Chordates

Question 1

Which group(s) has a blade-like shape?

Answer 1

Cephalochordata, Lancelets

Question 2

Which group(s) functions as marine suspension feeders that retain characteristics of the chordata body plan as adults?

Answer 2

Cephalochordata, Lancelets

Question 3

Which group(s) do Lancelets belong to?

Answer 3

Cephalochordata

Question 4

Which group(s) only resemble chordates during larval stage?

Answer 4

Urochordata, Tunicates

Question 5

Which group(s), as an adult, draws in water through an incurrent siphon, filtering for food?

Answer 5

Urochordata, Tunicates

Question 6

Which group(s), when attacked, shoots water through an excurrent siphon?

Answer 6

Urochordata, Tunicates

Question 7

Which group(s) has fewer Hox genes than other vertebrates?

Answer 7

Urochordata, Tunicates

Question 8

Which group do Tunicates belong to?

Answer 8

Urochordata

Question 9

Which group(s) are jawless vertebrates?

Answer 9

Myxini/Hagfishes, Petromyzontida/Lamprey

Question 10

Which group(s) has a cartilaginous skull, reduced vertebrae, and a flexible rod of cartilage derived from the notochord?

Answer 10

Myxini, Hagfishes

Question 11

Which group(s) has a small brain, eyes, ears, and tooth-like formations?

Answer 11

Myxini, Hagfishes

Question 12

Which group(s) are marine, mostly bottom-dwelling scavengers?

Answer 12

Myxini, Hagfishes

Question 13

Which group do Hagfishes belong to?

Answer 13

Myxini

Question 14

Which group(s) are mostly parasites that feed by clamping their mouth on a live fish?

Answer 14

Petromyzontida, Lamprey

Question 15

Which group(s) have cartilaginous segments surrounding the notochord and arching partly over the nerve cord?

Answer 15

Petromyzontidam, Lamprey

Question 16

Which group does the Lamprey belong to?

Answer 16

Petromyzontida

Question 17

Which group(s) has a skeleton primarily composed of cartilage?

Answer 17

Chondrichthyes

Question 18

Which group has Sharks, Skates, and Rays?

Answer 18

Chondrichthyes

Question 19

Which group has Ratfishes and Chimeras?

Answer 19

Chondrichthyes

Question 20

Which group(s) has fins supported by long flexible rays and are modified for maneuvering, defense, and other functions?

Answer 20

Actinopterygii, Ray-Finned

Question 21

Which group has Ray-finned fish?

Answer 21

Antinopterygii

Question 22

Which group has Yellowfin tuna, lion fish, seahorse, moray eel, pollock, and hoki?

Answer 22

Actinopterygii

Question 23

Which group was thought to have gone extinct 75 million years ago, until one was caught off the coast of South Africa?

Answer 23

Actinistia, Coelacanths

Question 24

Which group has Coelacanths?

Answer 24

Actinistia

Question 25

Which group(s) can surface to gulp air into lungs?

Answer 25

Dipnoi, Lungfish

Question 26

Which group has the Lungfish?

Answer 26

Dipnoi

Question 27

What is the body plan of Chordates and are they deuterostomes or proterostomes?

Answer 27

Bilateral, Deuterostomes

Question 28

What are the four derived traits of Chordates?

Answer 28

Notochord;
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord;
Pharyngeal slits or clefts;
Muscular, post-anal tail

Question 29

What is a Notochord?

Answer 29

Longitudinal, flexible rod that provides skeletal support

Question 30

What does the Dorsal, hollow nerve cord develop into in some chordates?

Answer 30

the central nervous system

Question 31

What are Pharyngeal slits or clefts?

Answer 31

Clefts develop into slits that function in suspension-feeding, gas exchange, or form parts of the ear/head/neck

Question 32

What are the two groups of invertebrate chordates?

Answer 32

Cephalochordates and Urochordates

Lancelets and tunicates

Question 33

What is the clade of gnathostomes with a body endoskeleton, includes bony fish and tetrapods

Answer 33

Osteichtyans

Question 34

What clade includes both Hagfishes and Lampreys?

Answer 34

Cyclostomes

Question 35

What clade describes vertebrates with jaws?

Answer 35

Gnathostomes

Question 36

What is special about fish? (innovations and special organs)

Answer 36

Jaws evolved from modification of skeletal rods that supported the gill slits

Lateral line system sensitive to vibrations

Operculum protects the gills

Swim bladder is filled with air to control buoyancy

Question 37

What are some human uses of hagfish?

Answer 37

Meat used in Korea
Skin used for eelskin products
Possible medical use in surgery

Question 38

Describe the reproduction of sea lampreys and some current methods to fight them.

Answer 38

Reproduce in streams, larvae burrow in the floor, migrate towards lakes and enter parasitic stage

TFM in streams to attack larvae in streams, bailicide in the larger streams, sterilize male lampreys, barriers with direct current electricity, synthetic pheromones

Question 39

What is special about sharks? Include the terms spiral valve and cloaca.

Answer 39

Streamlined body, swift swimmers, largest are suspension feeders, most are carnivores, short digestive tract with a spiral valve, acute senses including sight and smell, have the ability to detect electrical fields from nearby animals,
Reproductive tract, excretory system, and digestive tract empty into a common cloaca

Question 40

Describe the three methods of shark reproduction.

Answer 40

Oviparous: Eggs hatch outside of mother’s body (egg birth)

Ovoviviparous: Embryo develops in uterus, nourished by egg yolk (egg, live birth)

Viviparous: Embryo develops in uterus, nourished by yolk sac placenta from the mother’s blood (Humans, live birth w/o egg)