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Z - BioSci 1223 (S&T) > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three plant organs?

A

Roots, stems, and leaves

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2
Q

What is the primary function of roots?

A

Anchor the plant, absorb minerals and water, store carbohydrates

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3
Q

What are some specialized functions of roots?

A

Support, obtaining oxygen, storage

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4
Q

What is the primary function of stems?

A

to elongate and orient the shoot for photosynthesis

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5
Q

What are some specialized functions of stems?

A

Support, reproduction

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6
Q

What are some examples of stems?

A

Rhizomes, stolons, tubers, brussel sprouts

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7
Q

What is the primary function of leaves?

A

photosynthesis

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8
Q

What are some secondary functions of leaves?

A

Gas exchange, heat dissipation, defense from herbivores and pathogens

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9
Q

What are some specialized functions of leaves?

A

Defense, reproduction, storage, movement

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10
Q

What are some examples of leaves?

A

spines, tendrils, plantlets, onions

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11
Q

What are the three types of plant tissues?

A

dermal, vascular, ground

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12
Q

What is the main function of dermal tissue?

A

protection and reduction of water loss

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13
Q

Describe ‘periderm’

A

the protective layer of dermal tissue that replaces the epidermis in woody plants

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14
Q

Describe ‘cuticle’

A

a part of the epidermis that prevents water loss

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15
Q

Describe ‘trichomes’

A

a dermal tissue that reduces water loss, reflects light, and defends against insects

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16
Q

What is the main function of vascular tissue?

A

to transport materials and provide mechanical support

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17
Q

What is the main function of xylem?

A

to conduct water and dissolved minerals upward

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18
Q

Describe ‘tracheids’

A

a type of xylem that has long thin walls with tapered ends and thin regions lacking secondary walls called pits through which water moves

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19
Q

Describe ‘vessel elements’

A

a type of xylem that has end walls with perforation plates so water can flow freely

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20
Q

What is the main function of phloem?

A

transport sugars from production areas to storage/growing areas

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21
Q

What kind of plants have sieve cells? What kind of tissue are they?

A

Seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms, phloem

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22
Q

What kind of plants have sieve tubes?

A

angiosperms

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23
Q

Describe ‘sieve tubes’

A

chains of cells called sieve-tube elements whose porus end walls between them (sieve plates) allow for fluid to flow between cells

Each sieve-tube element is connected to a companion cell (that has organelles) by plasmodesmata

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24
Q

What are some functions of ground tissue?

A

storage, photosynthesis, support, transport

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25
Q

What are the three types of ground tissue?

A

Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

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26
Q

Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, or multiple -> supports herbaceous plants

A

collenchyma and sclerenchyma

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27
Q

Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, or multiple -> has a large central vacuole that can be used for storage

A

Parenchyma

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28
Q

Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, or multiple -> made up of sclereids and fibers

A

sclerenchyma

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29
Q

Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, or multiple -> perform the most metabolic functions

A

Parenchyma

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30
Q

Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, or multiple -> provides flexible support without restraining growth

A

collenchyma

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31
Q

Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, or multiple -> retains the ability to divide and differentiate

A

Parenchyma

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32
Q

Describe ‘sclerids’. What kind of ground tissue are they?

A

short and irregular with thick, lignified secondary walls

Sclerenchyma

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33
Q

Describe ‘fibers’. What kind of ground tissue are they?

A

long, slender, and arranged in threads

Sclerenchyma

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34
Q

What are the two major types of plant meristems?

A

Apical and lateral

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35
Q

What is the general function of apical meristems?

A

elongate shoots and roots, prevent the growth of lateral branches/axillary buds

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36
Q

What do apical meristems produce?

A

Produce protoderm (dermal tissue), ground meristem (ground tissue), and procambium (vascular tissue)

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37
Q

What two things make up lateral meristems?

A

vascular cambium and cork cambium

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38
Q

What is the function of a root cap?

A

cover the root tip to protect the apical meristem

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39
Q

What are the three zones of root growth?

A

Cell division
Elongation
Differentiation/Maturation

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40
Q

Describe ‘pericycle’

A

Lateral roots arise from the pericycle that surrounds xylem/phloem

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41
Q

Describe what you would see in a root cross-section of a eudicot

A

xylem and phloem in the center, the xylem is arranged in a star with the phloem around it

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42
Q

Describe what you would see in a root cross-section of a monocot

A

a core of parenchyma cells surrounded by a ring of xylem, and phloem (looser arrangement)

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43
Q

What protects the apical meristem>

A

the leaves of the apical bud

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44
Q

Where do axillary buds develop from?

A

meristematic cells left at the bases of leaf primordia

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45
Q

Describe what you would see in a stem cross-section of a eudicot

A

a vascular bundle forming a ring around the edge of the stem, that goes pith-xylem-phloem-fiber cells-cortex-eipdermis

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46
Q

Describe what you would see in a stem cross-section of a monocot

A

mostly ground tissue, with vascular bundles scattered throughout

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47
Q

Describe the function and arrangement of stomata

A

Stomata are pores in the epidermis that allow gas exchange

Major avenues for evaporation loss (so most are on the lower side)

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48
Q

Describe the function of guard cells

A

guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata

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49
Q

What is the general type of tissue between the upper and lower epidermis of plants? (tissue type, cell type, name)

A

ground tissue -> parenchyma ->mesophyll

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50
Q

Describe the bilayer arrangement of the tissues between the upper and lower epidermis in eudicots

A

There are two layers in eudicots: the palisade in the upper part and the spongy in the lower part (loose arrangement for gas exchange)
Palisade is lined up in rows

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51
Q

What are the two functions of leaf veins?

A

vascular bundles and skeleton

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52
Q

Describe ‘bundle sheath’

A

a protective layer that encloses leaf veins

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53
Q

What three tissues could make up secondary xylem?

A

tracheids, vessel elements (angiosperms), and fibers

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54
Q

Describe ‘heartwood’

A

older layers of xylem that no longer function

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55
Q

Describe ‘sapwood’

A

outer layers of xylem that still transport materials

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56
Q

What happens with older secondary phloem?

A

sloughs off

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57
Q

What is the direction of secondary growth of xylem and phloem?

A

Xylem is towards the core, phloem is towards the outside

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58
Q

Describe ‘early wood’

A

formed in the spring in temperate regions and has thin cell walls to maximize water delivery

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59
Q

Describe ‘late wood’

A

formed in the summer and has thick cell walls for support

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60
Q

How do tree rings form?

A

Tree rings are visible where late and early wood meet and can be used to estimate a tree’s age

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61
Q

Describe ‘dendrochronology’

A

the analysis of tree ring growth patterns and can be used to study climate change

Thick rings indicate a warm or wet year
Thin rings indicate a cold or dry year

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62
Q

What is the function of the cork cambium?

A

Replaces the epidermis with periderm (towards the outside)

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63
Q

Describe the life cycle of cork cells

A

Cork cells accumulate to the exterior of the cork cambium

They deposit waxy suberin in their walls, then die

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64
Q

Describe ‘phelloderm’

A

the thin layer of tissue produced on the inside of the cork cambium in woody plants that forms a secondary cortex

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65
Q

Describe ‘prop roots’

A

found in plants that grow very tall and need support

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66
Q

Describe ‘pneumatophores’ (hint: a type of root)

A

grow in waterlogged soil to get oxygen to roots

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67
Q

Describe ‘strangling aerial roots’

A

a seed lands in a host tree and envelopes it

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68
Q

Describe ‘buttress roots’

A

when trees have shallow roots or are in humid climates

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69
Q

How can you detect a phase change in a plant?

A

The morphological changes in leaves that occur during phase changes from a juvenile phase to an adult vegetative stage to an adult reproductive stage can be used to detect phase changes

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70
Q

What are the kinds of water-transporting cells that are dead at functional maturity?

A

tracheids and vessel elements

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71
Q

Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, or multiple -> unevenly thickened primary cell walls

A

collenchyma

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72
Q

When was the origin of the earth?

A

4.6 BYA

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73
Q

When was the first fossils of prokaryotic life? What were they?

A

3.5 BYA, stromatolites

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74
Q

When were the first animals? What were they?

A

.7 BYA, sponges

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75
Q

When was the oxygen revolution? Why was it significant?

A

2.7 BYA, caused the extinction of many prokaryotic groups, others adapted using cellular respiration

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76
Q

How did the first eukaryotes form (basic)? When was this?

A

1.8 BYA, originated by endosymbiosis with a aerobic bacterium

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77
Q

What were the first multicellular organisms? When were they?

A

1.4 BYA, small red algae

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78
Q

Most modern animals via the _____ explosion

A

Cambrian

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79
Q

What were the first colonists on land? When was that?

A

.5 BYA, plants and fungi as mycorrhizae

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80
Q

What is the edicaran biota?

A

an assemblage of larger and more diverse soft-bodied organisms that lived from 635 to 541 MYA

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81
Q

Define phylogeny

A

the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

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82
Q

Define systematics

A

the discipline that classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships

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83
Q

What are the the eight levels of the current hierarchical classification? What groups make up the highest level (most broad)?

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes

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84
Q

What are the rules for binomial nomenclature? (parts, format)

A

The first part of the name is the genus, the second is the specific epithet
The first letter of the genus is capitalized, the entire species name is italicized
Both parts together name the species

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85
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms

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86
Q

What do branch points on a phylogenetic tree represent?

A

the divergence of two species

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87
Q

(phylogentic trees) define sister taxa

A

groups that share an immediate common ancestor

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88
Q

(phylogentic trees) define clade

A

a group of species (an ancestral species and all descendants)

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89
Q

(phylogentic trees) define outgroup

A

a species or group of species that is closely related to the ingroup (the various species being studied)

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90
Q

(phylogentic trees) define polytomy

A

section of a phylogeny in which the relationships cannot be fully resolved (many branches from one point, do not know order of divergence)

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91
Q

(phylogentic trees) define basal taxa

A

a lineage that evolved early and remains unbranched

92
Q

Describe monophyletic groups

A

The only valid clade

Consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants

93
Q

Describe paraphyletic groups

A

Consists of an ancestral species and only some descendants

94
Q

Describe polyphletic groups

A

Includes distantly related species but does not include their most recent common ancestor

95
Q

What are the general characteristics of protists?

A

Protists are a polyphyletic group consisting of any eukaryotic organism that is not a plant, animal, or fungus

96
Q

Define endosymbiosis

A

a relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of the other organism

97
Q

Define primary endosymbiosis and give examples (there are two really good examples)

A

when one free living organism engulfs a cell

Mitochondria arose from a bacteria engulfing an archean
Plastids arose when a heterotrophic eukaryote engulfed a photosynthetic cyanobacterium
Dinoflagellates are endosymbionts with coral reefs, giving them color and carbon
Many forams have endosymbiotic algae

98
Q

Define secondary endosymbiosis and give examples

A

when the product of primary endosymbiosis is engulfed and retained by another free living organism

Red and green algae were ingested by a heterotrophic eukaryote, producing chlorarachniophytes (green), euglenids (green), dinoflagellates (red), and stramenopiles (red)

99
Q

Give examples of mutalistic protists

A

See above primary examples- Dinoflagellates, Forams

Wood-digesting protists inhabit the gut of termites

100
Q

Give examples of parasitic protists

A

Plasmodium causes malaria
Pfiesteria shumwayae causes fish kills (dinoflagellate)
Phytophthora ramorum causes sudden oak death
P. infestans causes potato late blight
Giardia intestinalis (a diplomonad)
Trichomonas vaginalis (a parabasalid)
Trypanosoma (kinetoplastids) causes sleeping sickness and Chagas’ disease
Entamoeba histolytica (entamoeba) causes amoebic dysentery

101
Q

How do fungi get their energy?

A

All fungi are heterotrophs that gain energy by using enzymes to absorb energy from outside

102
Q

Describe the structure of fungi

A

They are composed mostly of hyphae (filaments), which combine to form (mycelia)

103
Q

What compound is in the cell walls of fungi?

A

Chitin

104
Q

Define mycorrhizae and include details of the exchange

A

mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots

Mycorrhizal fungi deliver phosphate ions and minerals to plants in exchange for carbon

105
Q

Define ectomycorrhizal fungi

A

Ectomycorrhizal fungi form sheaths of hyphae over a root and also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex

106
Q

Define arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

A

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi extend hyphae through the cell walls of root cells and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane

107
Q

Describe the asexual reproduction of fungi

A

Asexual reproduction occurs when mycelium produce spores that germinate

108
Q

Describe the sexual reproduction of fungi (include names of events)

A

Sexual reproduction occurs when two mycelium of the opposite mating type fuse their cytoplasm (plasmogamy), exist in a heterokaryotic stage for a while, fuse their nuclei (karyogamy), and undergo meiosis to make spore-producing structures

109
Q

What are some examples of fungi as decomposers?

A

Many fungi are decomposers that break down organic material including cellulose and lignin, chemical elements, and toxins

110
Q

What are some examples of fungi as mutualists?

A

They can exist with algae and/or cyanobacteria as lichens, plants (as mycorrhizae or toxin producing endophytes), or animals (guts of grazing animals, leafcutter ants)

111
Q

What are some examples of fungi as pathogens?

A

About 30% of fungi are pathogens
Corn smut, tar spot, ergots, black stem rust
Coccidioidomycosis, Candida albicans, athlete’s foot, ringworm, jock itch

112
Q

What are some human uses of fungi?

A

Eat cheese, alcohol, bread
Use antibiotics
Use saccharomyces in Parkinson’s and Huntington’s
Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces insulin-like growth factor
Gliocladium roseum produces hydrocarbons (possible biofuel)

113
Q

How did land plants originate? What is their sister taxa?

A

Land plants evolved from green algae

Sister taxon = Charophytes

114
Q

What three key traits do land plants have in common with their sister taxa?

A

Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
Structure of flagellated sperm
Formation of a phragmoplast (microtubules that form during cell division)

115
Q

What are the five derived traits of plants?

A 
Alternation of generations
Multicellular, dependent embryos
Walled spores produced in sporangia
Multicellular gametangia
Apical meristems
116
Q

When did land plants originate?

A

~500 MYA

117
Q

What are the two groups of seedless vascular plants?

A

Lycophytes and Monilophytes

118
Q

What group makes up nonvascular plants?

A

Bryophytes

119
Q

Compare the size of seedless vascular plants and nonvascular plants

A

vascular are larger

120
Q

Compare the roots and leaves of seedless vascular plants and nonvascular plants

A

vascular have true roots and leaves, nonvascular do not

121
Q

Compare the dominant stage of seedless vascular plants and nonvascular plants

A

vascular have dominant sporophytes, nonvascular have dominant gametophytes

122
Q

Describe the moss life cycle

A

Mature sporophytes release spores through their peristome
Made of a foot, a seta (stalk), and a capsule (sporangium)
The spores turn into protonemata, then buds, then male and female gametophytes that are anchored by rhizoids
Male gametophytes produce sperm from their antheridia, and females produce eggs from their archegonia
Water transports the sperm to egg, and fertilization occurs within the archegonium
A diploid zygote then develops from a embryo into a new sporophyte

123
Q

Give some examples of the importance of moss

A

Mosses are capable of inhabiting diverse and extreme environments, but they are very common in moist forests and wetlands
Help retain nitrogen in the soil
Sphagnum (peat moss) forms extensive deposits of partially decayed organic matter that can be used as a source of fuel
Peat moss also forms a reserve of 30% of the earth’s carbon

124
Q

When did vascular plants originate? When did they really flourish (and how)?

A

The origin of vascular plants happened about 425 MYA
The ancestors of modern lycophytes, horsetails, and ferns grew to great heights during the Devonian and Carboniferous (300-350 MYA), forming the first forests

125
Q

What are the three key features of vascular plants?

A

Xylem and phloem
True roots and leaves
Dominant sporophyte

126
Q

Describe the life cycle of a fern

A

A mature sporophyte produces spores from a sporangium in a cluster called a sorus
The spore turns into a gametophyte, which has rhizoids
The gametophyte produces sperm in antheridia and eggs in archegonium
The sperm is transported by water to the archegonium, and a zygote is formed
It grows out of the gametophyte to form a sporophyte

127
Q

Give some examples of the importance of seedless vascular plants

A

Increases growth and photosynthesis from the forests they formed removed CO2 from the atmosphere and may have contributed to global cooling at the end of the Carboniferous period
The decaying forests also produced coal

128
Q

Describe the parts of a seed

A

Seeds are a three generation combination that includes an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

129
Q

What is the advantage of pollen?

A

Pollen eliminates the need for a film of water and can be dispersed great distances by air or animals

130
Q

What are some advantages of seeds?

A

Seeds can disperse over long distances by wind or other means
Seeds can remain dormant until conditions are favorable
Seeds have a supply of stored food and can therefore survive better

131
Q

Describe the pine life cycle

A

The ovulate cone of a gymnosperm contains an ovule with a megasporocyte in a megasporangium
The pollen cone has microsporocytes in the microsporangia that produce pollen grains
When the male gametophyte enters the micropyle, it forms a pollen tube
The female gametophyte forms the food supply, and the seed coat forms from the sporophyte integument

132
Q

What adaptations do angiosperms have?

A

The two key adaptations are fruit and flowers

133
Q

Describe flower structure (four parts)

A 
Sepals that enclose the flower
Usually green, but may also look like petals
Petals that attract pollinators with bright colors
Stamens that produce pollen
Made of anther and filament
Carpels (or pistils) that produce ovules
Made of stigma, style, and ovary
Angiosperm life cycle
134
Q

Describe the angiosperm life cycle

A

The microsporocytes on an anther produce microspores which develop into pollen grains containing male gametophytes
The megasporocyte in an ovule produces four haploid cells, one of which survives to form the megaspore
The megaspore divides by mitosis to form one large cell with eight haploid nuclei, a multicellular embryo sac (female gametophyte), and a large egg cell
When pollen meets the right kind of stigma, it germinates to produce a pollen tube through which two sperms move through the style down to the egg
One joins with the egg to form a zygote, the other joins with two nuclei to form the endosperm
The seed then germinates to form a sporophyte plant

135
Q

Name and describe the basal angiosperms

A

(Amborella, water lilies, and star anise)

Small-flowered shrubs with simple water-conducting cells

136
Q

Describe magnoliids

A

Share some traits with basal angiosperms but evolved later

Include magnolias, laurels, and black pepper plants

137
Q

monocot vs dicot-> pollen grain with three openings

A

dicot

138
Q

monocot vs dicot-> root system usually fibrous

A

monocot

139
Q

When (and what) did the domestication of plants occur? (2 spots)

A

The domestication of plants twice in about 10,000 BC, with wheat in the fertile crescent and rice in east asia (teosynthe about 9 TYA)

140
Q

Define green revolution

A

a period of time from the 1940s to the 1970s when many high yield varieties (HYV) were developed based on hybrid seeds and use of fertilizer, pesticides, etc

141
Q

Describe the genetic modification of plants

A

GMOs are organisms that are genetically modified for things like additional nutrition, pest resistance, drought resistance, and herbicide tolerance.

142
Q

Describe seed banks

A

The doomsday vault is a seed bank. The one we talked about was Svalbard, in Norway. The purpose of seed banks is to keep seeds safe from habitat destruction, climate warming, and other threats. They can be used to reintroduce extinct plant species, but unfortunately not all seeds can be stored.

143
Q

Name some general plant medicines

A

Medicines from plants include aspirin, anti-cancer drugs from plant alkaloids, and malaria treatments.

144
Q

What does taxol come from? What is it used for?

A

The pacific yew has taxol in its bark, which is used to treat breast and other cancers

145
Q

What does vincristine come from? What is it used for?

A

The rosy periwinkle produces vincristine, which is used to treat some cancers

146
Q

What does artemisinin come from? What is it used for?

A

Artemisia produces artemisinin, which is used to treat malaria

147
Q

What are some threats to plant diversity?

A

Environment, such as habitat destruction and climate warming

Humans only using a few, such as in GMOs

148
Q

monocot vs dicot-> vascular tissue usually arranged in a ring in the stem

A

dicot

149
Q

monocot vs dicot-> vascular tissue usually arranged in a ring in the stem

A

dicot

150
Q

What characteristics does the excavata supergroup have?

A

cytoskeleton and excavated feeding groove

151
Q

What characteristics do diplomonands have?

A

modified mitochondria

152
Q

What characteristics do euglenozoans have?

A

spiral or crystalline rod inside flagella

153
Q

What characteristics do stramenopiles have?

A

hairy and smooth flagella

154
Q

What (2) characteristics do alveolates have?

A

membrane-enclosed sacs beneath plasma membrane, some bioluminesce

155
Q

What characteristics do rhizarians have?

A

amoebas with threadlike pseudopodia

156
Q

What (2) characteristics do green algae have?

A

plant-type chloroplasts, causes pink or watermelon snow

157
Q

What characteristics do amoebzoans have?

A

amoebas with lobe-shaped or tube-shaped pseudopodia

158
Q

What two groups make up the excavata supergroup?

A

diplomonads and euglenozoans

159
Q

What three groups make up the SAR clade?

A

stramenopiles, alveolates, and rhizarians

160
Q

What three groups make up the Archaeplastida clade?

A

red algae, green algae, land plants

161
Q

What two groups make up the unikonta clade?

A

amoebozoans and opisthokonts

162
Q

What characteristics do Apicomplexans have?

A

most have sexual/asexual stages that require 2 hosts

163
Q

What characteristics do ciliates have?

A

macronuclei and micronuclei, genetic variation comes from conjugation

164
Q

What characteristics do forams have?

A

form an extensive fossil record, magnesium content shows ocean temp.

165
Q

What characteristics do red algae have?

A

phycoerythrin

166
Q

give the subgroup and supergroup-> Euglena

Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts

Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

A

euglenozoans, excavata

167
Q

give the subgroup and supergroup-> Nori

Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts

Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

A

red algae, archaeplastida

168
Q

describe and give the subgroup and supergroup-> Brown algae

Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts

Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

A

stramenopiles, SAR

kelp that live in the deep ocean, have holdfast, stipe, and blades

169
Q

describe and give the subgroup and supergroup-> Entamoeba histolytica

Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts

A

amoebozoans, unikonta, causes amoebic dysentery

170
Q

give the subgroup and supergroup-> Charophytes

Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts

Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

A

green algae, archaeplastida

171
Q

describe and give the subgroup and supergroup-> Giardia intestinalis

Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts

Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

A

diplomonads, excavata, parasite transmitted by feces in water

172
Q

describe and give the subgroup and supergroup-> Slime molds

Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts

Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

A

amoebozoans, unikonta, were in fungi, include plasmodial and cellular types

173
Q

give the subgroup and supergroup-> Volvox

Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts

Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

A

green algae, archaeplastida

174
Q

describe and give the subgroup, supergroup, and subsubgroup-> Pfiesteria

Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts

Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

A

SAR, alveolates, dinoflagellates, have two flagella, cellulose plates, and cause red tides

175
Q

give the subgroup and supergroup-> radiolarians

Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts

Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

A

rhizarians, SAR

176
Q

describe and give the subgroup and supergroup-> Diatoms

Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts

Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

A

stramenopiles, SAR, unicellular algae with a wall of silica

177
Q

give the subgroup and supergroup-> Animals

Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts

Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

A

opisthokonts, unikonta

178
Q

give the subgroup and supergroup-> chlorophytes

Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts

Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

A

green algae, Archaeplastida

179
Q

describe and give the subgroup and supergroup-> Trichomonas vaginalis

Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts

Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

A

diplomonads, excavata, causes yeast infections

180
Q

give the subgroup and supergroup-> Ulva

Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts

Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

A

green algae, archaeplastida

181
Q

describe and give the subgroup and supergroup-> Choanoflagellates

Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts

Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

A

opisthokonts, unikonta

182
Q

describe and give the subgroup, supergroup and subsubgroup-> Globigerina

Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts

Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

A

SAR, rhizarians, forams, have porous, multi-chambered shells called tests, through which pseudopodia extend

183
Q

describe and give the subgroup, supergroup and subsubgroup-> Plasmodium

Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts

Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

A

SAR, alveolates, apicomplexans, causes malaria, needs both mosquitoes and humans, spread by sporozoites, apex has special organelles for penetrating cells/tissues

184
Q

describe and give the subgroup, supergroup and subsubgroup-> Dictyostelium discoideum

Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts

Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

A

unikonta, amoebozoans, slime molds, used to study multicellularity

185
Q

give the subgroup and supergroup-> Fungi

Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts

Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

A

unikonta, opisthokonts

186
Q

describe and give the subgroup and supergroup-> Trypanosoma

Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts

Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

A

excavata, euglenozoans, cause sleeping sickness/Chagas disease, switch surface proteins

187
Q

give the subgroup, supergroup and subsubgroup-> Paramecium

Subgroup options: diplomonads, euglenozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, red algae, green algae, amoebozoans, and opisthokonts

Supergroup options: Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

A

SAR, alveolates, ciliates

188
Q

chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes ->rozella

A

Chytrids

189
Q

chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes ->form arbuscular mycorrhizae

A

glomeromyctes

190
Q

chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes -> early divergers

A

Chytrids

191
Q

chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes ->conidiophores produce asexual spores (conidia)

A

Ascomycetes

192
Q

chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes -> tuber melanosporum (truffles)

A

Ascomycetes

193
Q

chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes ->Penicillium

A

Ascomycetes

194
Q

chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes ->Morchella esculenta (morels)

A

Ascomycetes

195
Q

chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes -> sac or cup fungi

A

Ascomycetes

196
Q

chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes -> Neurospora crassa (bread mold that is a model organism with a well-studied genome)

A

Ascomycetes

197
Q

chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes ->long-lived dikaryotic mycelium

A

Basidiomycetes

198
Q

chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes -> puffballs

A

Basidiomycetes

199
Q

chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes -> shelf fungi

A

Basidiomycetes

200
Q

chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes ->many are decomposers of wood

A

Basidiomycetes

201
Q

chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes -> fairy rings

A

Basidiomycetes

202
Q

chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes ->Club fungi

A

Basidiomycetes

203
Q

chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes ->Pilobolus (“shotgun fungus” can aim and shoot sporangia towards passing grazing animals, passing through fecal matter provides a good place for spores to grow)

A

zygomycetes

204
Q

chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes -> coenocytic hyphae

A

zygomycetes

205
Q

chytrids, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes -> rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold)

A

zygomycetes

206
Q

Describe bryophyta (transport, divergence)

A

Can’t transport water/nutrients for long distances-> earliest lineage to diverge from the common ancestor of land plants

207
Q

Phylum Anthocerophyta, Bryophyta, Monoilophyta, Lycophyta, or Hepatophyta-> spores have high oil content, flammable

A

lycophyta

208
Q

Phylum Anthocerophyta, Bryophyta, Monoilophyta, Lycophyta, or Hepatophyta-> Liverworts

A

hepatophyta

209
Q

Phylum Anthocerophyta, Bryophyta, Monoilophyta, Lycophyta, or Hepatophyta-> Ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns

A

monophytes

210
Q

Phylum Anthocerophyta, Bryophyta, Monoilophyta, Lycophyta, or Hepatophyta-> Mosses

A

bryophyta

211
Q

Phylum Anthocerophyta, Bryophyta, Monoilophyta, Lycophyta, or Hepatophyta-> have microphylls

A

lycophyta

212
Q

Phylum Anthocerophyta, Bryophyta, Monoilophyta, Lycophyta, or Hepatophyta-> club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts

A

lycophytes

213
Q

Phylum Anthocerophyta, Bryophyta, Monoilophyta, Lycophyta, or Hepatophyta-> small heart-shaped gametophytes

A

monilophyta

214
Q

Phylum Anthocerophyta, Bryophyta, Monoilophyta, Lycophyta, or Hepatophyta-> Hornworts

A

anthocherophyta

215
Q

Which phyla make up seedless vascular plants?

A

lycophytes and monophytes

216
Q

Which phyla make up seedless nonvascular plants?

A

hepatophyta, bryophyta, anthocerophyta

217
Q

What are the four phyla that make up gymnosperms?

A

Cycadophyta, Gentophyta, Ginkgophyta, or Coniferophyta

218
Q

Pair 1/2 integuments with gymnosperms/angiosperms

A

1-gymnosperms

219
Q

When did gymnosperms appear? When did they dominate?

A

appeared about 305 MYA and dominated the Mesozoic

220
Q

What are the three characteristics of gymnosperms?

A

Miniaurature gametophyte, seeds develop from fertilized ovules, pollen transports sperm to ovules

221
Q

What kind of leaves do cycads have?

A

palm-like leaves

222
Q

What are the three genera of gnetophyta?

A

Gnetum
Ephedra
Welwitschia

223
Q

Describe ginkgos

A

Holds onto leaves for a long time in the fall, two separate sexes (female seeds are smelly), resistant to pest and air pollution, flagellated sperm

224
Q

Describe bristlecone pines

A

the oldest living trees, nicknamed “methusa”, over 1000 YA, slow growing, dry conditions, location is hidden,

225
Q

Describe wollemi pines

A

was thought to have gone extinct 2 MYA, until an Australian hiker found some, their location is hidden, but many startings are sold to try to lower the value of the old ones

226
Q

When did angiosperms take over from gymnosperms?

A

replaced gymnosperms near the end of the Mesozoic (100 MYA)

Z - BioSci 1223 (S&T) (16 decks)

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