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Animal Science 201 > Additional Study Material for Apr 17 Exam > Flashcards

Additional Study Material for Apr 17 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What needs to be considering when handling AI semen?

A

Avoiding temperature shock and contamination

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2
Q

Which species utilizes artificial insemination the most?

A

Turkey broilers

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3
Q

How is estrus synchronization typically achieved?

A

Injections of prostaglandin (commercially known as lutalyse) are used to destroy the CL and restart an animal’s estrous cycle

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4
Q

What is the role of FSH in mammalian females?

A

Stimulate development of graafian follicles and estrogen production

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5
Q

What is the different between sterile and sub-fertile?

A

Sterile animals cannot reproduce at all, while sub fertile animals reproduce at a less than optimal rate

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6
Q

What is a cryptorchid?

A

A male in which one or both of the testicles did not descend into the scrotum

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7
Q

What is atresia?

A

The shrinking of a female’s ovarian follicles over time

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8
Q

How is estrus detected in swine?

A

Rigid stance, red and swollen vulva

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9
Q

What occurs in the puberal stage?

A

Endocrine changes lead to the acquisition of reproductive competence (influenced by age and weight)

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10
Q

What are some issues that can affect sperm quality?

A

Loose heads, misshapen heads, and droplet tails

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11
Q

What is the egg hierarchy observed in female birds?

A

The largest yolk will be the next to ovulate

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12
Q

What factors influence conception rate?

A

Semen quality, receptivity of female, ability of inseminator, nutrition, disease, and stress statuses

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13
Q

What does neurohormonal mean?

A

The release of hormones is controlled by nerves

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14
Q

What is estrus synchronization?

A

Controlling the estrous cycle so that a herd or flock of females comes into estrus at approximately the same time

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15
Q

What are the advantages of IVF?

A
  1. Oocytes are easily obtained from high value animals, both living and recently deceased
  2. Embryos can be collected at almost any time
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16
Q

What is the function of luteinizing hormone in mammalian males and male birds?

A

Stimulate testosterone production

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17
Q

What timeframe for insemination has the highest conception rate?

A

Mid-estrus to end of estrus

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18
Q

How is estrus detected in horses?

A

Elevation of tail, “winking,”frequent urination

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19
Q

What is a freemartin?

A

A sterile, female twin to a male

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20
Q

What is the function of follicle stimulating hormone in mammalian males and male birds?

A

Stimulate spermatogenesis

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21
Q

Why is artificial insemination limited in horses?

A

To keep stud fees in place

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22
Q

What are the incubation period requirements for birds?

A

20-28 days (dependent on species) 100 degrees Fahrenheit, high humidity

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23
Q

How is estrus detected in cattle?

A

Daily checks for signs of heat, “gomer bulls” or other markers

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24
Q

How are the embryos prepared for embryo transfer?

A

The donor female is super ovulated and bred with two doses of semen, before having the eggs recovered with a uterus flush

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25
What is in vitro fertilization?
A biotech procedure where immature oocytes can be harvested, matured, and then mated with sperm outside of the body
26
What is a persistent corpus luteum?
A corpus luteum that does not regress and keeps an animal from going into heat
27
Why are positive energy levels necessary for reproduction?
Low energy can lead to females not entering estrus
28
What occurs in the adult stage?
Animals have the capacity to produce and release gametes for extended periods
29
What is embryo transfer?
A process in which eggs are removed from the mother's reproductive tract and transferred to another female's tract for development
30
What is progesterone?
A hormone produced by the corpus luteum that maintains pregnancy
31
How can reproductive efficiency be measured?
Conception rate or number of live births
32
How is semen typically stored?
In liquid nitrogen at a temperature around -312 degrees
33
What controls reproduction hormones in male birds?
GnRH and the photoperiod
34
Why is vitamin A a critical nutrient of reproduction?
It helps maintain epithelial linings
35
What are two advantages of embryo transfer?
Embryos can be "sexed," embryos can be split to form identical twins
36
What occurs during proestrus in mammals?
Ovarian follicles develop and estrogen levels increase
37
What factors influence fertility?
1. Failure to mate with a fertile male 2. Fertilization failure (death of sperm) 3. Early embryonic death (doesn't implant) 4. Fetal Death 5. Nutrition or disease issues
38
What occurs during metestrus in mammals?
Corpus luteum begins to form and produce progesterone
39
What occurs in the senescent stage?
Reproductive capacity decreases due to things such as reproductive tract deterioration and poor nutrition
40
What occurs in the pre-puberal stage?
Primary follicles are formed, basis for adult behavior can begin developing
41
Which animal can be artificially inseminated directly in the oviduct, and why?
Birds, because only the left ovary functions
42
What dilutents are used with sperm?
1. Egg Yolk/Citrate Buffer 2. Egg Yolk/Tris Buffer 3. Milk/Glycerol 4. Other Nutrient Source (i.e. protein)/Buffer
43
What factors are evaluated to determine the timing of AI?
The duration of estrus and the time of ovulation for the female
44
What are the advantages of estrus synchronization?
Reduced labor for heat detection, helpful in embryo transfer programs
45
What happens in mammals when conception does not occur?
Prostoglandin from the uterus causes regression of the corpus luteum and the estrous cycle restarts
46
What differs between extra-embryonic membranes in mammals and birds?
The yolk sac does not degenerate in birds: the allantois and the chorion do not fuse in birds
47
What are the methods of collecting semen for AI?
1. Artificial vagina 2. Female or Object Mounts 3. Hand Pressure/Massage Techniques 4. Electroejaculation
48
What occurs during diestrus in mammals?
The corpus luteum is fully functioning and produces lots of progesterone
49
How can semen be sexed?
X chromosome sperm weigh more than Y chromosome sperm and can be separated using dye technology
50
What can cause a thin-shelled egg?
Dietary deficiencies
51
What are the causes of sterility and sub-fertility?
Cryptorchid, freemartin, cystic ovary, persistent corpus luteum
52
Why is calcium a critical nutrient of reproduction in birds?
It is needed for shell formation
53
What are the four stages of the reproductive life cycle?
1. Before puberty 2. Puberal 3. Adult 4. Senescent
54
What temperature is semen stored at for immediate AI?
40 degrees Fahrenheit
55
What is the negative feedback that occurs with GnRH and progesterone in mammals?
When an animal is pregnant, progesterone signals to the hypothalamus to stop GnRH release and thus stop FSH and LH release
56
What are seasonal breeders?
Animals that will only mate during certain times of the year
57
Why is AI used?
Breed more females, more genetic progress, more economical, safety, disease control
58
How is hatching initiated?
By a lack of nutrients
59
What are continuous breeders?
Animals that have no distinct mating season
60
What can cause a soft-shelled egg?
The egg is laid prematurely before the shell is fully formed
61
Why is protein a critical nutrient in reproduction?
It forms the sperm, the egg, and the epithelial lining of the reproductive tracts
62
Why is vitamin E a critical nutrient of reproduction?
It helps maintain fertility
63
Why is AI semen diluted?
Increase the volume of semen and prolong the life of the sperm
64
What is vasotocin?
A hormone that behaves similarly to mammalian oxytocin during the egg laying process
65
What are straws?
Storage vessels that contain between 0.3 and 0.5 mL of semen
66
What is a cystic ovary?
A follicle that does not rupture and leads to an animal always being in estrus (heat)
67
How do neurohormonal hormones work in birds?
A nerve connecting the magnum to the hypothalamus is triggered when there is no egg in the magnum
68
What are additional functions of estrogen in mammals?
1. Development of the female reproductive system 2. Causes tissue lining the uterus to thicken and increase in blood supply 3. Production of thin mucus in cervix 4. Makes uterus sensitive to oxytocin 5. Makes uterus more resistant to infection
69
What extra-embryonic membranes are secreted in birds?
Yolk sac, allantois, amnion, and chorion
70
What is estrogen?
A hormone produced by the graafian follicle that causes sexual excitability
71
How is estrus detected in sheep?
Sterilized males with markers
72
What are the phases of the estrous cycle for mammals?
Proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus
73
What are additional functions of progesterone in mammals?
1. Increases growth and blood supply to lining of uterus 2. Secretion of uterine milk 3. Prevent muscle contraction of uterus 4. Production of thick mucus in cervix
74
What is evaluated about semen in the lab?
Volume, sperm concentration, and sperm quality
75
Where does prenatal development occur in birds?
In the oviduct
76
What happens in mammals after conception occurs?
The corpus luteum is maintained and further estrus is inhibited
77
What can cause a double yolk abnormality?
Two yolks are released at the same time; one yolk is "lost" and found the next day
78
How long can the egg sustain life after hatching?
3 days
79
What occurs during estrus in mammals?
Females become receptive to male, estrogen levels are high, surge of LH
80
What is embryo transfer used for?
To increase the number of offspring from an outstanding female
81
What is the role of LH in females?
Trigger ovulation and stimulate growth and development of corpus luteum
82
What is gonadotropin releasing hormone?
A hormone produced by the hypothalamus that tells the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH

Animal Science 201 (12 decks)

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