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Animal Science 201 > Additional Study Material for Mar 25 Exam > Flashcards

Additional Study Material for Mar 25 Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin A?

A

Maintaining vision, maintaining epithelial linings, cellular metabolism

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2
Q

What are signs of Vitamin A deficiency?

A

Night blindness, keratinization of epithelium, stunted growth

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3
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin D?

A

Calcium and Phosphorus absorption and metabolism

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4
Q

What are signs of Vitamin D deficiency?

A

Bone disorder (like rickets)

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5
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin E?

A

Antioxidant, reproductive functions, absorption of selenium

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6
Q

What are signs of Vitamin E deficiency?

A

“White Muscle Disease,” infertility

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7
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin K?

A

Blood clotting

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8
Q

What are signs of Vitamin K deficiency?

A

Increased hemorrhaging, longer clotting times

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9
Q

What vitamins make up the B-complex?

A

B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), pantothenic acid, niacin, B6 (pyroxidine), biotin, folic acid, B12 (cyanocobalamin)

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10
Q

What are the functions of the B-complex?

A

Act as co-enzymes to help release energy, maintain skin health, maintain nervous tissue, help with red blood cell production

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11
Q

What are the signs of B-complex deficiency?

A

Skin lesions, weakness, paralysis, dermatitis, anemia

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12
Q

What are the functions of calcium?

A

Bone/tooth formation, muscle contraction

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13
Q

What are the signs of calcium deficiency?

A

Rickets, slow bone development

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14
Q

What are the functions of phosphorus?

A

Bone/tooth formation, enzyme component, part of DNA and RNA

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15
Q

What are the signs of phosphorus deficiency?

A

Rough hair coat, slow growth

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16
Q

What are the functions of magnesium?

A

Enzyme activator, component of skeletal tissue

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17
Q

What are the signs of magnesium deficiency?

A

Lowered appetite, hyper-irritability, convulsions

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18
Q

What are the functions of sodium?

A

Muscle contractions, maintenance of bodily fluid levels, electrolyte

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19
Q

What are signs of sodium deficiency?

A

Loss of weight, salt craving

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20
Q

What are the functions of potassium?

A

Electrolyte, maintenance of electrolyte balance, enzyme activator

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21
Q

What are signs of potassium deficiency?

A

Reduced appetite, heart lesions

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22
Q

What are the functions of chlorine?

A

Electrolyte, acid-base balance, maintenance of osmotic pressure, component of hydrochloric acid

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23
Q

What are signs of chlorine deficiency?

A

Reduced appetite, salt craving

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24
Q

What are the functions of sulfur?

A

Synthesis of amino acids in ruminants

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25
Q

What are signs of sulfur deficiency?

A

Slow growth, low feed efficiency

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26
Q

What are the functions of iron?

A

Component of hemoglobin

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27
Q

What are signs of iron deficiency?

A

Anemia

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28
Q

What is the % stomach volume breakdown for young ruminants?

A

30% rumen and reticulum, 70% omasum and abomasum

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29
Q

What is the % stomach volume breakdown for mature ruminants?

A

65-80% rumen, 5% reticulum, 7% omasum, 8% abomasum

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30
Q

What factors influence the development of the rumen?

A

Large amounts of coarser dry feed and high volumes of fermentation products

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31
Q

What is the reticular groove?

A

A passageway that directs milk directly into the abomasum and is activated by the suckling motion

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32
Q

How is food broken down within the reticulo-rumen?

A

By microbes only (no enzymes)

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33
Q

What types of microorganisms are present in the reticulo-rumen?

A

Bacteria and protozoa

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34
Q

What is the consequence of abruptly changing feed?

A

The microbial populations can be heavily impacted

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35
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

A state of living in close union that provides mutual benefit to all involved

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36
Q

What substances are broken down into VFAs by microbes?

A

Simple sugars, starch, hemicellulose, and cellulose

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37
Q

Which VFAs make the rumen more acidic?

A

Acetic Acid (2c), Propionic Acid (3c), and Butyric Acid (4c)

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38
Q

How does microbial degradation of nitrogen-containing compounds work?

A

NH3 is stripped off of amino acids, and the organic acids and NH3 are repackaged into microbial amino acids and proteins that are more nutritious

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39
Q

What alternative is used when protein becomes expensive?

A

Non-Protein Nitrogen

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40
Q

What are the relative protein values?

A 
Eggs: 100
Milk: 93
Meat: 85-90
Ruminant/Microbial Proteins: 80
Plant Proteins: 40-60
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41
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

The breakdown of triglycerides

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42
Q

What is the saturation breakdown of fatty acids in the feed?

A

15% saturated, 85% unsaturated

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43
Q

What is the saturation breakdown of fatty acids in the rumen?

A

86% saturated, 14% unsaturated

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44
Q

What vitamins are synthesized by rumen microbes?

A

B, C and K

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45
Q

What gases are produced by microorganisms?

A

Nitrogen, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and methane

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46
Q

Which gases must be expelled by ruminants through burping?

A

Carbon dioxide and methane

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47
Q

What is eructation?

A

Getting rid of gas through burping

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48
Q

What is bloat?

A

A gas build-up, where froth can cover the esophageal opening

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49
Q

What materials flow from the reticulo-rumen into the omasum and abomasum?

A

Microorganisms, fermentation products, and feed residues (digestible and non-digestible)

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50
Q

What is the function of the omasum?

A

Absorb water

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51
Q

What is the function of the abomasum?

A

Gastric digestion

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52
Q

How does small and large intestine digestion compare between ruminants and monogastrics?

A

They are the same

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53
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

“Wave-like” motion that moves materials

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54
Q

What is the opposite of peristalsis?

A

Vomiting

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55
Q

What are segmented and pendular movements?

A

Mixing movements that rock food back and forth

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56
Q

What is defecation?

A

The voluntary movement that expels feces

57
Q

What is the main process of ruminant absorption?

A

Active transport

58
Q

What is absorbed in the rumen?

A

Large amounts of VFAs

59
Q

What is absorbed in the omasum?

A

Water and leftover VFAs

60
Q

What is absorbed in a ruminant’s small intestine?

A

Amino acids, glucose, glycerol, vitamins, minerals, water

61
Q

What is absorbed in a ruminant’s large intestine?

A

Water

62
Q

What are protected lipids and protected proteins?

A

Fats/proteins in a special coating that allows them to bypass rumen microbes and be digested in the small intestine

63
Q

What happens if proteins are too insoluble?

A

Microbes cannot utilize them

64
Q

What happens if proteins are too soluble?

A

Some utilization is wasted

65
Q

What is the optimal protein solubility?

A

Medium solubility

66
Q

What treatments make protein less soluble?

A

Heating, roasting, pelleting, kibbles

67
Q

What nutrients are stored in the bones and teeth?

A

Minerals

68
Q

What nutrients are stored in the liver?

A

Almost all nutrients and fat soluble vitamins

69
Q

What nutrients are stored in the adipose?

A

Fat

70
Q

How many moles of ATP are produced by carbohydrates and proteins?

A

4 moles of ATP per 100g

71
Q

How many moles of ATP are produced by lipids?

A

9 moles of ATP per 100g`

72
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Breakdown of products that usually releases energy

73
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Building of more complex substances from simple precursors; requires energy

74
Q

What is the tricarboxylic acid cycle for?

A

Carbs, proteins, and fats

75
Q

What is the uric acid cycle for?

A

Proteins

76
Q

What does -genesis mean?

A

To form

77
Q

What does -lysis mean?

A

To break down

78
Q

What does -neogenesis mean?

A

New formation

79
Q

What is a complete analysis of feed?

A

A chemical analysis that looks at every aspect of feed

80
Q

What are the downsides of complete feed analysis?

A

It is slow and expensive

81
Q

What six categories are analyzed in proximate analysis?

A

Water, ether extract, crude fiber, crude protein, ash, and nitrogen-free extract

82
Q

How is the amount of water determined in proximate analysis?

A

By drying the sample

83
Q

What does ether extract measure?

A

The amount of crude fat

84
Q

What does crude fiber measure?

A

Cellulose, lignin, and most hemicellulose

85
Q

How is crude protein calculated?

A

% Nitrogen x 6.25

86
Q

What does ash measure?

A

The total mineral content

87
Q

What does nitrogen-free extract measure?

A

Sugar and starch

88
Q

What is contained in acid detergent fiber?

A

Cellulose and lignin

89
Q

What does the acid detergent fiber measurement indicate?

A

Feed digestibility (higher ADF = lower digestibility)

90
Q

What is contained in neutral detergent fiber?

A

Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin

91
Q

What does the neutral detergent fiber measurement indicate?

A

Feed intake (higher NDF = higher intake)

92
Q

What is Near-Infrared Spectroscopy?

A

A rapid feed analysis method that uses infrared light to analyze the bonds in feeds

93
Q

What three measurements are missed by the three main feed analysis methods?

A

Toxicity, digestibility, and palatability

94
Q

What is palatability?

A

An indicator of whether or not an animal will eat a feed

95
Q

How is palatability determined?

A

By observing if an animal will choose one feed over another and how often the animal returns to said feed

96
Q

What is the definition of digestibility?

A

The ability of a nutrient to be digested and absorbed rather than eliminated in the feces

97
Q

How is the Apparent Digestion Coefficient calculated?

A

(Weight of nutrient consumed - weight of nutrient excreted)/weight of nutrient consumed

98
Q

What factors influence digestibility?

A

Fiber content, rates of passage, preparation and processing

99
Q

What is Total Digestible Nutrients?

A

An estimate of the energy content in a feed

100
Q

What is gross energy (GE)?

A

The total energy in a feed, measured using a bomb calorimeter

101
Q

What is digestible energy (DE)?

A

Energy absorbed through the GI tract (gross energy - feces energy)

102
Q

What is metabolizable energy (ME)

A

Energy available for use in cells (GE - DE - urinary energy - gaseous products of digestion energy)

103
Q

What is net energy (NE)?

A

Energy available for maintenance, growth, and lactation (GE - ME - heat increment)

104
Q

What is a respiration calorimeter?

A

A device that measures heat increment

105
Q

What factors influence energy requirements?

A

Species, age, activity level, production levels, temperature, nutritional deficiencies, surface area of animal

106
Q

What occurs when an animal has an energy deficiency?

A

Decrease in weight, decrease in fat (emaciation), lower fertility, lower production

107
Q

What are the two types of measured protein?

A

Total protein and digestible protein

108
Q

How can protein quality be determined?

A

Chemical or biological procedures

109
Q

What is a biological value?

A

A measure of whether or not amino acids match animal needs

110
Q

How is the biological value calculated?

A

(Nitrogen retained/Nitrogen digested) x 100

111
Q

What are animal sources of protein?

A

Fish meal, meat scraps, meat and bone meal, blood meal

112
Q

What are plant sources of protein?

A

Soy beans, cottonseed meal, foraging plants

113
Q

What are problems with animal sources of protein?

A

Not always palatable, potential for disease transmission

114
Q

What are problems with plant sources of protein?

A

Not always easily digestible, plant may be toxic

115
Q

What are byproduct feeds?

A

Feeds that result from manufacturing processes

116
Q

What are two examples of byproduct feeds that are high in protein?

A

Distiller’s grains and brewer’s grains

117
Q

What are the consequences of too little protein intake?

A

Lower growth, decreased efficiency, reduced reproduction, reduced production

118
Q

What are the consequences of too much protein?

A

Too expensive, enlarged kidneys due to increased water intake

119
Q

What units are used to express vitamin content?

A

IUs (fat soluble) and mg (water soluble)

120
Q

What units are used to express mineral content?

A

ppm, %, or mg

121
Q

What is the macro-mineral content found in animal carcasses?

A

100 ppm or greater

122
Q

What is appetite?

A

An animal’s desire to eat

123
Q

What is satiety?

A

An animal’s lack of desire to eat

124
Q

What are concentrates?

A

Feeds containing less than 18% crude fiber

125
Q

What are roughages?

A

Feeds containing 18% or more crude fiber

126
Q

What kind of feed do ruminants eat?

A

Roughages

127
Q

What kind of feed do monogastrics eat?

A

Grains and concentrates

128
Q

How much feed does a ruminant eat?

A

1-3% of its bodyweight per day

129
Q

How much feed does a monogastric eat?

A

2-6% of its bodyweight per day

130
Q

What is the rule of thumb for animal feed consumption?

A

Most mature animals will consume 2-3% of their bodyweight per day

131
Q

What is the relationship between energy density of food and intake required?

A

As energy density increases, intake required decreases

132
Q

What factors influence feed intake?

A

Physiological state, weight, activity level, temperature, disease status, palatability

133
Q

What two centers are contained in the hypothalamus?

A

The feeding center and the satiety center

134
Q

What are short-term appetite controls for monogastrics?

A

Gutfill and blood glucose levels

135
Q

What are short-term appetite controls for ruminants?

A

Gutfill and VFA levels

136
Q

How does cholecystokinin (CCK) control appetite?

A

It is a hormone released by the small intestine that targets the hypothalamus to decrease appetite

137
Q

How does leptin control appetite?

A

It is a hormone released by the adipose tissue that decreases appetite

138
Q

How does Neuropeptide Y (NPY) control appetite?

A

It is a hormone released by the hypothalamus that increases appetite

139
Q

What is the lipostatic theory?

A

The idea that appetite is regulated by fat reserves in the long run

Animal Science 201 (12 decks)

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