Study Material for Mar 4 Quiz Flashcards
What are carnivores?
Animals that feed on other animal tissue
What are omnivores?
Animals that feed on both animal tissue and plants
What are herbivores?
Animals that feed on plants
What are the four functions of a pig’s mouth?
Prehension, ensalivation, mastication, and bolus formation
What is prehension?
Grasping and bringing in food
What is ensalivation?
Mixing food with saliva
What is mastication?
Grinding or pulverizing food
What is bolus formation?
Rolling food into a ball with the tongue and pushing to towards the back of the mouth
What is the structure of the pharynx?
A four-branch structure with the nose and trachea on one diagonal and the mouth and esophagus on the other diagonal
What are the two types of swallowing, with an example?
- Voluntary - taking medications
2. Reflex - swallowing food
What is the esophagus?
Muscular structure that connects the pharynx to the stomach
When does the pharynx open?
When dealing with food or air
What is the pH of the pig’s stomach?
3 to 4
What are the functions of the pig’s stomach?
- Store material
- Secrete substances
- Mix food
- Move chyme from stomach to rest of digestive system
What is chyme?
Partially digested food
What are the four zones of a pig’s stomach?
Esophageal, fundic, cardiac, and pyloric
What is secreted in the fundic zone of the pig’s stomach?
Acid secretions
What is secreted in the cardiac zone of the pig’s stomach?
Mucous secretions
What secretions are produced in the stomach?
Mucous, HCl, lipase, rennin, and pepsinogen
What type of enzyme is pepsinogen?
A zymogen, or inactive form of an enzyme
What is gastrin?
A hormone produced by the pyloric region of the stomach that targets the stomach to produce more secretions
Why is gastrin production an endocrine function?
The gastrin must be picked up by the bloodstream and transported back to the other zones of the stomach
What are the flow regulation phases of gastric fluid?
- Cephalic phase
- Gastric phase
- Intestinal phase
What is the cephalic phase?
A nerve impulse that prepares the stomach for incoming food
What is the gastric phase?
A nerve impulse and hormonal response that occurs once food is in the stomach
What is the intestinal phase?
A hormonal response that occurs once food moves from the stomach to the intestines
Which flow regulation phase is the shortest?
Cephalic phase
Which flow regulation phase is the longest?
Gastric phase
What are the requirements for emptying the stomach for a pig?
- Chyme must be fluid and acidic enough
- Duodenum must be receptive
- Pyloric pump of the stomach must become stronger to push food through pyloric sphincter
What is the enterogastric reflex?
A nerve reflex that reduces the pumping actions of the stomach
What is enterogastrone?
A hormone produced by the small intestine that targets the stomach to slow gastric fluid production and flow rate
What is the structure of the small intestine for a pig?
A long and muscular tube with villi to increase the surface area
What are the functions of the small intestine for a pig?
Chemically degrade food and absorb nutrients into the blood stream
What are the sections of the small intestine for a pig?
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
Where are the entrances of the liver and pancreatic ducts in a pig?
Anterior end of the small intestine
What is pancreatic fluid?
An alkaline fluid produced by the pancreas that contains enzymes, carbonates, and bicarbonates
What is secretin?
A hormone produced in the duodenum that signals for the pancreas to secrete more pancreatic fluid, carbonates, and bicarbonates
What is cholecystokinin (CCK)?
A hormone produced in the duodenum that signals for the pancreas to increase enzyme output
What are trypsin and chymotrypsin?
Proteases that break polypeptide chains into individual amino acids
What is amylase?
An enzyme that breaks down amylose and amylopectin
What are carbohydrases?
Enzymes that break down other carbohydrates
What is lipase?
An enzyme that breaks down fat and is able to function in the small intestine due to the high pH
What is hepatic fluid?
An alkaline fluid produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder that contains the waste products of liver metabolism
How is hepatic fluid hormonally controlled?
Cholecystokinin controls the release of hepatic fluid from the gall bladder
What is intestinal fluid?
An alkaline fluid containing multiple types of enzymes
What are the functions of the large intestine?
Store residue left over from the digestion process and lubricate the residue to exit through the anus
What are the sections of the large intestine?
Cecum, colon, and rectum
What is the definition of absorption?
Movement of materials from the digestive tract into the blood stream
What are the three mechanisms of absorption?
Diffusion, osmosis, and active transport
What does the small intestine absorb for pigs?
Amino acids, simple sugars, fatty acids and glycerol, vitamins, minerals, water
What is the portal vein?
A vein that runs parallel to the GI tract and carries nutrient rich blood from the GI to the liver for detoxification
What is contained in the feces?
- Undigested feed residues
- Cellulose and lignin
- Bacteria
- Mucus
- Water
- Other digestive process residues
- Epithelial cells
What is the structure of a bird’s mouth?
A beak with no teeth
What are the functions of a bird’s mouth?
Prehension, ensalivation, and bolus formation
What is the crop (gullet)?
An out pocket of the esophagus that stores and lubricates food
What is the proventriculus (true stomach)?
Chamber located at the end of the esophagus that secretes gastric juices and HCl
What is the ventriculus (gizzard)?
“Stomach” that contains grit stones that pulverize the food and mix food with gastric juices
How does a bird’s duodenum differ from a pig’s?
The bird’s is in the form of the loop, the bile and pancreatic ducts come at the end, and gastric digestion occurs throughout the loop
Where does intestinal digestion occur in a bird?
In the jejunum and ileum only
Which digestive fluids are present in birds?
Bile, pancreatic fluid, intestinal fluid
What is the structure of the large intestine in birds?
Two ceca and a colon
What is the cloaca?
A passageway where the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems all meet
What is the vent?
A bird’s anus
Where does absorption occur for birds?
Everything is absorbed in the small intestine, and water is also absorbed in the large intestine
What is the significant difference between the horse and other monogastrics?
The horse has a large cecum that performs microbial fermentation to turn cellulose and hemicellulose into volatile fatty acids that are absorbed by the large intestine
What are significant differences between the rabbit and other monogastrics?
The rabbit has a large cecum and also practices coprophagy, or the act of eating fecal pellets to have a second chance at the nutrients
What is different about a ruminant’s mouth?
They have dental pads instead of upper incisor teeth
What is unique about ruminants’ saliva?
It contains sodium bicarbonate but no significant enzymes, and acts as a buffer for the stomach
What are the functions of the mouth while eating?
Prehension, mastication, ensalivation, bolus formation
What are the functions of the mouth during rumination?
Regurgitation, remastication, reensalivation, reswallowing
What is the rumen (paunch)?
The largest stomach chamber that is covered in millions of papillae and absorbs volatile fatty acids
What is the reticulum (honeycomb)?
The stomach chamber with a honeycomb surface that traps large substances to regurgitate
What is hardware disease?
A situation in which wire, nails, and other materials become trapped in the reticulum and irritate the lining
What is the omasum (manyplies)?
The stomach chamber with a large surface area that absorbs water, reduces particle size, and has conical papillae
What is the abomasum (true stomach)?
The smallest stomach chamber that secretes HCl and other gastric fluids for gastric digestion
What percent of total volume is cattle’s stomach?
71%
What percent of total volume is a horse’s large intestine?
67%
What percent of total volume is a horse’s stomach?
8%
What percent of total volume is cattle’s small intestine?
18%
What percent of total volume is cattle’s large intestine?
11%
What percent of total volume is a horse’s small intestine?
25%
What percent of total volume is a pig’s stomach?
29%
What percent of total volume is a pig’s small intestine?
34%
What percent of total volume is a pig’s large intestine?
37%
