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Animal Science 201 > Study Material for Jan 29 Quiz > Flashcards

Study Material for Jan 29 Quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the name for mature male goats?

A

Buck

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2
Q

What is the name for mature female sheep?

A

Ewe

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3
Q

What percent of income is spent on food for in home?

A

6.4%

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4
Q

What types of meat are available?

A

Cattle, swine, poultry, horse, alpaca, antelope, kangaroo, etc.

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5
Q

What is HTST Pasteurization?

A

High temp, short time; 161 degrees for 15 seconds

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6
Q

What percent of people in the U.S. are in agriculture-related fields?

A

< 2%

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7
Q

What types of milk are available?

A

Cattle, buffalo, yak, reindeer, goat, etc.

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8
Q

What is collagen?

A

A connective tissue in animals

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9
Q

What is the name for young male goats?

A

Buck Kid

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10
Q

What percent of daily calories in the U.S. comes from animal products?

A

27%

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11
Q

How are bacterial flavor defects prevented?

A

Proper cooling procedures and sound management practices

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12
Q

What is the name for young female swine?

A

Gilt

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13
Q

Which vitamins are usually fortified during milk processing?

A

A and D

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14
Q

What is the name for mature male sheep?

A

Ram

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15
Q

What are examples of monogastrics or modified monogastrics?

A

Dogs, cats, horses, chickens, swine, humans, rats, mice

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16
Q

What is the name of the horse birthing process?

A

Foaling

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17
Q

What surplus in milk helps offset corn deficiencies?

A

Lysine

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18
Q

What is the name for newborn swine?

A

Pig

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19
Q

Milk is a poor source of what minerals?

A

Fe, Cu, Mn, Na

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20
Q

What is the annual value of manure and fertilizers?

A

$1 billion

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21
Q

What is the consumption trend for butter?

A

Increasing

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22
Q

What is the name for young male chickens?

A

Cockerel

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23
Q

How many different varieties of cheese exist?

A

Over 400

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24
Q

How is homogenization accomplished?

A

Milk is pumped through a series of screens under pressure that reduce the size of the fat globules

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25
Q

What is the name for castrated male goats?

A

Wether

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26
Q

What percent of calories does fat contribute to milk?

A

48%

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27
Q

What are examples of ruminants or modified ruminants?

A

Goats, deer, cattle, sheep, elk, bison, water buffalo, giraffes, yaks, camels

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28
Q

What is the genus for sheep?

A

Ovis

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29
Q

What percent fat must ice cream contain?

A

10%

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30
Q

What percent of fat does low-fat milk have?

A

1%

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31
Q

Why are phospholipids good emulsifying agents?

A

A portion of the molecule is water soluble and the other portion is fat soluble

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32
Q

What factors influence milk composition?

A

Species, breed, stage of lactation, stage of milking, feeds/feeding, diseases, genetics, season, and age

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33
Q

What is standardization?

A

The process of stabilizing the composition of commercially available milk by adding additional skim milk to reach desired fat content

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34
Q

What is the relationship between income and % protein consumption from animal products?

A

As income goes up, % protein goes up

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35
Q

What is the name for mature female dogs?

A

Bitch

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36
Q

What makes milk unique, in terms of its fatty acids?

A

Milk contains a high % of short chain fatty acids compared to other animal products

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37
Q

What types of cheese products are made from soft curds?

A

Cream cheese, cottage cheese, ricotta

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38
Q

What percentage of the world depends heavily on animal labor?

A

20%

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39
Q

What is reverse osmosis?

A

Process that concentrates milk (often for transport) by removing water

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40
Q

What is UHT Pasteurization?

A

Ultra high temp, 280 degrees for 2 seconds

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41
Q

What other constituents may be present in milk?

A

Enzymes, somatic cells, and leukocytes

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42
Q

What is the consumption trend for beef?

A

Decreasing

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43
Q

What is the consumption trend for cheese?

A

Increasing

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44
Q

What is lactose intolerance?

A

Bloating, nausea, and/or diarrhea caused by a deficiency in the lactase enzyme

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45
Q

What is the name for newborn sheep?

A

Lamb

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46
Q

What is the definition of “organic foods?”

A

Produced under National Organic Program (NOP) through USDA; highly regulated

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47
Q

What milk component is more present in colostrum than in other milk?

A

Albumins and globulins

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48
Q

What is the composition percentage breakdown of milk?

A

87% water, 3.8% fat, 2.8% caseins, 0.7% Albumin/globulin, 5% Lactose, 0.7% Ash

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49
Q

What country is the leading producer of chickens, swine, and sheep?

A

China

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50
Q

What type of eggs are available?

A

Chicken, turkey, duck, etc.

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51
Q

What is the name for mature male swine?

A

Boar

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52
Q

What percent fat must butter contain?

A

80%

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53
Q

What is the name of the cat birthing process?

A

Queening/Littering

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54
Q

What is the biological definition of milk?

A

The liquid normally secreted by female mammals for nourishment of their young

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55
Q

What percent of milk protein is whey proteins?

A

18%

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56
Q

Milk is a good source of what minerals?

A

K, Ca, S, P, Mg, Cl, Zn, Se

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57
Q

What are milk grades based on?

A

The facilities and sanitary conditions of producers

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58
Q

What is the genus for cats?

A

Felis

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59
Q

What is the consumption trend for pork, lamb, and fish?

A

Steady

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60
Q

How many farms were in PA in 2017?

A

2050 farms

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61
Q

What percent of fat does skim milk have?

A

< 0.5%

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62
Q

What percent of daily protein consumption in the world comes from animal products?

A

34%

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63
Q

What is the name for mature female cattle?

A

Cow

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64
Q

What is the percent of people in the world in agriculture-related fields?

A

43%

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65
Q

What is the name for newborn dogs?

A

Pup

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66
Q

What is the first milk produced by an animal called?

A

Colostrum

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67
Q

What is an unsaturated fat?

A

A fat with one or more double bonds between the carbons

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68
Q

In 2016, how many people did one farm worker supply with food?

A

143 to 150 persons

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69
Q

What is the name for mature female cats?

A

Queen

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70
Q

What is the name of the goat birthing process?

A

Kidding

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71
Q

What is the name for newborn cats?

A

Kitten

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72
Q

What is the name for castrated male swine?

A

Barrow

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73
Q

What is the name for mature female swine?

A

Sow

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74
Q

What are imitation products?

A

Products that look and taste like normal dairy products but are nutritionally inferior

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75
Q

How many pounds of milk are needed to produce a pound of butter?

A

21.2 lbs

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76
Q

What composes a phospholipid?

A

Glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate, and a nitrogen-containing base

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77
Q

How many pounds of milk are needed to produce a gallon of ice cream?

A

12 lbs

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78
Q

What is the name for young male cats?

A

Kitten

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79
Q

What is acid curd formation?

A

An acid is added in order to precipitate out the caseins, forming a soft curd

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80
Q

What animal is the most common pet in terms of number of households?

A

Dogs

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81
Q

What form does lactose take in milk?

A

True molecular solution

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82
Q

What three minerals are heavily present in mature and fertilizers?

A

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium

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83
Q

What is pasteurization?

A

The process of heating milk to kill pathogenic bacteria

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84
Q

What is the name of the dog birthing process?

A

Whelping

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85
Q

What country is the leading producer of cattle?

A

India

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86
Q

What is enzyme curd formation?

A

The enzyme rennin hydrolyzes casein into paracasein, the caseins clot to form calcium paracaseinate, and a hard, elastic curd forms

87
Q

What two things make up whey proteins?

A

Lactalbumin and lactoglobulin

88
Q

What is the consumption trend for eggs?

A

Increasing

89
Q

What is the name for newborn goats?

A

Kid

90
Q

What is the name for young male sheep?

A

Ram lamb

91
Q

What is the name for young female goats?

A

Doe Kid

92
Q

Which animal is the most similar to humans?

A

Swine

93
Q

What are cultured dairy products?

A

Products that involve the use of microorganisms in the production process

94
Q

What are the different types of cream?

A

Half-and-half, light, light whipping, and heavy

95
Q

What is the name for young male horses?

A

Colt

96
Q

What percent of milk is Solids not Fat (SNF)

A

9.2%

97
Q

What is the name for mature male cats?

A

Tom

98
Q

What is a saturated fat?

A

A fat with all single bonds between the carbons

99
Q

What percent of milk is proteins?

A

3.5%

100
Q

What is separation?

A

The use of centrifugal force to separate milk components, like skim milk and cream

101
Q

What is fortified milk?

A

Milk that has solids added back in to bring up the Solids-Not-Fat content

102
Q

Which vitamins are water soluble?

A

B and C

103
Q

What are the main contributions that animals make to people?

A

Food, labor, clothing/products, companionship/recreation, research/medicine, service animals

104
Q

What percent of milk protein is made up of caseins?

A

82%

105
Q

What is the name for young female cattle?

A

Heifer Calf

106
Q

What percent of income is spent on food total (includes eating out)?

A

9.9%

107
Q

What are the most recent statistics on saturated fat contributions from meat products and vegetables/oil?

A

26% from meat/poultry/fish, 53% from vegetables/oil

108
Q

What is the name for castrated male chickens?

A

Capon

109
Q

What is the ash in milk?

A

The minerals that exist in true solution as parts of salts and other molecules

110
Q

What pasteurization method is most common in the U.S.?

A

LTLT

111
Q

What is the fat globule membrane composed of?

A

Phospholipids, proteins, enzymes

112
Q

What were the total pet expenses in 2019?

A

$75 billion

113
Q

How is hydrolytic rancidity prevented?

A

Proper handling/storage, avoidance of excess agitation, pasteurization

114
Q

What are the four storage conditions for milk?

A

Cool (under 40 degrees F), sanitary, odor-free environment, and no exposure to fluorescent light or sunlight

115
Q

What is the genus for dogs?

A

Canis

116
Q

What percent of fat does reduced fat milk have?

A

2%

117
Q

What is the chemical composition of the fat in milk?

A

98-99% triglycerides, 0.2-1.0% phospholipids, 0.25% sterols, trace amounts of waxes, and vitamins A, D, E, and K

118
Q

What are greases and tallow used to produce?

A

Soaps, feed, pharmaceuticals, candles, cosmetics, rubber

119
Q

What does the hard curd contain?

A

Casein, calcium, water, albumins and globulins

120
Q

What is the consumption trend for fluid milk?

A

Decreasing

121
Q

What is the genus for chickens?

A

Gallus

122
Q

Is there a quota system in the United States?

A

No

123
Q

How are absorbed flavor defects prevented?

A

By not feeding aromatic feeds close to milking time and by not storing milk near aromatic products

124
Q

What is the name for young female dogs?

A

Pup

125
Q

What is the name for young male swine?

A

Boar Pig

126
Q

What is the general fatty acid formula?

A

A central Carbon bonded to an OH group, double bonded to an Oxygen, and bonded to an R group

127
Q

What does the leftover sweet whey from curd formation contain?

A

Water, lactose, minerals, albumins and globulins, and vitamins

128
Q

What percent fat is standardized whole milk?

A

3.25%

129
Q

What is the name for mature female goats?

A

Doe

130
Q

What is the name of the chicken birthing process?

A

Hatching

131
Q

What charge is associated with the fat globule membrane?

A

A negative charge

132
Q

What percent of cheeses are made from hard curds?

A

80%

133
Q

What is ultrafiltration?

A

Process that separates components based on molecular size

134
Q

What is the name for mature male chickens?

A

Cock

135
Q

What produces the various flavors of cheese?

A

Microorganisms

136
Q

What for things help contribute to U.S. farm productivity?

A

Free Enterprise system, land and climate conditions, education system, and specialization

137
Q

What percent of daily calories in the world comes from animal products?

A

18%

138
Q

What is the name for castrated male horses?

A

Gelding

139
Q

What are nutraceuticals (functional foods)?

A

Foods with added health benefits above original purpose

140
Q

What was the average farm size in PA in 2017?

A

444 acres

141
Q

What is the name for newborn horses?

A

Foal

142
Q

How many pounds of milk are needed to produce a pound of cottage cheese?

A

6.2 lbs

143
Q

Why is meat important (2)?

A
  1. Meat has the closest match of amino acids to the human body
  2. Meat supplies minerals and vitamin B12
144
Q

What is the genus for cattle?

A

Bos

145
Q

What milk grade is used for milk products?

A

Grade B

146
Q

What is the name of the cattle birthing process?

A

Calving

147
Q

What is the name for young female sheep?

A

Ewe lamb

148
Q

What animals are used as test subjects for artificial organs?

A

Cattle, sheep, swine

149
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

A glycerol attached to three fatty acids

150
Q

What are collagen and gelatin used to produce?

A

Food, glue, films, sausage casings

151
Q

What is the genus for horses?

A

Equus

152
Q

What animal is the most common pet in terms of number of animals owned?

A

Fish

153
Q

What is the consumption trend for poultry?

A

Increasing

154
Q

What is an absorbed flavor defect?

A

A feedy, cowy, or barn flavor is transferred from the feed or the the air into the bloodstream and into the milk

155
Q

What is the overall dairy consumption trend?

A

Increasing

156
Q

What was the leading meat in the U.S. in 2018?

A

Chicken

157
Q

Which country breaks the trend between income and % protein consumption?

A

Argentina

158
Q

What type of sugar is lactose?

A

A disaccharide (glucose + galactose)

159
Q

What percent of the labor in developed countries is done by tractor?

A

82%

160
Q

What is “pharming?”

A

The use of agricultural animals to produce pharmaceuticals, often through the animal’s milk

161
Q

What is the fat percentage range for cream?

A

10% to > 36%

162
Q

What is xenotransplantation?

A

The transfer of animal tissue into humans

163
Q

What is LTLT Pasteurization?

A

Low temp, long time; 145 degrees for 30 minutes

164
Q

What are caseins contained in?

A

Micelles

165
Q

What is the mileage range for “locally grown” products?

A

400 miles

166
Q

How is oxidative rancidity prevented?

A

Stainless steel equipment and proper packaging/storage

167
Q

What is the name for young female horses?

A

Filly

168
Q

What is the name for castrated male sheep?

A

Wether

169
Q

What is the name for castrated male cattle?

A

Steer

170
Q

What is the name for young female chickens?

A

Pullet

171
Q

What is the name for young male dogs?

A

Pup

172
Q

What are the top five domesticated animals, in order?

A

Chickens, cattle, ducks, sheep, swine

173
Q

What is the name for newborn chickens?

A

Chick

174
Q

What is the name for mature male dogs?

A

Dog

175
Q

What percent of the world’s meat supply is produced by the U.S. and China?

A

50%

176
Q

What are substitute products?

A

Products with similar nutrients to regular products but that are often missing one or more ingredients

177
Q

What is an oxidative rancidity flavor defect?

A

A papery or cardboardy flavor caused by the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids when the milk is introduced to light

178
Q

What percent of the labor in developing countries is done by animals and humans?

A

78%

179
Q

How many pounds of milk are needed to produce a pound of hard cheese?

A

10 lbs

180
Q

What factors can influence the consumption of animal products?

A

Diet/health issues, consumer concerns, economics, and marketing

181
Q

What is the genus for swine?

A

Sus

182
Q

What is the name for mature female horses?

A

Mare

183
Q

What is the name for mature male horses?

A

Stallion

184
Q

What is the name of the swine birthing process?

A

Farrowing

185
Q

How long does it take for a farm to fully become organic?

A

About 3 years

186
Q

What form do proteins take in milk?

A

Colloidal dispersions

187
Q

What is an emulsion?

A

A state in which two components do not fully mix together

188
Q

What % of calories in milk come from proteins?

A

22%

189
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Organic Catalysts

190
Q

How is yogurt produced?

A

Through fermentation with lactobacillus bacteria

191
Q

What is the name of the sheep birthing process?

A

Lambing

192
Q

What is the consumption trend for yogurt?

A

Decreasing

193
Q

What is the genus for goats?

A

Capra

194
Q

What percent fat must eggnog contain?

A

6%

195
Q

What is the name for mature male cattle?

A

Bull

196
Q

What is a bacterial flavor defect?

A

An acid, putrid, or malty flavor caused by bacterial growth due to poor cooling or sanitation

197
Q

What milk grade is used for fluid milk?

A

Grade A

198
Q

What is the definition of “natural foods?”

A

Less regulated; product containing no artificial ingredient or added color and is minimally processed

199
Q

What is the general formula of an amino acid?

A

2 carbon backbone, with one carbon attached to a H, an R group, and an NH2, and the other doubled bonded to an O and single bonded to OH

200
Q

What is one of the problems with UHT pasteurization?

A

It can denature the milk proteins

201
Q

Why does cream rise to the top of milk?

A

Specific gravities (fat has a value of 0.9, water a value of 1.0, milk a value of 1.03, and other solids a value of 1.5)

202
Q

What is the name for young female cats?

A

Kitten

203
Q

What percent of daily protein consumption in the U.S. comes from animal products?

A

64%

204
Q

What is a milk allergy?

A

A reaction to specific milk proteins

205
Q

What percent of milk is solids (dry matter)?

A

13%

206
Q

What does ultrafiltration do?

A

Isolates food components that are highly specialized

207
Q

What is the name for mature female chickens?

A

Hen

208
Q

What was the leading meat worldwide in 2018?

A

Pork

209
Q

Which vitamins in milk are fat soluble?

A

A, D, E, K

210
Q

What does the fat globule membrane do?

A

Separates the fat from the water by keeping the fat inside and the water outside

211
Q

What is a hydrolytic rancidity flavor defect?

A

A bitter or soapy flavor caused by the enzymatic hydrolysis of triglycerides

212
Q

What is homogenization?

A

The process that involves reducing the size of fat globules so the milk fat does not separate

213
Q

What is the name for newborn cattle?

A

Calf

214
Q

What is the name for young male cattle?

A

Bull Calf

Animal Science 201 (12 decks)

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