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Animal Science 201 > Study Material for Mar 4 Quiz > Flashcards

Study Material for Mar 4 Quiz Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are carnivores?

A

Animals that feed on other animal tissue

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2
Q

What are omnivores?

A

Animals that feed on both animal tissue and plants

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3
Q

What are herbivores?

A

Animals that feed on plants

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4
Q

What are the four functions of a pig’s mouth?

A

Prehension, ensalivation, mastication, and bolus formation

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5
Q

What is prehension?

A

Grasping and bringing in food

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6
Q

What is ensalivation?

A

Mixing food with saliva

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7
Q

What is mastication?

A

Grinding or pulverizing food

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8
Q

What is bolus formation?

A

Rolling food into a ball with the tongue and pushing to towards the back of the mouth

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9
Q

What is the structure of the pharynx?

A

A four-branch structure with the nose and trachea on one diagonal and the mouth and esophagus on the other diagonal

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10
Q

What are the two types of swallowing, with an example?

A
  1. Voluntary - taking medications

2. Reflex - swallowing food

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11
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

Muscular structure that connects the pharynx to the stomach

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12
Q

When does the pharynx open?

A

When dealing with food or air

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13
Q

What is the pH of the pig’s stomach?

A

3 to 4

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14
Q

What are the functions of the pig’s stomach?

A
  1. Store material
  2. Secrete substances
  3. Mix food
  4. Move chyme from stomach to rest of digestive system
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15
Q

What is chyme?

A

Partially digested food

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16
Q

What are the four zones of a pig’s stomach?

A

Esophageal, fundic, cardiac, and pyloric

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17
Q

What is secreted in the fundic zone of the pig’s stomach?

A

Acid secretions

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18
Q

What is secreted in the cardiac zone of the pig’s stomach?

A

Mucous secretions

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19
Q

What secretions are produced in the stomach?

A

Mucous, HCl, lipase, rennin, and pepsinogen

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20
Q

What type of enzyme is pepsinogen?

A

A zymogen, or inactive form of an enzyme

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21
Q

What is gastrin?

A

A hormone produced by the pyloric region of the stomach that targets the stomach to produce more secretions

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22
Q

Why is gastrin production an endocrine function?

A

The gastrin must be picked up by the bloodstream and transported back to the other zones of the stomach

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23
Q

What are the flow regulation phases of gastric fluid?

A
  1. Cephalic phase
  2. Gastric phase
  3. Intestinal phase
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24
Q

What is the cephalic phase?

A

A nerve impulse that prepares the stomach for incoming food

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25
Q

What is the gastric phase?

A

A nerve impulse and hormonal response that occurs once food is in the stomach

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26
Q

What is the intestinal phase?

A

A hormonal response that occurs once food moves from the stomach to the intestines

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27
Q

Which flow regulation phase is the shortest?

A

Cephalic phase

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28
Q

Which flow regulation phase is the longest?

A

Gastric phase

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29
Q

What are the requirements for emptying the stomach for a pig?

A
  1. Chyme must be fluid and acidic enough
  2. Duodenum must be receptive
  3. Pyloric pump of the stomach must become stronger to push food through pyloric sphincter
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30
Q

What is the enterogastric reflex?

A

A nerve reflex that reduces the pumping actions of the stomach

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31
Q

What is enterogastrone?

A

A hormone produced by the small intestine that targets the stomach to slow gastric fluid production and flow rate

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32
Q

What is the structure of the small intestine for a pig?

A

A long and muscular tube with villi to increase the surface area

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33
Q

What are the functions of the small intestine for a pig?

A

Chemically degrade food and absorb nutrients into the blood stream

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34
Q

What are the sections of the small intestine for a pig?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

35
Q

Where are the entrances of the liver and pancreatic ducts in a pig?

A

Anterior end of the small intestine

36
Q

What is pancreatic fluid?

A

An alkaline fluid produced by the pancreas that contains enzymes, carbonates, and bicarbonates

37
Q

What is secretin?

A

A hormone produced in the duodenum that signals for the pancreas to secrete more pancreatic fluid, carbonates, and bicarbonates

38
Q

What is cholecystokinin (CCK)?

A

A hormone produced in the duodenum that signals for the pancreas to increase enzyme output

39
Q

What are trypsin and chymotrypsin?

A

Proteases that break polypeptide chains into individual amino acids

40
Q

What is amylase?

A

An enzyme that breaks down amylose and amylopectin

41
Q

What are carbohydrases?

A

Enzymes that break down other carbohydrates

42
Q

What is lipase?

A

An enzyme that breaks down fat and is able to function in the small intestine due to the high pH

43
Q

What is hepatic fluid?

A

An alkaline fluid produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder that contains the waste products of liver metabolism

44
Q

How is hepatic fluid hormonally controlled?

A

Cholecystokinin controls the release of hepatic fluid from the gall bladder

45
Q

What is intestinal fluid?

A

An alkaline fluid containing multiple types of enzymes

46
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A

Store residue left over from the digestion process and lubricate the residue to exit through the anus

47
Q

What are the sections of the large intestine?

A

Cecum, colon, and rectum

48
Q

What is the definition of absorption?

A

Movement of materials from the digestive tract into the blood stream

49
Q

What are the three mechanisms of absorption?

A

Diffusion, osmosis, and active transport

50
Q

What does the small intestine absorb for pigs?

A

Amino acids, simple sugars, fatty acids and glycerol, vitamins, minerals, water

51
Q

What is the portal vein?

A

A vein that runs parallel to the GI tract and carries nutrient rich blood from the GI to the liver for detoxification

52
Q

What is contained in the feces?

A
  1. Undigested feed residues
  2. Cellulose and lignin
  3. Bacteria
  4. Mucus
  5. Water
  6. Other digestive process residues
  7. Epithelial cells
53
Q

What is the structure of a bird’s mouth?

A

A beak with no teeth

54
Q

What are the functions of a bird’s mouth?

A

Prehension, ensalivation, and bolus formation

55
Q

What is the crop (gullet)?

A

An out pocket of the esophagus that stores and lubricates food

56
Q

What is the proventriculus (true stomach)?

A

Chamber located at the end of the esophagus that secretes gastric juices and HCl

57
Q

What is the ventriculus (gizzard)?

A

“Stomach” that contains grit stones that pulverize the food and mix food with gastric juices

58
Q

How does a bird’s duodenum differ from a pig’s?

A

The bird’s is in the form of the loop, the bile and pancreatic ducts come at the end, and gastric digestion occurs throughout the loop

59
Q

Where does intestinal digestion occur in a bird?

A

In the jejunum and ileum only

60
Q

Which digestive fluids are present in birds?

A

Bile, pancreatic fluid, intestinal fluid

61
Q

What is the structure of the large intestine in birds?

A

Two ceca and a colon

62
Q

What is the cloaca?

A

A passageway where the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems all meet

63
Q

What is the vent?

A

A bird’s anus

64
Q

Where does absorption occur for birds?

A

Everything is absorbed in the small intestine, and water is also absorbed in the large intestine

65
Q

What is the significant difference between the horse and other monogastrics?

A

The horse has a large cecum that performs microbial fermentation to turn cellulose and hemicellulose into volatile fatty acids that are absorbed by the large intestine

66
Q

What are significant differences between the rabbit and other monogastrics?

A

The rabbit has a large cecum and also practices coprophagy, or the act of eating fecal pellets to have a second chance at the nutrients

67
Q

What is different about a ruminant’s mouth?

A

They have dental pads instead of upper incisor teeth

68
Q

What is unique about ruminants’ saliva?

A

It contains sodium bicarbonate but no significant enzymes, and acts as a buffer for the stomach

69
Q

What are the functions of the mouth while eating?

A

Prehension, mastication, ensalivation, bolus formation

70
Q

What are the functions of the mouth during rumination?

A

Regurgitation, remastication, reensalivation, reswallowing

71
Q

What is the rumen (paunch)?

A

The largest stomach chamber that is covered in millions of papillae and absorbs volatile fatty acids

72
Q

What is the reticulum (honeycomb)?

A

The stomach chamber with a honeycomb surface that traps large substances to regurgitate

73
Q

What is hardware disease?

A

A situation in which wire, nails, and other materials become trapped in the reticulum and irritate the lining

74
Q

What is the omasum (manyplies)?

A

The stomach chamber with a large surface area that absorbs water, reduces particle size, and has conical papillae

75
Q

What is the abomasum (true stomach)?

A

The smallest stomach chamber that secretes HCl and other gastric fluids for gastric digestion

76
Q

What percent of total volume is cattle’s stomach?

A

71%

77
Q

What percent of total volume is a horse’s large intestine?

A

67%

78
Q

What percent of total volume is a horse’s stomach?

A

8%

79
Q

What percent of total volume is cattle’s small intestine?

A

18%

80
Q

What percent of total volume is cattle’s large intestine?

A

11%

81
Q

What percent of total volume is a horse’s small intestine?

A

25%

82
Q

What percent of total volume is a pig’s stomach?

A

29%

83
Q

What percent of total volume is a pig’s small intestine?

A

34%

84
Q

What percent of total volume is a pig’s large intestine?

A

37%

Animal Science 201 (12 decks)

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