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Animal Science 201 > Additional Study Material for Apr 17 Exam > Flashcards

Additional Study Material for Apr 17 Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What needs to be considering when handling AI semen?

A

Avoiding temperature shock and contamination

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2
Q

Which species utilizes artificial insemination the most?

A

Turkey broilers

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3
Q

How is estrus synchronization typically achieved?

A

Injections of prostaglandin (commercially known as lutalyse) are used to destroy the CL and restart an animal’s estrous cycle

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4
Q

What is the role of FSH in mammalian females?

A

Stimulate development of graafian follicles and estrogen production

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5
Q

What is the different between sterile and sub-fertile?

A

Sterile animals cannot reproduce at all, while sub fertile animals reproduce at a less than optimal rate

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6
Q

What is a cryptorchid?

A

A male in which one or both of the testicles did not descend into the scrotum

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7
Q

What is atresia?

A

The shrinking of a female’s ovarian follicles over time

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8
Q

How is estrus detected in swine?

A

Rigid stance, red and swollen vulva

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9
Q

What occurs in the puberal stage?

A

Endocrine changes lead to the acquisition of reproductive competence (influenced by age and weight)

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10
Q

What are some issues that can affect sperm quality?

A

Loose heads, misshapen heads, and droplet tails

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11
Q

What is the egg hierarchy observed in female birds?

A

The largest yolk will be the next to ovulate

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12
Q

What factors influence conception rate?

A

Semen quality, receptivity of female, ability of inseminator, nutrition, disease, and stress statuses

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13
Q

What does neurohormonal mean?

A

The release of hormones is controlled by nerves

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14
Q

What is estrus synchronization?

A

Controlling the estrous cycle so that a herd or flock of females comes into estrus at approximately the same time

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15
Q

What are the advantages of IVF?

A
  1. Oocytes are easily obtained from high value animals, both living and recently deceased
  2. Embryos can be collected at almost any time
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16
Q

What is the function of luteinizing hormone in mammalian males and male birds?

A

Stimulate testosterone production

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17
Q

What timeframe for insemination has the highest conception rate?

A

Mid-estrus to end of estrus

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18
Q

How is estrus detected in horses?

A

Elevation of tail, “winking,”frequent urination

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19
Q

What is a freemartin?

A

A sterile, female twin to a male

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20
Q

What is the function of follicle stimulating hormone in mammalian males and male birds?

A

Stimulate spermatogenesis

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21
Q

Why is artificial insemination limited in horses?

A

To keep stud fees in place

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22
Q

What are the incubation period requirements for birds?

A

20-28 days (dependent on species) 100 degrees Fahrenheit, high humidity

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23
Q

How is estrus detected in cattle?

A

Daily checks for signs of heat, “gomer bulls” or other markers

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24
Q

How are the embryos prepared for embryo transfer?

A

The donor female is super ovulated and bred with two doses of semen, before having the eggs recovered with a uterus flush

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25
Q

What is in vitro fertilization?

A

A biotech procedure where immature oocytes can be harvested, matured, and then mated with sperm outside of the body

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26
Q

What is a persistent corpus luteum?

A

A corpus luteum that does not regress and keeps an animal from going into heat

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27
Q

Why are positive energy levels necessary for reproduction?

A

Low energy can lead to females not entering estrus

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28
Q

What occurs in the adult stage?

A

Animals have the capacity to produce and release gametes for extended periods

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29
Q

What is embryo transfer?

A

A process in which eggs are removed from the mother’s reproductive tract and transferred to another female’s tract for development

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30
Q

What is progesterone?

A

A hormone produced by the corpus luteum that maintains pregnancy

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31
Q

How can reproductive efficiency be measured?

A

Conception rate or number of live births

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32
Q

How is semen typically stored?

A

In liquid nitrogen at a temperature around -312 degrees

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33
Q

What controls reproduction hormones in male birds?

A

GnRH and the photoperiod

34
Q

Why is vitamin A a critical nutrient of reproduction?

A

It helps maintain epithelial linings

35
Q

What are two advantages of embryo transfer?

A

Embryos can be “sexed,” embryos can be split to form identical twins

36
Q

What occurs during proestrus in mammals?

A

Ovarian follicles develop and estrogen levels increase

37
Q

What factors influence fertility?

A
  1. Failure to mate with a fertile male
  2. Fertilization failure (death of sperm)
  3. Early embryonic death (doesn’t implant)
  4. Fetal Death
  5. Nutrition or disease issues
38
Q

What occurs during metestrus in mammals?

A

Corpus luteum begins to form and produce progesterone

39
Q

What occurs in the senescent stage?

A

Reproductive capacity decreases due to things such as reproductive tract deterioration and poor nutrition

40
Q

What occurs in the pre-puberal stage?

A

Primary follicles are formed, basis for adult behavior can begin developing

41
Q

Which animal can be artificially inseminated directly in the oviduct, and why?

A

Birds, because only the left ovary functions

42
Q

What dilutents are used with sperm?

A
  1. Egg Yolk/Citrate Buffer
  2. Egg Yolk/Tris Buffer
  3. Milk/Glycerol
  4. Other Nutrient Source (i.e. protein)/Buffer
43
Q

What factors are evaluated to determine the timing of AI?

A

The duration of estrus and the time of ovulation for the female

44
Q

What are the advantages of estrus synchronization?

A

Reduced labor for heat detection, helpful in embryo transfer programs

45
Q

What happens in mammals when conception does not occur?

A

Prostoglandin from the uterus causes regression of the corpus luteum and the estrous cycle restarts

46
Q

What differs between extra-embryonic membranes in mammals and birds?

A

The yolk sac does not degenerate in birds: the allantois and the chorion do not fuse in birds

47
Q

What are the methods of collecting semen for AI?

A
  1. Artificial vagina
  2. Female or Object Mounts
  3. Hand Pressure/Massage Techniques
  4. Electroejaculation
48
Q

What occurs during diestrus in mammals?

A

The corpus luteum is fully functioning and produces lots of progesterone

49
Q

How can semen be sexed?

A

X chromosome sperm weigh more than Y chromosome sperm and can be separated using dye technology

50
Q

What can cause a thin-shelled egg?

A

Dietary deficiencies

51
Q

What are the causes of sterility and sub-fertility?

A

Cryptorchid, freemartin, cystic ovary, persistent corpus luteum

52
Q

Why is calcium a critical nutrient of reproduction in birds?

A

It is needed for shell formation

53
Q

What are the four stages of the reproductive life cycle?

A
  1. Before puberty
  2. Puberal
  3. Adult
  4. Senescent
54
Q

What temperature is semen stored at for immediate AI?

A

40 degrees Fahrenheit

55
Q

What is the negative feedback that occurs with GnRH and progesterone in mammals?

A

When an animal is pregnant, progesterone signals to the hypothalamus to stop GnRH release and thus stop FSH and LH release

56
Q

What are seasonal breeders?

A

Animals that will only mate during certain times of the year

57
Q

Why is AI used?

A

Breed more females, more genetic progress, more economical, safety, disease control

58
Q

How is hatching initiated?

A

By a lack of nutrients

59
Q

What are continuous breeders?

A

Animals that have no distinct mating season

60
Q

What can cause a soft-shelled egg?

A

The egg is laid prematurely before the shell is fully formed

61
Q

Why is protein a critical nutrient in reproduction?

A

It forms the sperm, the egg, and the epithelial lining of the reproductive tracts

62
Q

Why is vitamin E a critical nutrient of reproduction?

A

It helps maintain fertility

63
Q

Why is AI semen diluted?

A

Increase the volume of semen and prolong the life of the sperm

64
Q

What is vasotocin?

A

A hormone that behaves similarly to mammalian oxytocin during the egg laying process

65
Q

What are straws?

A

Storage vessels that contain between 0.3 and 0.5 mL of semen

66
Q

What is a cystic ovary?

A

A follicle that does not rupture and leads to an animal always being in estrus (heat)

67
Q

How do neurohormonal hormones work in birds?

A

A nerve connecting the magnum to the hypothalamus is triggered when there is no egg in the magnum

68
Q

What are additional functions of estrogen in mammals?

A
  1. Development of the female reproductive system
  2. Causes tissue lining the uterus to thicken and increase in blood supply
  3. Production of thin mucus in cervix
  4. Makes uterus sensitive to oxytocin
  5. Makes uterus more resistant to infection
69
Q

What extra-embryonic membranes are secreted in birds?

A

Yolk sac, allantois, amnion, and chorion

70
Q

What is estrogen?

A

A hormone produced by the graafian follicle that causes sexual excitability

71
Q

How is estrus detected in sheep?

A

Sterilized males with markers

72
Q

What are the phases of the estrous cycle for mammals?

A

Proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus

73
Q

What are additional functions of progesterone in mammals?

A
  1. Increases growth and blood supply to lining of uterus
  2. Secretion of uterine milk
  3. Prevent muscle contraction of uterus
  4. Production of thick mucus in cervix
74
Q

What is evaluated about semen in the lab?

A

Volume, sperm concentration, and sperm quality

75
Q

Where does prenatal development occur in birds?

A

In the oviduct

76
Q

What happens in mammals after conception occurs?

A

The corpus luteum is maintained and further estrus is inhibited

77
Q

What can cause a double yolk abnormality?

A

Two yolks are released at the same time; one yolk is “lost” and found the next day

78
Q

How long can the egg sustain life after hatching?

A

3 days

79
Q

What occurs during estrus in mammals?

A

Females become receptive to male, estrogen levels are high, surge of LH

80
Q

What is embryo transfer used for?

A

To increase the number of offspring from an outstanding female

81
Q

What is the role of LH in females?

A

Trigger ovulation and stimulate growth and development of corpus luteum

82
Q

What is gonadotropin releasing hormone?

A

A hormone produced by the hypothalamus that tells the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH

Animal Science 201 (12 decks)

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