Additional Study Material for Mar 25 Exam Flashcards
What are the functions of Vitamin A?
Maintaining vision, maintaining epithelial linings, cellular metabolism
What are signs of Vitamin A deficiency?
Night blindness, keratinization of epithelium, stunted growth
What are the functions of Vitamin D?
Calcium and Phosphorus absorption and metabolism
What are signs of Vitamin D deficiency?
Bone disorder (like rickets)
What are the functions of Vitamin E?
Antioxidant, reproductive functions, absorption of selenium
What are signs of Vitamin E deficiency?
“White Muscle Disease,” infertility
What are the functions of Vitamin K?
Blood clotting
What are signs of Vitamin K deficiency?
Increased hemorrhaging, longer clotting times
What vitamins make up the B-complex?
B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), pantothenic acid, niacin, B6 (pyroxidine), biotin, folic acid, B12 (cyanocobalamin)
What are the functions of the B-complex?
Act as co-enzymes to help release energy, maintain skin health, maintain nervous tissue, help with red blood cell production
What are the signs of B-complex deficiency?
Skin lesions, weakness, paralysis, dermatitis, anemia
What are the functions of calcium?
Bone/tooth formation, muscle contraction
What are the signs of calcium deficiency?
Rickets, slow bone development
What are the functions of phosphorus?
Bone/tooth formation, enzyme component, part of DNA and RNA
What are the signs of phosphorus deficiency?
Rough hair coat, slow growth
What are the functions of magnesium?
Enzyme activator, component of skeletal tissue
What are the signs of magnesium deficiency?
Lowered appetite, hyper-irritability, convulsions
What are the functions of sodium?
Muscle contractions, maintenance of bodily fluid levels, electrolyte
What are signs of sodium deficiency?
Loss of weight, salt craving
What are the functions of potassium?
Electrolyte, maintenance of electrolyte balance, enzyme activator
What are signs of potassium deficiency?
Reduced appetite, heart lesions
What are the functions of chlorine?
Electrolyte, acid-base balance, maintenance of osmotic pressure, component of hydrochloric acid
What are signs of chlorine deficiency?
Reduced appetite, salt craving
What are the functions of sulfur?
Synthesis of amino acids in ruminants
What are signs of sulfur deficiency?
Slow growth, low feed efficiency
What are the functions of iron?
Component of hemoglobin
What are signs of iron deficiency?
Anemia
What is the % stomach volume breakdown for young ruminants?
30% rumen and reticulum, 70% omasum and abomasum
What is the % stomach volume breakdown for mature ruminants?
65-80% rumen, 5% reticulum, 7% omasum, 8% abomasum
What factors influence the development of the rumen?
Large amounts of coarser dry feed and high volumes of fermentation products
What is the reticular groove?
A passageway that directs milk directly into the abomasum and is activated by the suckling motion
How is food broken down within the reticulo-rumen?
By microbes only (no enzymes)
What types of microorganisms are present in the reticulo-rumen?
Bacteria and protozoa
What is the consequence of abruptly changing feed?
The microbial populations can be heavily impacted
What is symbiosis?
A state of living in close union that provides mutual benefit to all involved
What substances are broken down into VFAs by microbes?
Simple sugars, starch, hemicellulose, and cellulose
Which VFAs make the rumen more acidic?
Acetic Acid (2c), Propionic Acid (3c), and Butyric Acid (4c)
How does microbial degradation of nitrogen-containing compounds work?
NH3 is stripped off of amino acids, and the organic acids and NH3 are repackaged into microbial amino acids and proteins that are more nutritious
What alternative is used when protein becomes expensive?
Non-Protein Nitrogen
What are the relative protein values?
Eggs: 100 Milk: 93 Meat: 85-90 Ruminant/Microbial Proteins: 80 Plant Proteins: 40-60
What is hydrolysis?
The breakdown of triglycerides
What is the saturation breakdown of fatty acids in the feed?
15% saturated, 85% unsaturated
What is the saturation breakdown of fatty acids in the rumen?
86% saturated, 14% unsaturated
What vitamins are synthesized by rumen microbes?
B, C and K
What gases are produced by microorganisms?
Nitrogen, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and methane
Which gases must be expelled by ruminants through burping?
Carbon dioxide and methane
What is eructation?
Getting rid of gas through burping
What is bloat?
A gas build-up, where froth can cover the esophageal opening
What materials flow from the reticulo-rumen into the omasum and abomasum?
Microorganisms, fermentation products, and feed residues (digestible and non-digestible)
What is the function of the omasum?
Absorb water
What is the function of the abomasum?
Gastric digestion
How does small and large intestine digestion compare between ruminants and monogastrics?
They are the same
What is peristalsis?
“Wave-like” motion that moves materials
What is the opposite of peristalsis?
Vomiting
What are segmented and pendular movements?
Mixing movements that rock food back and forth
What is defecation?
The voluntary movement that expels feces
What is the main process of ruminant absorption?
Active transport
What is absorbed in the rumen?
Large amounts of VFAs
What is absorbed in the omasum?
Water and leftover VFAs
What is absorbed in a ruminant’s small intestine?
Amino acids, glucose, glycerol, vitamins, minerals, water
What is absorbed in a ruminant’s large intestine?
Water
What are protected lipids and protected proteins?
Fats/proteins in a special coating that allows them to bypass rumen microbes and be digested in the small intestine
What happens if proteins are too insoluble?
Microbes cannot utilize them
What happens if proteins are too soluble?
Some utilization is wasted
What is the optimal protein solubility?
Medium solubility
What treatments make protein less soluble?
Heating, roasting, pelleting, kibbles
What nutrients are stored in the bones and teeth?
Minerals
What nutrients are stored in the liver?
Almost all nutrients and fat soluble vitamins
What nutrients are stored in the adipose?
Fat
How many moles of ATP are produced by carbohydrates and proteins?
4 moles of ATP per 100g
How many moles of ATP are produced by lipids?
9 moles of ATP per 100g`
What is catabolism?
Breakdown of products that usually releases energy
What is anabolism?
Building of more complex substances from simple precursors; requires energy
What is the tricarboxylic acid cycle for?
Carbs, proteins, and fats
What is the uric acid cycle for?
Proteins
What does -genesis mean?
To form
What does -lysis mean?
To break down
What does -neogenesis mean?
New formation
What is a complete analysis of feed?
A chemical analysis that looks at every aspect of feed
What are the downsides of complete feed analysis?
It is slow and expensive
What six categories are analyzed in proximate analysis?
Water, ether extract, crude fiber, crude protein, ash, and nitrogen-free extract
How is the amount of water determined in proximate analysis?
By drying the sample
What does ether extract measure?
The amount of crude fat
What does crude fiber measure?
Cellulose, lignin, and most hemicellulose
How is crude protein calculated?
% Nitrogen x 6.25
What does ash measure?
The total mineral content
What does nitrogen-free extract measure?
Sugar and starch
What is contained in acid detergent fiber?
Cellulose and lignin
What does the acid detergent fiber measurement indicate?
Feed digestibility (higher ADF = lower digestibility)
What is contained in neutral detergent fiber?
Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin
What does the neutral detergent fiber measurement indicate?
Feed intake (higher NDF = higher intake)
What is Near-Infrared Spectroscopy?
A rapid feed analysis method that uses infrared light to analyze the bonds in feeds
What three measurements are missed by the three main feed analysis methods?
Toxicity, digestibility, and palatability
What is palatability?
An indicator of whether or not an animal will eat a feed
How is palatability determined?
By observing if an animal will choose one feed over another and how often the animal returns to said feed
What is the definition of digestibility?
The ability of a nutrient to be digested and absorbed rather than eliminated in the feces
How is the Apparent Digestion Coefficient calculated?
(Weight of nutrient consumed - weight of nutrient excreted)/weight of nutrient consumed
What factors influence digestibility?
Fiber content, rates of passage, preparation and processing
What is Total Digestible Nutrients?
An estimate of the energy content in a feed
What is gross energy (GE)?
The total energy in a feed, measured using a bomb calorimeter
What is digestible energy (DE)?
Energy absorbed through the GI tract (gross energy - feces energy)
What is metabolizable energy (ME)
Energy available for use in cells (GE - DE - urinary energy - gaseous products of digestion energy)
What is net energy (NE)?
Energy available for maintenance, growth, and lactation (GE - ME - heat increment)
What is a respiration calorimeter?
A device that measures heat increment
What factors influence energy requirements?
Species, age, activity level, production levels, temperature, nutritional deficiencies, surface area of animal
What occurs when an animal has an energy deficiency?
Decrease in weight, decrease in fat (emaciation), lower fertility, lower production
What are the two types of measured protein?
Total protein and digestible protein
How can protein quality be determined?
Chemical or biological procedures
What is a biological value?
A measure of whether or not amino acids match animal needs
How is the biological value calculated?
(Nitrogen retained/Nitrogen digested) x 100
What are animal sources of protein?
Fish meal, meat scraps, meat and bone meal, blood meal
What are plant sources of protein?
Soy beans, cottonseed meal, foraging plants
What are problems with animal sources of protein?
Not always palatable, potential for disease transmission
What are problems with plant sources of protein?
Not always easily digestible, plant may be toxic
What are byproduct feeds?
Feeds that result from manufacturing processes
What are two examples of byproduct feeds that are high in protein?
Distiller’s grains and brewer’s grains
What are the consequences of too little protein intake?
Lower growth, decreased efficiency, reduced reproduction, reduced production
What are the consequences of too much protein?
Too expensive, enlarged kidneys due to increased water intake
What units are used to express vitamin content?
IUs (fat soluble) and mg (water soluble)
What units are used to express mineral content?
ppm, %, or mg
What is the macro-mineral content found in animal carcasses?
100 ppm or greater
What is appetite?
An animal’s desire to eat
What is satiety?
An animal’s lack of desire to eat
What are concentrates?
Feeds containing less than 18% crude fiber
What are roughages?
Feeds containing 18% or more crude fiber
What kind of feed do ruminants eat?
Roughages
What kind of feed do monogastrics eat?
Grains and concentrates
How much feed does a ruminant eat?
1-3% of its bodyweight per day
How much feed does a monogastric eat?
2-6% of its bodyweight per day
What is the rule of thumb for animal feed consumption?
Most mature animals will consume 2-3% of their bodyweight per day
What is the relationship between energy density of food and intake required?
As energy density increases, intake required decreases
What factors influence feed intake?
Physiological state, weight, activity level, temperature, disease status, palatability
What two centers are contained in the hypothalamus?
The feeding center and the satiety center
What are short-term appetite controls for monogastrics?
Gutfill and blood glucose levels
What are short-term appetite controls for ruminants?
Gutfill and VFA levels
How does cholecystokinin (CCK) control appetite?
It is a hormone released by the small intestine that targets the hypothalamus to decrease appetite
How does leptin control appetite?
It is a hormone released by the adipose tissue that decreases appetite
How does Neuropeptide Y (NPY) control appetite?
It is a hormone released by the hypothalamus that increases appetite
What is the lipostatic theory?
The idea that appetite is regulated by fat reserves in the long run
