Chapter 29, Nonvascular Plants and Seedless Vascular Plants Flashcards
Liverworts -match with the Phylum(s)
Hepatophyta
Spike mosses -match with the Phylum(s)
Lycophyta
True mosses -match with the Phylum(s)
Bryophyta
Ferns- match with the Phylum(s)
Monilophyta
Spores have high oil content, flammable - match with the Phylum(s)
Lycophyta
Whisk ferns -match with the Phylum(s)
Monilophyta
Hornworts -match with the Phylum(s)
Anthocerophyta
Horsetail ferns -match with the Phylum(s)
Monilophyta
Seedless vascular plants -match with the Phylum(s)
Monilophyta, Lycophyta
Seedless nonvascular plants -match with the Phylum(s)
Anthocerophyta, Bryophyta, Hepatophyta
Plant group that have microphylls -match with the Phylum(s)
Lycophyta
Plants with small heart-shaped gametophyte -match with the Phylum(s)
Monilophyta
What were the dominant plants that grew to great heights during the Carboniferous (300-350 million years ago)?
Lycophytes
How did the growth of lycophytes affect the CO2 levels of the atmosphere?
Decreased the CO2 levels
The decaying plants of the Carboniferous forests eventually became what?
Coal
Is a sporophyte haploid or diploid?
Diploid
Is a spore haploid or diploid?
Haploid
Is a gametophyte haploid or diploid?
Haploid
Is a zygote haploid or diploid?
Diploid
Identify as true or false, if false, explain why. “Charophytes are embryophytes”
False (plants are embryophytes, charophytes are not)
Identify as true or false, if false, explain why. “Plants produce two types of reproductive cells; spores and gametes”
True
Identify as true or false, if false, explain why. “In ferns, Meiosis results in the formation of egg and sperm cells”
False (Meiosis makes haploid spores out of a diploid sporophyte)
Identify as true or false, if false, explain why. “Plant sporophytes grow from haploid, multicellular bodies”
False (Sporophytes are diploid)
Identify as true or false, if false, explain why. “Bryophyte gametophytes are nutritionally dependent on the sporophyte generation”
False (Other way around. The sporophyte generation is nutritionally dependent on the bryophyte gametophytes)
How do bryophytes differ from the seedless vascular plants? How are they similar?
Bryophytes are homosporous while vascular plants are heterosporous. They both are embryophytes that have an alternation of generations. Bryophytes are nonvascular, and have a dominant gametophyte generation. Both are seedless. Bryophyte sporophytes grow out of archegonia. They both have stomata. They both need water to reproduce. Seedless vascular plants have true roots and leaves. (We don’t need ALL of this)
In the life cycle of the typical moss plant- Female gametophytes produce eggs in the ___________
Female gametophytes produce eggs in the archegonium.
In the life cycle of the typical moss plant- Male gametophytes produce sperm in _____________
Male gametophytes produce sperm in antheridium.
In the life cycle of the typical moss plant- Sperm __________ through the damp environment to fertilize the egg
Sperm swims through the damp environment to fertilize the egg.
In the life cycle of the typical moss plant- The zygote remains in the archegonium and grows into the _________, still attached to the female gametophyte
The zygote remains in the archegonium and grows into the sporophyte, still attached to the female gametophyte.
In the life cycle of the typical moss plant- Spores are formed by the process of _________ in the ______________.
Spores are formed by the process of meiosis in the sporangium.
In the life cycle of the typical moss plant- When shed, spores develop into the _____________.
When shed, spores develop into the gametophyte.
The gametophyte produces ___________ by __________
The gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis
Following fertilization, the _______ divides by _________ to develop into the ___________
Following fertilization, the zygote divides by mitosis to develop into the sporophyte
The sporophyte produces ___________ by ________
The sporophyte produces spores by meiosis
The spores germinate and develop into the ____________
The spores germinate and develop into the gametophyte
What 5 key traits appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes?
Apical meristems Multicellular, dependent embryo Multicellular gametangia Walled spores produced in sporangia Alternation of generations
Define Sporopollenin
A layer of durable polymer that prevents zygotes from drying out in plants
Define Embryophytes
Plants like land plants in which the embryo depends on the parent
Define Cuticle
a waxy covering of the epidermis (water loss and predation)
Define Stomata
specialized cells that allow for gas exchange between the air and the plant
Define Seed
an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
Define Gymnosperms
‘naked seed’ plants, include the conifers
Define Angiosperms
flowering plants
Define Homosporous
Producing one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte
Define Heterosporous
Produce megaspores (female) and microspores (male)
Name the closest relatives of land plants
Charophytes, green algae
What three traits do land plants have in common with their sister taxa?
Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins, flagellated sperm, formation of a phragmoplast
When was the origin of land plants?
500 MYA (cambrian period)
What are some differences and similarites between vascular and nonvascular plants?
Nonvascular are small and gametophyte dominant, have a rhizoid instead of a root
Both have alternation of generation and other plant traits, both are tided to water (at least in seedless)
Why are mosses important?
Nitrogen retention, sphagnum used as fuel, tollund man, carbon reserve
Describe the origin of the first vascular plants (and time)
Evolved from common ancestor to bryophytes, better adapted to land, about 225 MYA
What are the key features of vascular plants?
True roots and leaves, most seedless ones are homosporous, dominant sporophytes, independent gametophytes
Why are seedless vascular plants important?
First forests, contributed to global cooling, formed coal
