonad)
Trichomonas vaginalis (a parabasalid)
Trypanosoma (kinetoplastids) causes sleeping sickness and Chagas’ disease
Entamoeba histolytica (entamoeba) causes amoebic dysentery
How do fungi get their energy?
All fungi are heterotrophs that gain energy by using enzymes to absorb energy from outside
Describe the structure of fungi
They are composed mostly of hyphae (filaments), which combine to form (mycelia)
What compound is in the cell walls of fungi?
Chitin
Define mycorrhizae and include details of the exchange
mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots
Mycorrhizal fungi deliver phosphate ions and minerals to plants in exchange for carbon
Define ectomycorrhizal fungi
Ectomycorrhizal fungi form sheaths of hyphae over a root and also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex
Define arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi extend hyphae through the cell walls of root cells and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane
Describe the asexual reproduction of fungi
Asexual reproduction occurs when mycelium produce spores that germinate
Describe the sexual reproduction of fungi (include names of events)
Sexual reproduction occurs when two mycelium of the opposite mating type fuse their cytoplasm (plasmogamy), exist in a heterokaryotic stage for a while, fuse their nuclei (karyogamy), and undergo meiosis to make spore-producing structures
What are some examples of fungi as decomposers?
Many fungi are decomposers that break down organic material including cellulose and lignin, chemical elements, and toxins
What are some examples of fungi as mutualists?
They can exist with algae and/or cyanobacteria as lichens, plants (as mycorrhizae or toxin producing endophytes), or animals (guts of grazing animals, leafcutter ants)
What are some examples of fungi as pathogens?
About 30% of fungi are pathogens
Corn smut, tar spot, ergots, black stem rust
Coccidioidomycosis, Candida albicans, athlete’s foot, ringworm, jock itch
What are some human uses of fungi?
Eat cheese, alcohol, bread
Use antibiotics
Use saccharomyces in Parkinson’s and Huntington’s
Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces insulin-like growth factor
Gliocladium roseum produces hydrocarbons (possible biofuel)
How did land plants originate? What is their sister taxa?
Land plants evolved from green algae
Sister taxon = Charophytes
What three key traits do land plants have in common with their sister taxa?
Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
Structure of flagellated sperm
Formation of a phragmoplast (microtubules that form during cell division)
What are the five derived traits of plants?
Alternation of generations Multicellular, dependent embryos Walled spores produced in sporangia Multicellular gametangia Apical meristems
When did land plants originate?
~500 MYA
What are the two groups of seedless vascular plants?
Lycophytes and Monilophytes
What group makes up nonvascular plants?
Bryophytes
Compare the size of seedless vascular plants and nonvascular plants
vascular are larger
Compare the roots and leaves of seedless vascular plants and nonvascular plants
vascular have true roots and leaves, nonvascular do not
Compare the dominant stage of seedless vascular plants and nonvascular plants
vascular have dominant sporophytes, nonvascular have dominant gametophytes
Describe the moss life cycle
Mature sporophytes release spores through their peristome
Made of a foot, a seta (stalk), and a capsule (sporangium)
The spores turn into protonemata, then buds, then male and female gametophytes that are anchored by rhizoids
Male gametophytes produce sperm from their antheridia, and females produce eggs from their archegonia
Water transports the sperm to egg, and fertilization occurs within the archegonium
A diploid zygote then develops from a embryo into a new sporophyte
Give some examples of the importance of moss
Mosses are capable of inhabiting diverse and extreme environments, but they are very common in moist forests and wetlands
Help retain nitrogen in the soil
Sphagnum (peat moss) forms extensive deposits of partially decayed organic matter that can be used as a source of fuel
Peat moss also forms a reserve of 30% of the earth’s carbon
When did vascular plants originate? When did they really flourish (and how)?
The origin of vascular plants happened about 425 MYA
The ancestors of modern lycophytes, horsetails, and ferns grew to great heights during the Devonian and Carboniferous (300-350 MYA), forming the first forests
What are the three key features of vascular plants?
Xylem and phloem
True roots and leaves
Dominant sporophyte
Describe the life cycle of a fern
A mature sporophyte produces spores from a sporangium in a cluster called a sorus
The spore turns into a gametophyte, which has rhizoids
The gametophyte produces sperm in antheridia and eggs in archegonium
The sperm is transported by water to the archegonium, and a zygote is formed
It grows out of the gametophyte to form a sporophyte
Give some examples of the importance of seedless vascular plants
Increases growth and photosynthesis from the forests they formed removed CO2 from the atmosphere and may have contributed to global cooling at the end of the Carboniferous period
The decaying forests also produced coal
Describe the parts of a seed
Seeds are a three generation combination that includes an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
What is the advantage of pollen?
Pollen eliminates the need for a film of water and can be dispersed great distances by air or animals
What are some advantages of seeds?
Seeds can disperse over long distances by wind or other means
Seeds can remain dormant until conditions are favorable
Seeds have a supply of stored food and can therefore survive better
Describe the pine life cycle
The ovulate cone of a gymnosperm contains an ovule with a megasporocyte in a megasporangium
The pollen cone has microsporocytes in the microsporangia that produce pollen grains
When the male gametophyte enters the micropyle, it forms a pollen tube
The female gametophyte forms the food supply, and the seed coat forms from the sporophyte integument
What adaptations do angiosperms have?
The two key adaptations are fruit and flowers
Describe flower structure (four parts)
Sepals that enclose the flower Usually green, but may also look like petals Petals that attract pollinators with bright colors Stamens that produce pollen Made of anther and filament Carpels (or pistils) that produce ovules Made of stigma, style, and ovary Angiosperm life cycle
Describe the angiosperm life cycle
The microsporocytes on an anther produce microspores which develop into pollen grains containing male gametophytes
The megasporocyte in an ovule produces four haploid cells, one of which survives to form the megaspore
The megaspore divides by mitosis to form one large cell with eight haploid nuclei, a multicellular embryo sac (female gametophyte), and a large egg cell
When pollen meets the right kind of stigma, it germinates to produce a pollen tube through which two sperms move through the style down to the egg
One joins with the egg to form a zygote, the other joins with two nuclei to form the endosperm
The seed then germinates to form a sporophyte plant
Name and describe the basal angiosperms
(Amborella, water lilies, and star anise)
Small-flowered shrubs with simple water-conducting cells
Describe magnoliids
Share some traits with basal angiosperms but evolved later
Include magnolias, laurels, and black pepper plants
monocot vs dicot-> pollen grain with three openings
dicot
monocot vs dicot-> root system usually fibrous
monocot
When (and what) did the domestication of plants occur? (2 spots)
The domestication of plants twice in about 10,000 BC, with wheat in the fertile crescent and rice in east asia (teosynthe about 9 TYA)
Define green revolution
a period of time from the 1940s to the 1970s when many high yield varieties (HYV) were developed based on hybrid seeds and use of fertilizer, pesticides, etc
Describe the genetic modification of plants
GMOs are organisms that are genetically modified for things like additional nutrition, pest resistance, drought resistance, and herbicide tolerance.
Describe seed banks
The doomsday vault is a seed bank. The one we talked about was Svalbard, in Norway. The purpose of seed banks is to keep seeds safe from habitat destruction, climate warming, and other threats. They can be used to reintroduce extinct plant species, but unfortunately not all seeds can be stored.
Name some general plant medicines
Medicines from plants include aspirin, anti-cancer drugs from plant alkaloids, and malaria treatments.
What does taxol come from? What is it used for?
The pacific yew has taxol in its bark, which is used to treat breast and other cancers
What does vincristine come from? What is it used for?
The rosy periwinkle produces vincristine, which is used to treat some cancers
What does artemisinin come from? What is it used for?
Artemisia produces artemisinin, which is used to treat malaria
What are some threats to plant diversity?
Environment, such as habitat destruction and climate warming
Humans only using a few, such as in GMOs
monocot vs dicot-> vascular tissue usually arranged in a ring in the stem
dicot
monocot vs dicot-> vascular tissue usually arranged in a ring in the stem
dicot
What characteristics does the excavata supergroup have?
cytoskeleton and excavated feeding groove
What characteristics do diplomonands have?
modified mitochondria
What characteristics do euglenozoans have?
spiral or crystalline rod inside flagella
What characteristics do stramenopiles have?
hairy and smooth flagella
What (2) characteristics do alveolates have?
membrane-enclosed sacs beneath plasma membrane, some bioluminesce
What characteristics do rhizarians have?
amoebas with threadlike pseudopodia
What (2) characteristics do green algae have?
plant-type chloroplasts, causes pink or watermelon snow
What characteristics do amoebzoans have?
amoebas with lobe-shaped or tube-shaped pseudopodia
What two groups make up the excavata supergroup?
diplomonads and euglenozoans
What three groups make up the SAR clade?
stramenopiles, alveolates, and rhizarians
What three groups make up the Archaeplastida clade?
red algae, green algae, land plants
What two groups make up the unikonta clade?
amoebozoans and opisthokonts
What characteristics do Apicomplexans have?
most have sexual/asexual stages that require 2 hosts
What characteristics do ciliates have?
macronuclei and micronuclei, genetic variation comes from conjugation
What characteristics do forams have?
form an extensive fossil record, magnesium content shows ocean temp.
What characteristics do red algae have?
phycoerythrin
give the subgroup and supergroup-> Euglena
Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts
Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta
euglenozoans, excavata
give the subgroup and supergroup-> Nori
Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts
Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta
red algae, archaeplastida
describe and give the subgroup and supergroup-> Brown algae
Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts
Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta
stramenopiles, SAR
kelp that live in the deep ocean, have holdfast, stipe, and blades
describe and give the subgroup and supergroup-> Entamoeba histolytica
Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts
amoebozoans, unikonta, causes amoebic dysentery
give the subgroup and supergroup-> Charophytes
Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts
Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta
green algae, archaeplastida
describe and give the subgroup and supergroup-> Giardia intestinalis
Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts
Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta
diplomonads, excavata, parasite transmitted by feces in water
describe and give the subgroup and supergroup-> Slime molds
Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts
Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta
amoebozoans, unikonta, were in fungi, include plasmodial and cellular types
give the subgroup and supergroup-> Volvox
Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts
Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta
green algae, archaeplastida
describe and give the subgroup, supergroup, and subsubgroup-> Pfiesteria
Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts
Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta
SAR, alveolates, dinoflagellates, have two flagella, cellulose plates, and cause red tides
give the subgroup and supergroup-> radiolarians
Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts
Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta
rhizarians, SAR
describe and give the subgroup and supergroup-> Diatoms
Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts
Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta
stramenopiles, SAR, unicellular algae with a wall of silica
give the subgroup and supergroup-> Animals
Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts
Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta
opisthokonts, unikonta
give the subgroup and supergroup-> chlorophytes
Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts
Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta
green algae, Archaeplastida
describe and give the subgroup and supergroup-> Trichomonas vaginalis
Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts
Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta
diplomonads, excavata, causes yeast infections
give the subgroup and supergroup-> Ulva
Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts
Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta
green algae, archaeplastida
describe and give the subgroup and supergroup-> Choanoflagellates
Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts
Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta
opisthokonts, unikonta
describe and give the subgroup, supergroup and subsubgroup-> Globigerina
Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts
Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta
SAR, rhizarians, forams, have porous, multi-chambered shells called tests, through which pseudopodia extend
describe and give the subgroup, supergroup and subsubgroup-> Plasmodium
Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts
Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta
SAR, alveolates, apicomplexans, causes malaria, needs both mosquitoes and humans, spread by sporozoites, apex has special organelles for penetrating cells/tissues
describe and give the subgroup, supergroup and subsubgroup-> Dictyostelium discoideum
Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts
Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta
unikonta, amoebozoans, slime molds, used to study multicellularity
give the subgroup and supergroup-> Fungi
Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts
Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta
unikonta, opisthokonts
describe and give the subgroup and supergroup-> Trypanosoma
Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts
Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta
excavata, euglenozoans, cause sleeping sickness/Chagas disease, switch surface proteins
give the subgroup, supergroup and subsubgroup-> Paramecium
Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts
Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta
SAR, alveolates, ciliates
chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes ->rozella
Chytrids
chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes ->form arbuscular mycorrhizae
glomeromyctes
chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes -> early divergers
Chytrids
chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes ->conidiophores produce asexual spores (conidia)
Ascomycetes
chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes -> tuber melanosporum (truffles)
Ascomycetes
chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes ->Penicillium
Ascomycetes
chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes ->Morchella esculenta (morels)
Ascomycetes
chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes -> sac or cup fungi
Ascomycetes
chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes -> Neurospora crassa (bread mold that is a model organism with a well-studied genome)
Ascomycetes
chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes ->long-lived dikaryotic mycelium
Basidiomycetes
chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes -> puffballs
Basidiomycetes
chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes -> shelf fungi
Basidiomycetes
chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes ->many are decomposers of wood
Basidiomycetes
chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes -> fairy rings
Basidiomycetes
chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes ->Club fungi
Basidiomycetes
chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes ->Pilobolus (“shotgun fungus” can aim and shoot sporangia towards passing grazing animals, passing through fecal matter provides a good place for spores to grow)
zygomycetes
chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes -> coenocytic hyphae
zygomycetes
chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes -> rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold)
zygomycetes
Describe bryophyta (transport, divergence)
Can’t transport water/nutrients for long distances-> earliest lineage to diverge from the common ancestor of land plants
Phylum Anthocerophyta, Bryophyta, Monoilophyta, Lycophyta, or Hepatophyta-> spores have high oil content, flammable
lycophyta
Phylum Anthocerophyta, Bryophyta, Monoilophyta, Lycophyta, or Hepatophyta-> Liverworts
hepatophyta
Phylum Anthocerophyta, Bryophyta, Monoilophyta, Lycophyta, or Hepatophyta-> Ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns
monophytes
Phylum Anthocerophyta, Bryophyta, Monoilophyta, Lycophyta, or Hepatophyta-> Mosses
bryophyta
Phylum Anthocerophyta, Bryophyta, Monoilophyta, Lycophyta, or Hepatophyta-> have microphylls
lycophyta
Phylum Anthocerophyta, Bryophyta, Monoilophyta, Lycophyta, or Hepatophyta-> club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts
lycophytes
Phylum Anthocerophyta, Bryophyta, Monoilophyta, Lycophyta, or Hepatophyta-> small heart-shaped gametophytes
monilophyta
Phylum Anthocerophyta, Bryophyta, Monoilophyta, Lycophyta, or Hepatophyta-> Hornworts
anthocherophyta
Which phyla make up seedless vascular plants?
lycophytes and monophytes
Which phyla make up seedless nonvascular plants?
hepatophyta, bryophyta, anthocerophyta
What are the four phyla that make up gymnosperms?
Cycadophyta, Gentophyta, Ginkgophyta, or Coniferophyta
Pair 1/2 integuments with gymnosperms/angiosperms
1-gymnosperms
When did gymnosperms appear? When did they dominate?
appeared about 305 MYA and dominated the Mesozoic
What are the three characteristics of gymnosperms?
Miniaurature gametophyte, seeds develop from fertilized ovules, pollen transports sperm to ovules
What kind of leaves do cycads have?
palm-like leaves
What are the three genera of gnetophyta?
Gnetum
Ephedra
Welwitschia
Describe ginkgos
Holds onto leaves for a long time in the fall, two separate sexes (female seeds are smelly), resistant to pest and air pollution, flagellated sperm
Describe bristlecone pines
the oldest living trees, nicknamed “methusa”, over 1000 YA, slow growing, dry conditions, location is hidden,
Describe wollemi pines
was thought to have gone extinct 2 MYA, until an Australian hiker found some, their location is hidden, but many startings are sold to try to lower the value of the old ones
When did angiosperms take over from gymnosperms?
replaced gymnosperms near the end of the Mesozoic (100 MYA)
