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Animal Science 201 > Study Material for Feb 28 Quiz > Flashcards

Study Material for Feb 28 Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

What are poikilotherms?

A

Cold-blooded animals

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2
Q

What are homeotherms?

A

Warm-blooded animals

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3
Q

What is the standard body temperature for horses?

A

100 degrees F

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4
Q

What is the standard body temperature for cattle?

A

101.5 degrees F

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5
Q

What is the standard body temperature for swine?

A

102.5 degrees F

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6
Q

What is the standard body temperature for sheep?

A

102.3 degrees F

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7
Q

What is the standard body temperature for chickens?

A

107.1 degrees F

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8
Q

What is intensive management?

A

Heavy control over the environment

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9
Q

What is extensive management?

A

Less producer control over the environment

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10
Q

What is the temperature regulation equation?

A

Heat produced by animal + heat absorbed by animal = heat lost

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11
Q

What is conduction?

A

Transfer of heat between objects

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12
Q

What is convection?

A

Transfer of heat by air movement

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13
Q

What is radiation?

A

Exchange of heat between objects that are not touching

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14
Q

What is evaporation?

A

Heat lost from skin and respiratory tract

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15
Q

Which three heat transfer methods allow animals to gain heat?

A

Conduction, convection, and radiation

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16
Q

What is the thermoneutral zone (TNZ)?

A

The range of ambient temperatures in which an animal functions best

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17
Q

What is the TNZ for dairy and beef cattle?

A

40-60 degrees F

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18
Q

What is the TNZ for calves?

A

55-75 degrees F

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19
Q

What is the TNZ for sows?

A

55-70 degrees F

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20
Q

What is the TNZ for egg-producing poultry?

A

45-65 degrees F

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21
Q

What is the TNZ for meat-producing poultry?

A

55-75 degrees F

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22
Q

What is the TNZ for shorn ewes?

A

70-75 degrees F

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23
Q

What is the TNZ for full fleece ewes?

A

40-60 degrees F

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24
Q

How do animals respond to temperatures lower than their TNZ?

A
  1. Increase food intake
  2. Secrete thyroxin
  3. Reduce blood flow to extremities
  4. Shiver/Hunch/Huddle
  5. Increase body insulation
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25
Q

What is thyroxin?

A

A hormone produced by the thyroid that targets all tissues and increases metabolism

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26
Q

How can people help manage cold stress?

A

Provide windbreaks, keep animals dry

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27
Q

How do animals respond to temperatures higher than their TNZ?

A
  1. Increase water consumption
  2. Breathe rapidly
  3. Perspire/sweat more
  4. Blood vessels dilate
  5. Increase surface area
  6. Decrease body insulation
  7. Less activity
  8. Lower feed intake
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28
Q

How can people help manage heat stress?

A

Always provide clean water, provide shade, and provide evaporative or refrigerative cooling

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29
Q

What is effective ambient temperature?

A

Temperature adjusted for wind, precipitation, and dampness

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30
Q

What are UCTs and LCTs?

A

The upper and lower critical temperatures that bracket an animal’s TNZ

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31
Q

What factors can affect critical temperatures?

A

Hair coat, fat reserves, age, weight

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32
Q

How are rations adjusted for cold stress?

A

The amount of protein is reduced due to higher intake

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33
Q

How are rations adjusted for heat stress?

A

Protein and minerals are increased due to decreased intake

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34
Q

What are the lower critical temperatures for beef cows, based on coat description?

A
  1. Summer Coat - 59 degrees F
  2. Fall Coat - 45 degrees F
  3. Winter Coat - 32 degrees F
  4. Heavy Winter Coat - 18 degrees F
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35
Q

What are other stressors for animals?

A

Hypoxia due to high altitudes, brisket disease (chest swelling), noise, new animals, predators, overcrowding, sanitation, mud

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36
Q

What is the definition of disease?

A

Any deviation from a normal state of health

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37
Q

What is a contagious disease?

A

A disease that is transmitted from one animal to another

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38
Q

What is mortality?

A

The number of deaths

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39
Q

What is morbidity?

A

The measurement of illness

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40
Q

What are toxins?

A

Harmful chemicals produced by animal cells or microorganisms

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41
Q

What are poisons?

A

Harmful chemicals produced by plants or manufactured materials

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42
Q

What are characteristics of viruses?

A

Lack cytoplasm, can be host/tissue specific, can spread through vectors or direct contact

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43
Q

What is the virus “life cycle?”

A
  1. Virus infests host cell/attacks nucleus
  2. Virus uses host cell to replicate
  3. Host cell degenerates
  4. Cell bursts and releases replicated virus
  5. Replicated viruses infect new cells
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44
Q

What are control methods for viruses?

A

Isolation, strict sanitation, elimination of vectors, vaccines

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45
Q

What are characteristics of bacteria?

A

Single-celled organisms, vary in size/shape (rod, cocci, or spirilla), damage host cells with toxins

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46
Q

What are control methods for bacteria?

A

Antibiotics, vaccines, culling

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47
Q

What are characteristics of protozoa?

A

Single-celled but larger than bacteria, very host specific, damage digestive tract lining, hinder digestion and absorption, cause diarrhea and death

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48
Q

How are protozoa treated?

A

Coccidiostats in food and anticoccidial drugs in water

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49
Q

What are fungi?

A

Single-celled plants that produce disease through mycotoxins

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50
Q

What is the roundworm life cycle?

A
  1. Produce and release eggs into feces
  2. Eggs develop into larvae
  3. Larvae burrow into intestinal wall
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51
Q

Why are roundworms dangerous?

A

They can create nutritional deficiencies and block the intestines

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52
Q

What are tapeworms?

A

Flat, segmented worms with indirect life cycles

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53
Q

What is the tapeworm’s mechanism of disease?

A
  1. Head imbeds in intestinal lining
  2. Segments grow from head and neck with both male and female gonads
  3. Eggs develop in segments
  4. Segments detach from body
  5. Segments and eggs spread in feces
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54
Q

How do lice and mites affect animals?

A

They bite, can suck blood, can cause anemia, and may burrow into follicles/skin

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55
Q

What do heel flies cause?

A

Grubs

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56
Q

What do face and horn flies cause?

A

Pinkeye

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57
Q

What can horn flies and stable flies do?

A

Suck blood

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58
Q

What are the steps to preventing disease?

A
  1. Veterinary planning
  2. Sanitation
  3. Nutrition
  4. Records Analysis
  5. Proper identification
  6. Proper facilities
  7. Monitoring sources and identification of livestock
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59
Q

What is an antiseptic?

A

A sanitary product applied topically to animals

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60
Q

What is a disinfectant?

A

A cleaning agent applied to facilities

61
Q

What are mechanisms of biosecurity?

A
  1. Purchase animals from locations with effective herd-health management programs
  2. Provide clothing, boots, and disinfectant to anyone exposed to animals/facilities
  3. Isolate new animals prior to herd introduction
  4. Control insects, birds, rodents, and other animals that can carry disease
  5. Keep animals out of drainage areas that run across multiple farms/facilities
62
Q

What are biologics?

A

Products used to prevent disease (vaccines)

63
Q

What are pharmaceuticals?

A

Products used to treat disease

64
Q

How is active immunity acquired?

A

Through the production of antibodies by natural exposure/recovery

65
Q

How is passive immunity acquired?

A

Through the introduction of antibodies through genetic selection, natural means, or colostrum

66
Q

What are the methods of administering pharmaceuticals and biologics?

A

Topically, orally, injection, nasally

67
Q

What are the types of injections?

A

Intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramammary

68
Q

What are anthelmintics?

A

Oral products given to treat internal parasites

69
Q

What are other causes of health issues in animals?

A

Predators, injuries, nutritional deficiencies, metabolic disorders, toxicities

70
Q

What can lead to nutritional deficiencies?

A

Low levels of nutrients in diet, impaired digestion/absorption, failure of body to synthesize nutrients

71
Q

What causes metabolic disorders?

A

Blockages or alterations of the metabolic pathways

72
Q

What visual observations can be made to determine a sick animal?

A

Loss of appetite, depression, ears droop, hump in back, head in lower position, coughing, wheezing, difficulty breathing

73
Q

What vital signs are used to determine sick animals?

A

Body temperature, respiration rate, heart rate

74
Q

What are zoonoses?

A

Diseases that can pass between animals and humans

75
Q

What are some examples of zoonoses?

A

Brucellosis, rabies, salmonellosis, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis

76
Q

What are some physical environmental sources of stress?

A

Temperature, wind velocity, mud, snow, dust

77
Q

What are the two main purposes of ventilation systems?

A

Decrease humidity and decrease ammonia

78
Q

What are the ventilation needs for a facility?

A

Sufficient air movement capacity, proper distribution of outside air, and the ability to adjust the system based on outside temperatures and humidity

79
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Any element or compound that aids in the support of life

80
Q

What are the six classifications of nutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and water

81
Q

What are the functions of water?

A

Act as a solvent/lubricant, transport nutrients, aid in thermoregulation, cushion organs, react in chemical reactions

82
Q

How do animals obtain water?

A

Drinking, eating, and metabolic processes

83
Q

What is the effect of excessive water loss?

A

5%: disruption of bodily functions

15-20%: death

84
Q

What are the general carbohydrate formulas?

A

(CH2O)n or Cn(H2O)n-1

85
Q

What are two examples of carbs?

A

Glucose (C6H12O6) and Sucrose (C12H22O11)

86
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates in plants?

A

Primary structural component of plant cells and energy storage

87
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates in animals?

A

Source of energy in almost all diets

88
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

1 sugar molecules, like pentoses and hexoses

89
Q

What are examples of monosaccharides?

A

Ribose, xylose, glucose, galactose

90
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

2 sugar molecules

91
Q

What are the two components of starch?

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

92
Q

What type of linkage structure does amylose have?

A

1-4 linear linkage

93
Q

what type of linkage structure does amylopectin have?

A

1-4 linear linkage and 1-6 branching linkage

94
Q

What is hemicellulose?

A

A mixture of pentoses and hexoses

95
Q

What is cellulose?

A

A series of linear chains bound together that is found in cell walls

96
Q

What is the ranking of complex sugars, from most to least digestible?

A

Starch, Hemicellulose, Cellulose

97
Q

Why is cellulose so hard to digest?

A

The chains are cross-linked

98
Q

What is lignin?

A

A substance that replaces cellulose as a plant matures, is not a carbohydrate, and is not digestible

99
Q

What four elements make up proteins?

A

C, H, O, and N

100
Q

Which element makes up 16% of the weight of protein?

A

Nitrogen

101
Q

How is crude protein calculated?

A

%N x 6.25 = CP

102
Q

What are the uses of protein?

A

Structural component of animal cells, build and repair body tissue, enzymes/hormones, antibodies/immunoglobins, protection

103
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20+

104
Q

What are non-essential amino acids?

A

Amino acids that can be synthesized by the organism at an acceptable rate

105
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized at an acceptable rate and must be included in the diet

106
Q

What 10 amino acids are essential for rats, swine, and humans?

A

Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Methionine, Arginine, Tryptophan, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine (PVT MAT HILL)

107
Q

How many essential amino acids do chickens have?

A

11-13

108
Q

How many essential amino acids do ruminants have?

A

0

109
Q

What are the two most deficient amino acids and the associated diets that they are deficient from?

A

Lysine - corn diet

Methionine - soy diet

110
Q

What is a limiting amino acid?

A

An essential amino acid that is present in the diet in an amount less than what the animal requires

111
Q

What are the effects of a protein deficiency?

A

Lower birth/growth rates, lower fertility, reduced production

112
Q

What are the effects of a protein excess?

A

Enlarged kidneys, more expensive

113
Q

What is non-protein nitrogen?

A

Nitrogen in a feed that is not incorporated into protein molecules

114
Q

Non-protein nitrogen is useful in which type of animals?

A

Ruminants (combines with carbs to make extra protein)

115
Q

What is the most common form of NPN?

A

Urea (40-45% Nitrogen)

116
Q

What elements compose lipids?

A

C, H, O

117
Q

How much more energy is in lipids than in carbs or proteins?

A

2.25 times more energy

118
Q

Which fats are liquid at room temperature?

A

Unsaturated fats

119
Q

Which fats are solid at room temperature?

A

Saturated fats

120
Q

What do triglycerides make up?

A

Fats and oils

121
Q

What percent unsaturated fatty acids are plants?

A

85%

122
Q

What percent saturated fatty acids are plants?

A

15%

123
Q

How does the Carbon:Oxygen ratio in fats compare to that of carbs?

A

Fats have a larger C:O ratio than the 1:1/2:1 ratio in carbs

124
Q

What are the essential fatty acids for most animals?

A

Linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic

125
Q

Which essential fatty acids do humans need?

A

Linoleic and linolenic

126
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

Energy source, vitamin absorption, organ protection, reduction of dustiness in rations, provides marbling in meat

127
Q

What are some examples of disaccharides?

A

Cellobiose, lactose, maltose, sucrose

128
Q

What are minerals?

A

Inorganic elements of the earth

129
Q

What are the macro minerals?

A

Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, S, Cl

130
Q

What are the micro minerals?

A

Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Co, I, Mo, Se

131
Q

What are the functions of minerals?

A

Co-factors, structural components, electrolyte balance, and parts of organic compounds

132
Q

What occurs with a Ca deficiency?

A

Rickets, a metabolic bone disease

133
Q

What occurs with an Fe deficiency?

A

Anemia

134
Q

What occurs with an I deficiency?

A

Goiter (enlarged thyroid)

135
Q

What occurs with an excess of Cu?

A

Liver damage

136
Q

What occurs with an excess of F?

A

Soft teeth and bones

137
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Organic compounds required in small amounts for proper functioning

138
Q

What is the role of vitamins as coenzymes?

A

Assist other enzymes to make reactions occur

139
Q

What are sources of vitamin A?

A

Green forage, liver stores

140
Q

What are sources of vitamin B complex?

A

Green forages, animal products, milk products

141
Q

What is a source of vitamin D?

A

Exposure to sunlight

142
Q

What is a source of vitamin E?

A

Whole grains

143
Q

What is energy?

A

The capacity to do work

144
Q

How is energy expressed?

A

As calories, kilocalories, or megacalories

145
Q

What is the most important item in an animal’s diet, besides water?

A

Energy

146
Q

Why are carbohydrates and fats the preferred dietary sources for energy?

A

Protein is more expensive and should be used for things such as building muscle

147
Q

What are the uses of energy?

A

Maintenance, reproduction, growth, production, work

148
Q

What are the nutrient classes by function (energy, structure, regulation)?

A 
Carbohydrates: E
Fats/Lipids: E, S (membranes)
Proteins: S, (E), R (enzymes and hormones)
Minerals: S, R (cofactors, electrolytes)
Vitamins: R
Water: S, R

Animal Science 201 (12 decks)

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