Study Material for Jan 29 Quiz Flashcards
What is the name for mature male goats?
Buck
What is the name for mature female sheep?
Ewe
What percent of income is spent on food for in home?
6.4%
What types of meat are available?
Cattle, swine, poultry, horse, alpaca, antelope, kangaroo, etc.
What is HTST Pasteurization?
High temp, short time; 161 degrees for 15 seconds
What percent of people in the U.S. are in agriculture-related fields?
< 2%
What types of milk are available?
Cattle, buffalo, yak, reindeer, goat, etc.
What is collagen?
A connective tissue in animals
What is the name for young male goats?
Buck Kid
What percent of daily calories in the U.S. comes from animal products?
27%
How are bacterial flavor defects prevented?
Proper cooling procedures and sound management practices
What is the name for young female swine?
Gilt
Which vitamins are usually fortified during milk processing?
A and D
What is the name for mature male sheep?
Ram
What are examples of monogastrics or modified monogastrics?
Dogs, cats, horses, chickens, swine, humans, rats, mice
What is the name of the horse birthing process?
Foaling
What surplus in milk helps offset corn deficiencies?
Lysine
What is the name for newborn swine?
Pig
Milk is a poor source of what minerals?
Fe, Cu, Mn, Na
What is the annual value of manure and fertilizers?
$1 billion
What is the consumption trend for butter?
Increasing
What is the name for young male chickens?
Cockerel
How many different varieties of cheese exist?
Over 400
How is homogenization accomplished?
Milk is pumped through a series of screens under pressure that reduce the size of the fat globules
What is the name for castrated male goats?
Wether
What percent of calories does fat contribute to milk?
48%
What are examples of ruminants or modified ruminants?
Goats, deer, cattle, sheep, elk, bison, water buffalo, giraffes, yaks, camels
What is the genus for sheep?
Ovis
What percent fat must ice cream contain?
10%
What percent of fat does low-fat milk have?
1%
Why are phospholipids good emulsifying agents?
A portion of the molecule is water soluble and the other portion is fat soluble
What factors influence milk composition?
Species, breed, stage of lactation, stage of milking, feeds/feeding, diseases, genetics, season, and age
What is standardization?
The process of stabilizing the composition of commercially available milk by adding additional skim milk to reach desired fat content
What is the relationship between income and % protein consumption from animal products?
As income goes up, % protein goes up
What is the name for mature female dogs?
Bitch
What makes milk unique, in terms of its fatty acids?
Milk contains a high % of short chain fatty acids compared to other animal products
What types of cheese products are made from soft curds?
Cream cheese, cottage cheese, ricotta
What percentage of the world depends heavily on animal labor?
20%
What is reverse osmosis?
Process that concentrates milk (often for transport) by removing water
What is UHT Pasteurization?
Ultra high temp, 280 degrees for 2 seconds
What other constituents may be present in milk?
Enzymes, somatic cells, and leukocytes
What is the consumption trend for beef?
Decreasing
What is the consumption trend for cheese?
Increasing
What is lactose intolerance?
Bloating, nausea, and/or diarrhea caused by a deficiency in the lactase enzyme
What is the name for newborn sheep?
Lamb
What is the definition of “organic foods?”
Produced under National Organic Program (NOP) through USDA; highly regulated
What milk component is more present in colostrum than in other milk?
Albumins and globulins
What is the composition percentage breakdown of milk?
87% water, 3.8% fat, 2.8% caseins, 0.7% Albumin/globulin, 5% Lactose, 0.7% Ash
What country is the leading producer of chickens, swine, and sheep?
China
What type of eggs are available?
Chicken, turkey, duck, etc.
What is the name for mature male swine?
Boar
What percent fat must butter contain?
80%
What is the name of the cat birthing process?
Queening/Littering
What is the biological definition of milk?
The liquid normally secreted by female mammals for nourishment of their young
What percent of milk protein is whey proteins?
18%
Milk is a good source of what minerals?
K, Ca, S, P, Mg, Cl, Zn, Se
What are milk grades based on?
The facilities and sanitary conditions of producers
What is the genus for cats?
Felis
What is the consumption trend for pork, lamb, and fish?
Steady
How many farms were in PA in 2017?
2050 farms
What percent of fat does skim milk have?
< 0.5%
What percent of daily protein consumption in the world comes from animal products?
34%
What is the name for mature female cattle?
Cow
What is the percent of people in the world in agriculture-related fields?
43%
What is the name for newborn dogs?
Pup
What is the first milk produced by an animal called?
Colostrum
What is an unsaturated fat?
A fat with one or more double bonds between the carbons
In 2016, how many people did one farm worker supply with food?
143 to 150 persons
What is the name for mature female cats?
Queen
What is the name of the goat birthing process?
Kidding
What is the name for newborn cats?
Kitten
What is the name for castrated male swine?
Barrow
What is the name for mature female swine?
Sow
What are imitation products?
Products that look and taste like normal dairy products but are nutritionally inferior
How many pounds of milk are needed to produce a pound of butter?
21.2 lbs
What composes a phospholipid?
Glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate, and a nitrogen-containing base
How many pounds of milk are needed to produce a gallon of ice cream?
12 lbs
What is the name for young male cats?
Kitten
What is acid curd formation?
An acid is added in order to precipitate out the caseins, forming a soft curd
What animal is the most common pet in terms of number of households?
Dogs
What form does lactose take in milk?
True molecular solution
What three minerals are heavily present in mature and fertilizers?
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium
What is pasteurization?
The process of heating milk to kill pathogenic bacteria
What is the name of the dog birthing process?
Whelping
What country is the leading producer of cattle?
India
What is enzyme curd formation?
The enzyme rennin hydrolyzes casein into paracasein, the caseins clot to form calcium paracaseinate, and a hard, elastic curd forms
What two things make up whey proteins?
Lactalbumin and lactoglobulin
What is the consumption trend for eggs?
Increasing
What is the name for newborn goats?
Kid
What is the name for young male sheep?
Ram lamb
What is the name for young female goats?
Doe Kid
Which animal is the most similar to humans?
Swine
What are cultured dairy products?
Products that involve the use of microorganisms in the production process
What are the different types of cream?
Half-and-half, light, light whipping, and heavy
What is the name for young male horses?
Colt
What percent of milk is Solids not Fat (SNF)
9.2%
What is the name for mature male cats?
Tom
What is a saturated fat?
A fat with all single bonds between the carbons
What percent of milk is proteins?
3.5%
What is separation?
The use of centrifugal force to separate milk components, like skim milk and cream
What is fortified milk?
Milk that has solids added back in to bring up the Solids-Not-Fat content
Which vitamins are water soluble?
B and C
What are the main contributions that animals make to people?
Food, labor, clothing/products, companionship/recreation, research/medicine, service animals
What percent of milk protein is made up of caseins?
82%
What is the name for young female cattle?
Heifer Calf
What percent of income is spent on food total (includes eating out)?
9.9%
What are the most recent statistics on saturated fat contributions from meat products and vegetables/oil?
26% from meat/poultry/fish, 53% from vegetables/oil
What is the name for castrated male chickens?
Capon
What is the ash in milk?
The minerals that exist in true solution as parts of salts and other molecules
What pasteurization method is most common in the U.S.?
LTLT
What is the fat globule membrane composed of?
Phospholipids, proteins, enzymes
What were the total pet expenses in 2019?
$75 billion
How is hydrolytic rancidity prevented?
Proper handling/storage, avoidance of excess agitation, pasteurization
What are the four storage conditions for milk?
Cool (under 40 degrees F), sanitary, odor-free environment, and no exposure to fluorescent light or sunlight
What is the genus for dogs?
Canis
What percent of fat does reduced fat milk have?
2%
What is the chemical composition of the fat in milk?
98-99% triglycerides, 0.2-1.0% phospholipids, 0.25% sterols, trace amounts of waxes, and vitamins A, D, E, and K
What are greases and tallow used to produce?
Soaps, feed, pharmaceuticals, candles, cosmetics, rubber
What does the hard curd contain?
Casein, calcium, water, albumins and globulins
What is the consumption trend for fluid milk?
Decreasing
What is the genus for chickens?
Gallus
Is there a quota system in the United States?
No
How are absorbed flavor defects prevented?
By not feeding aromatic feeds close to milking time and by not storing milk near aromatic products
What is the name for young female dogs?
Pup
What is the name for young male swine?
Boar Pig
What is the general fatty acid formula?
A central Carbon bonded to an OH group, double bonded to an Oxygen, and bonded to an R group
What does the leftover sweet whey from curd formation contain?
Water, lactose, minerals, albumins and globulins, and vitamins
What percent fat is standardized whole milk?
3.25%
What is the name for mature female goats?
Doe
What is the name of the chicken birthing process?
Hatching
What charge is associated with the fat globule membrane?
A negative charge
What percent of cheeses are made from hard curds?
80%
What is ultrafiltration?
Process that separates components based on molecular size
What is the name for mature male chickens?
Cock
What produces the various flavors of cheese?
Microorganisms
What for things help contribute to U.S. farm productivity?
Free Enterprise system, land and climate conditions, education system, and specialization
What percent of daily calories in the world comes from animal products?
18%
What is the name for castrated male horses?
Gelding
What are nutraceuticals (functional foods)?
Foods with added health benefits above original purpose
What was the average farm size in PA in 2017?
444 acres
What is the name for newborn horses?
Foal
How many pounds of milk are needed to produce a pound of cottage cheese?
6.2 lbs
Why is meat important (2)?
- Meat has the closest match of amino acids to the human body
- Meat supplies minerals and vitamin B12
What is the genus for cattle?
Bos
What milk grade is used for milk products?
Grade B
What is the name of the cattle birthing process?
Calving
What is the name for young female sheep?
Ewe lamb
What animals are used as test subjects for artificial organs?
Cattle, sheep, swine
What is a triglyceride?
A glycerol attached to three fatty acids
What are collagen and gelatin used to produce?
Food, glue, films, sausage casings
What is the genus for horses?
Equus
What animal is the most common pet in terms of number of animals owned?
Fish
What is the consumption trend for poultry?
Increasing
What is an absorbed flavor defect?
A feedy, cowy, or barn flavor is transferred from the feed or the the air into the bloodstream and into the milk
What is the overall dairy consumption trend?
Increasing
What was the leading meat in the U.S. in 2018?
Chicken
Which country breaks the trend between income and % protein consumption?
Argentina
What type of sugar is lactose?
A disaccharide (glucose + galactose)
What percent of the labor in developed countries is done by tractor?
82%
What is “pharming?”
The use of agricultural animals to produce pharmaceuticals, often through the animal’s milk
What is the fat percentage range for cream?
10% to > 36%
What is xenotransplantation?
The transfer of animal tissue into humans
What is LTLT Pasteurization?
Low temp, long time; 145 degrees for 30 minutes
What are caseins contained in?
Micelles
What is the mileage range for “locally grown” products?
400 miles
How is oxidative rancidity prevented?
Stainless steel equipment and proper packaging/storage
What is the name for young female horses?
Filly
What is the name for castrated male sheep?
Wether
What is the name for castrated male cattle?
Steer
What is the name for young female chickens?
Pullet
What is the name for young male dogs?
Pup
What are the top five domesticated animals, in order?
Chickens, cattle, ducks, sheep, swine
What is the name for newborn chickens?
Chick
What is the name for mature male dogs?
Dog
What percent of the world’s meat supply is produced by the U.S. and China?
50%
What are substitute products?
Products with similar nutrients to regular products but that are often missing one or more ingredients
What is an oxidative rancidity flavor defect?
A papery or cardboardy flavor caused by the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids when the milk is introduced to light
What percent of the labor in developing countries is done by animals and humans?
78%
How many pounds of milk are needed to produce a pound of hard cheese?
10 lbs
What factors can influence the consumption of animal products?
Diet/health issues, consumer concerns, economics, and marketing
What is the genus for swine?
Sus
What is the name for mature female horses?
Mare
What is the name for mature male horses?
Stallion
What is the name of the swine birthing process?
Farrowing
How long does it take for a farm to fully become organic?
About 3 years
What form do proteins take in milk?
Colloidal dispersions
What is an emulsion?
A state in which two components do not fully mix together
What % of calories in milk come from proteins?
22%
What are vitamins?
Organic Catalysts
How is yogurt produced?
Through fermentation with lactobacillus bacteria
What is the name of the sheep birthing process?
Lambing
What is the consumption trend for yogurt?
Decreasing
What is the genus for goats?
Capra
What percent fat must eggnog contain?
6%
What is the name for mature male cattle?
Bull
What is a bacterial flavor defect?
An acid, putrid, or malty flavor caused by bacterial growth due to poor cooling or sanitation
What milk grade is used for fluid milk?
Grade A
What is the definition of “natural foods?”
Less regulated; product containing no artificial ingredient or added color and is minimally processed
What is the general formula of an amino acid?
2 carbon backbone, with one carbon attached to a H, an R group, and an NH2, and the other doubled bonded to an O and single bonded to OH
What is one of the problems with UHT pasteurization?
It can denature the milk proteins
Why does cream rise to the top of milk?
Specific gravities (fat has a value of 0.9, water a value of 1.0, milk a value of 1.03, and other solids a value of 1.5)
What is the name for young female cats?
Kitten
What percent of daily protein consumption in the U.S. comes from animal products?
64%
What is a milk allergy?
A reaction to specific milk proteins
What percent of milk is solids (dry matter)?
13%
What does ultrafiltration do?
Isolates food components that are highly specialized
What is the name for mature female chickens?
Hen
What was the leading meat worldwide in 2018?
Pork
Which vitamins in milk are fat soluble?
A, D, E, K
What does the fat globule membrane do?
Separates the fat from the water by keeping the fat inside and the water outside
What is a hydrolytic rancidity flavor defect?
A bitter or soapy flavor caused by the enzymatic hydrolysis of triglycerides
What is homogenization?
The process that involves reducing the size of fat globules so the milk fat does not separate
What is the name for newborn cattle?
Calf
What is the name for young male cattle?
Bull Calf
