Study Material for Feb 28 Quiz Flashcards
1
Q
What are poikilotherms?
A
Cold-blooded animals
2
Q
What are homeotherms?
A
Warm-blooded animals
3
Q
What is the standard body temperature for horses?
A
100 degrees F
4
Q
What is the standard body temperature for cattle?
A
101.5 degrees F
5
Q
What is the standard body temperature for swine?
A
102.5 degrees F
6
Q
What is the standard body temperature for sheep?
A
102.3 degrees F
7
Q
What is the standard body temperature for chickens?
A
107.1 degrees F
8
Q
What is intensive management?
A
Heavy control over the environment
9
Q
What is extensive management?
A
Less producer control over the environment
10
Q
What is the temperature regulation equation?
A
Heat produced by animal + heat absorbed by animal = heat lost
11
Q
What is conduction?
A
Transfer of heat between objects
12
Q
What is convection?
A
Transfer of heat by air movement
13
Q
What is radiation?
A
Exchange of heat between objects that are not touching
14
Q
What is evaporation?
A
Heat lost from skin and respiratory tract
15
Q
Which three heat transfer methods allow animals to gain heat?
A
Conduction, convection, and radiation
16
Q
What is the thermoneutral zone (TNZ)?
A
The range of ambient temperatures in which an animal functions best
17
Q
What is the TNZ for dairy and beef cattle?
A
40-60 degrees F
18
Q
What is the TNZ for calves?
A
55-75 degrees F
19
Q
What is the TNZ for sows?
A
55-70 degrees F
20
Q
What is the TNZ for egg-producing poultry?
A
45-65 degrees F
21
Q
What is the TNZ for meat-producing poultry?
A
55-75 degrees F
22
Q
What is the TNZ for shorn ewes?
A
70-75 degrees F
23
Q
What is the TNZ for full fleece ewes?
A
40-60 degrees F
24
Q
How do animals respond to temperatures lower than their TNZ?
A
- Increase food intake
- Secrete thyroxin
- Reduce blood flow to extremities
- Shiver/Hunch/Huddle
- Increase body insulation
25
What is thyroxin?
A hormone produced by the thyroid that targets all tissues and increases metabolism
26
How can people help manage cold stress?
Provide windbreaks, keep animals dry
27
How do animals respond to temperatures higher than their TNZ?
1. Increase water consumption
2. Breathe rapidly
3. Perspire/sweat more
4. Blood vessels dilate
5. Increase surface area
6. Decrease body insulation
7. Less activity
8. Lower feed intake
28
How can people help manage heat stress?
Always provide clean water, provide shade, and provide evaporative or refrigerative cooling
29
What is effective ambient temperature?
Temperature adjusted for wind, precipitation, and dampness
30
What are UCTs and LCTs?
The upper and lower critical temperatures that bracket an animal's TNZ
31
What factors can affect critical temperatures?
Hair coat, fat reserves, age, weight
32
How are rations adjusted for cold stress?
The amount of protein is reduced due to higher intake
33
How are rations adjusted for heat stress?
Protein and minerals are increased due to decreased intake
34
What are the lower critical temperatures for beef cows, based on coat description?
1. Summer Coat - 59 degrees F
2. Fall Coat - 45 degrees F
3. Winter Coat - 32 degrees F
4. Heavy Winter Coat - 18 degrees F
35
What are other stressors for animals?
Hypoxia due to high altitudes, brisket disease (chest swelling), noise, new animals, predators, overcrowding, sanitation, mud
36
What is the definition of disease?
Any deviation from a normal state of health
37
What is a contagious disease?
A disease that is transmitted from one animal to another
38
What is mortality?
The number of deaths
39
What is morbidity?
The measurement of illness
40
What are toxins?
Harmful chemicals produced by animal cells or microorganisms
41
What are poisons?
Harmful chemicals produced by plants or manufactured materials
42
What are characteristics of viruses?
Lack cytoplasm, can be host/tissue specific, can spread through vectors or direct contact
43
What is the virus "life cycle?"
1. Virus infests host cell/attacks nucleus
2. Virus uses host cell to replicate
3. Host cell degenerates
4. Cell bursts and releases replicated virus
5. Replicated viruses infect new cells
44
What are control methods for viruses?
Isolation, strict sanitation, elimination of vectors, vaccines
45
What are characteristics of bacteria?
Single-celled organisms, vary in size/shape (rod, cocci, or spirilla), damage host cells with toxins
46
What are control methods for bacteria?
Antibiotics, vaccines, culling
47
What are characteristics of protozoa?
Single-celled but larger than bacteria, very host specific, damage digestive tract lining, hinder digestion and absorption, cause diarrhea and death
48
How are protozoa treated?
Coccidiostats in food and anticoccidial drugs in water
49
What are fungi?
Single-celled plants that produce disease through mycotoxins
50
What is the roundworm life cycle?
1. Produce and release eggs into feces
2. Eggs develop into larvae
3. Larvae burrow into intestinal wall
51
Why are roundworms dangerous?
They can create nutritional deficiencies and block the intestines
52
What are tapeworms?
Flat, segmented worms with indirect life cycles
53
What is the tapeworm's mechanism of disease?
1. Head imbeds in intestinal lining
2. Segments grow from head and neck with both male and female gonads
3. Eggs develop in segments
4. Segments detach from body
5. Segments and eggs spread in feces
54
How do lice and mites affect animals?
They bite, can suck blood, can cause anemia, and may burrow into follicles/skin
55
What do heel flies cause?
Grubs
56
What do face and horn flies cause?
Pinkeye
57
What can horn flies and stable flies do?
Suck blood
58
What are the steps to preventing disease?
1. Veterinary planning
2. Sanitation
3. Nutrition
4. Records Analysis
5. Proper identification
6. Proper facilities
7. Monitoring sources and identification of livestock
59
What is an antiseptic?
A sanitary product applied topically to animals
60
What is a disinfectant?
A cleaning agent applied to facilities
61
What are mechanisms of biosecurity?
1. Purchase animals from locations with effective herd-health management programs
2. Provide clothing, boots, and disinfectant to anyone exposed to animals/facilities
3. Isolate new animals prior to herd introduction
4. Control insects, birds, rodents, and other animals that can carry disease
5. Keep animals out of drainage areas that run across multiple farms/facilities
62
What are biologics?
Products used to prevent disease (vaccines)
63
What are pharmaceuticals?
Products used to treat disease
64
How is active immunity acquired?
Through the production of antibodies by natural exposure/recovery
65
How is passive immunity acquired?
Through the introduction of antibodies through genetic selection, natural means, or colostrum
66
What are the methods of administering pharmaceuticals and biologics?
Topically, orally, injection, nasally
67
What are the types of injections?
Intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramammary
68
What are anthelmintics?
Oral products given to treat internal parasites
69
What are other causes of health issues in animals?
Predators, injuries, nutritional deficiencies, metabolic disorders, toxicities
70
What can lead to nutritional deficiencies?
Low levels of nutrients in diet, impaired digestion/absorption, failure of body to synthesize nutrients
71
What causes metabolic disorders?
Blockages or alterations of the metabolic pathways
72
What visual observations can be made to determine a sick animal?
Loss of appetite, depression, ears droop, hump in back, head in lower position, coughing, wheezing, difficulty breathing
73
What vital signs are used to determine sick animals?
Body temperature, respiration rate, heart rate
74
What are zoonoses?
Diseases that can pass between animals and humans
75
What are some examples of zoonoses?
Brucellosis, rabies, salmonellosis, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis
76
What are some physical environmental sources of stress?
Temperature, wind velocity, mud, snow, dust
77
What are the two main purposes of ventilation systems?
Decrease humidity and decrease ammonia
78
What are the ventilation needs for a facility?
Sufficient air movement capacity, proper distribution of outside air, and the ability to adjust the system based on outside temperatures and humidity
79
What are nutrients?
Any element or compound that aids in the support of life
80
What are the six classifications of nutrients?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and water
81
What are the functions of water?
Act as a solvent/lubricant, transport nutrients, aid in thermoregulation, cushion organs, react in chemical reactions
82
How do animals obtain water?
Drinking, eating, and metabolic processes
83
What is the effect of excessive water loss?
5%: disruption of bodily functions
| 15-20%: death
84
What are the general carbohydrate formulas?
(CH2O)n or Cn(H2O)n-1
85
What are two examples of carbs?
Glucose (C6H12O6) and Sucrose (C12H22O11)
86
What are the functions of carbohydrates in plants?
Primary structural component of plant cells and energy storage
87
What are the functions of carbohydrates in animals?
Source of energy in almost all diets
88
What are monosaccharides?
1 sugar molecules, like pentoses and hexoses
89
What are examples of monosaccharides?
Ribose, xylose, glucose, galactose
90
What are disaccharides?
2 sugar molecules
91
What are the two components of starch?
Amylose and Amylopectin
92
What type of linkage structure does amylose have?
1-4 linear linkage
93
what type of linkage structure does amylopectin have?
1-4 linear linkage and 1-6 branching linkage
94
What is hemicellulose?
A mixture of pentoses and hexoses
95
What is cellulose?
A series of linear chains bound together that is found in cell walls
96
What is the ranking of complex sugars, from most to least digestible?
Starch, Hemicellulose, Cellulose
97
Why is cellulose so hard to digest?
The chains are cross-linked
98
What is lignin?
A substance that replaces cellulose as a plant matures, is not a carbohydrate, and is not digestible
99
What four elements make up proteins?
C, H, O, and N
100
Which element makes up 16% of the weight of protein?
Nitrogen
101
How is crude protein calculated?
%N x 6.25 = CP
102
What are the uses of protein?
Structural component of animal cells, build and repair body tissue, enzymes/hormones, antibodies/immunoglobins, protection
103
How many amino acids are there?
20+
104
What are non-essential amino acids?
Amino acids that can be synthesized by the organism at an acceptable rate
105
What are essential amino acids?
Amino acids that cannot be synthesized at an acceptable rate and must be included in the diet
106
What 10 amino acids are essential for rats, swine, and humans?
Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Methionine, Arginine, Tryptophan, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine (PVT MAT HILL)
107
How many essential amino acids do chickens have?
11-13
108
How many essential amino acids do ruminants have?
0
109
What are the two most deficient amino acids and the associated diets that they are deficient from?
Lysine - corn diet
| Methionine - soy diet
110
What is a limiting amino acid?
An essential amino acid that is present in the diet in an amount less than what the animal requires
111
What are the effects of a protein deficiency?
Lower birth/growth rates, lower fertility, reduced production
112
What are the effects of a protein excess?
Enlarged kidneys, more expensive
113
What is non-protein nitrogen?
Nitrogen in a feed that is not incorporated into protein molecules
114
Non-protein nitrogen is useful in which type of animals?
Ruminants (combines with carbs to make extra protein)
115
What is the most common form of NPN?
Urea (40-45% Nitrogen)
116
What elements compose lipids?
C, H, O
117
How much more energy is in lipids than in carbs or proteins?
2.25 times more energy
118
Which fats are liquid at room temperature?
Unsaturated fats
119
Which fats are solid at room temperature?
Saturated fats
120
What do triglycerides make up?
Fats and oils
121
What percent unsaturated fatty acids are plants?
85%
122
What percent saturated fatty acids are plants?
15%
123
How does the Carbon:Oxygen ratio in fats compare to that of carbs?
Fats have a larger C:O ratio than the 1:1/2:1 ratio in carbs
124
What are the essential fatty acids for most animals?
Linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic
125
Which essential fatty acids do humans need?
Linoleic and linolenic
126
What are the functions of lipids?
Energy source, vitamin absorption, organ protection, reduction of dustiness in rations, provides marbling in meat
127
What are some examples of disaccharides?
Cellobiose, lactose, maltose, sucrose
128
What are minerals?
Inorganic elements of the earth
129
What are the macro minerals?
Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, S, Cl
130
What are the micro minerals?
Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Co, I, Mo, Se
131
What are the functions of minerals?
Co-factors, structural components, electrolyte balance, and parts of organic compounds
132
What occurs with a Ca deficiency?
Rickets, a metabolic bone disease
133
What occurs with an Fe deficiency?
Anemia
134
What occurs with an I deficiency?
Goiter (enlarged thyroid)
135
What occurs with an excess of Cu?
Liver damage
136
What occurs with an excess of F?
Soft teeth and bones
137
What are vitamins?
Organic compounds required in small amounts for proper functioning
138
What is the role of vitamins as coenzymes?
Assist other enzymes to make reactions occur
139
What are sources of vitamin A?
Green forage, liver stores
140
What are sources of vitamin B complex?
Green forages, animal products, milk products
141
What is a source of vitamin D?
Exposure to sunlight
142
What is a source of vitamin E?
Whole grains
143
What is energy?
The capacity to do work
144
How is energy expressed?
As calories, kilocalories, or megacalories
145
What is the most important item in an animal's diet, besides water?
Energy
146
Why are carbohydrates and fats the preferred dietary sources for energy?
Protein is more expensive and should be used for things such as building muscle
147
What are the uses of energy?
Maintenance, reproduction, growth, production, work
148
What are the nutrient classes by function (energy, structure, regulation)?
```
Carbohydrates: E
Fats/Lipids: E, S (membranes)
Proteins: S, (E), R (enzymes and hormones)
Minerals: S, R (cofactors, electrolytes)
Vitamins: R
Water: S, R
```
