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Animal Science 201 > Study Material for Feb 7 Quiz > Flashcards

Study Material for Feb 7 Quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

In terms of rigor mortis when is the muscle the most stiff and tough?

A

Rigor completion

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2
Q

What are the three aerobic processes in muscle?

A

Glycogen + O2 => H2O + CO2 + Energy
Lactic Acid + O2 => H2O + CO2 + Energy
Fatty Acid + O2 => H2O + CO2 + Energy

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3
Q

What are the functions of the yolk?

A

To provide nutrients and house the embryo

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4
Q

What candling results are wanted in high quality eggs?

A

Small air cell, faint yolk, firm albumen, no blood spots

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5
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

The excitable outer cell membrane around muscle cells

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6
Q

What percent water are eggs?

A

74%

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7
Q

Which minerals in eggs are mostly found in the shell?

A

Ca and Mg

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8
Q

What accessary structures do primary follicles have?

A

Basal layer, dermis, wool fiber, inner root sheath, arrestor muscle, sebaceous gland, sweat gland, papilla with blood vessel

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9
Q

What type of fibers are preferred by consumers?

A

Secondary fibers with smaller diameters (more fine)

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10
Q

In terms of rigor mortis, when is the muscle most relaxed?

A

Rigor onset

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11
Q

What pH is necessary for autolysis?

A

5.6

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12
Q

What is the clip?

A

The amount of wool obtained from sheep after shearing

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13
Q

What percent of egg fats are saturated fats?

A

34%

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14
Q

What are the types of poultry meat?

A

Chicken, goose, duck, turkey

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15
Q

What accessary structures are missing from secondary follicles?

A

Arrestor muscle and sweat gland

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16
Q

What country is the leading producer of mohair?

A

United States (specifically Texas)

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17
Q

What are the shell membranes?

A

Inner and outer protein fiber mats that help provide structure for the egg

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18
Q

What are negative qualities of wool?

A

Can shrink and/or cause itching

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19
Q

What factors influence egg quality?

A

Genetics, physiology (extra tissue present), and nutrition

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20
Q

What egg grade is found in egg cartons?

A

AA

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21
Q

What is scouring?

A

Use of a soapy solution to remove natural and applied wool impurities

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22
Q

What two enzymes break down muscle tissue after death?

A

Cathepsins and calpains

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23
Q

What interior attributes are used to grade eggs?

A

Yolk condition, albumen condition and thickness, air cell size, and abnormalities

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24
Q

What is resolution of rigor?

A

The breakdown of muscle tissue by proteins leads to the muscle becoming more tender after rigor mortis

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25
Q

What percent minerals are eggs?

A

1%

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26
Q

What is voluntary striated/skeletal muscle?

A

Muscle that can be moved voluntarily and contains alternating dark and white bands

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27
Q

What are germicidal properties?

A

Ways in which different parts of the egg prevent bacterial growth

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28
Q

What are the layers of the albumen?

A

Outer thin layer, firm layer, inner thin layer, and chalaziferous layer

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29
Q

What qualities do consumers use to evaluate eggs?

A

Sound shells, clean shells, freedom from blood and meat spots, freedom from off-flavors, uniform size/shape/color, uniform yolk color, large amount of firm albumen

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30
Q

What is the function of the air cell?

A

Supply air to the embryo when respiration is initiated

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31
Q

What is the micron diameter grading system?

A

The most accurate grading system, which evaluates wool based on actual fiber measurements

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32
Q

How is felt created?

A

By heating the cuticle and matting fibers together

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33
Q

Where does the air cell form?

A

The blunt end of the egg

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34
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

Non-striated muscle found in the walls of the digestive tract and capillaries

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35
Q

What are the woolmark blend and wool blend labels?

A

Labels that assure quality of partial wool products

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36
Q

What percent of a chicken egg is the shell/shell membranes?

A

11%

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37
Q

What are the preparation steps for spinning and weaving wool?

A

Growing, shearing, grading, sorting, blending, scouring, carding

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38
Q

What is the percent composition of lipids in eggs?

A

62% triglycerides, 33% phospholipids, 5% sterols, trace amounts of cerebrosides

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39
Q

What is a double yolk defect?

A

A common defect that occurs when two yolks meet in the oviduct and are included in the same shell

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40
Q

What is the yolk impurity?

A

A combination of the grease and suint impurities

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41
Q

What are the storage conditions for eggs?

A

Clean eggs, clean and sanitary facilities, low temperature (55 degrees or lower), high humidity (80% or higher)

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42
Q

What percent of egg fats are unsaturated fats?

A

66%

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43
Q

How does the yolk form?

A

Layers of nutrients deposit on the outside of the latebra, a tube-like structure

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44
Q

What glands cause the grease impurity?

A

Sebaceous glands

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45
Q

How is wool length evaluated?

A

The longer the fiber length, the better

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46
Q

What is the vitelline membrane?

A

A thin and transparent membrane that surrounds the yolk and expands as the yolk grows larger

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47
Q

What is the role of ATP in contraction?

A

Provide energy

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48
Q

What are acquired wool impurities?

A

Dust, dirt, sand, manure, urine

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49
Q

What is the chalazae?

A

An extension into the dense albumen that stabilizes yolk position

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50
Q

What factors can affect follicle development?

A

Adverse prenatal and/or early postnatal environments

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51
Q

What is autolysis?

A

Self breakdown

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52
Q

What is candling?

A

The use of a beam of light to see through the egg and determine abnormalities

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53
Q

What are applied wool impurities?

A

Sprays, dips, and dyes

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54
Q

What can cause variations in egg composition?

A

Type of bird, strain of bird, day to day variation, weather/climate, nutrition, disease status

55
Q

What is a blastoderm?

A

An oval, transparent formation on a yolk that is fertile

56
Q

What are the two myofibrils?

A

Actin and myosin

57
Q

What is the prefix for egg proteins?

A

Ova/ovo

58
Q

What percent dry matter are eggs?

A

26%

59
Q

What is the fiber cuticle?

A

The scaly outer layer of the fiber

60
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

The smallest functional contractile unit

61
Q

What is mohair?

A

Fleece of an angora goat

62
Q

What is noilage?

A

A term for very short fibers

63
Q

What are the characteristics of actin?

A

Thin, light colored bands

64
Q

What are the three anaerobic processes in muscle?

A

ATP <=> ADP + Energy
Phosphocreatine <=> Creatine + Energy
Glycogen <=> Lactic Acid + Energy

65
Q

What percent of a chicken egg is the yolk?

A

31%

66
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

The outer most connective tissue layer that surrounds the entire muscle

67
Q

What factors affect amount of wool produced?

A

Nutrition and breeding

68
Q

What is involuntary striated/cardiac muscle?

A

Muscle found in the heart that cannot be voluntarily moved and contains intercalated discs

69
Q

Which type of muscle has multiple nuclei?

A

Voluntary striated/skeletal muscle

70
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A

The theory that muscle contraction and relaxation is regulated by Ca++ concentration and that the z-lines contract and expand based on the concentration

71
Q

What is a primary follicle?

A

A follicle that is first to develop, is arranged in a group of three, and has fibers that are fully emerged at birth

72
Q

What is wool shrinkage?

A

Loss of up to 40% wool weight due to impurities

73
Q

What is the main purpose of eggs?

A

Reproduction

74
Q

What percent of a chicken egg is the albumen?

A

58%

75
Q

What are the albumen’s germicidal properties?

A

Contains avidin, which interferes with bacterial growth, and lysozyme, which dissolves bacteria

76
Q

What are the components of the egg shell?

A

Cuticle, spongy layer, mammillary layer, shell membrane

77
Q

What vitamin are eggs NOT a good source of?

A

Vitamin C

78
Q

What country is the leading producer of wool?

A

China (Australia is second)

79
Q

What are the functions of the shell?

A

Provide strength, hold the contents of the egg together, permit gaseous exchange, provide mineral nutrients to embryo

80
Q

How are the fibers in woolen fabric arranged?

A

In a cross-linked pattern

81
Q

What is the spinning count grading system?

A

System that grades wool based on the number of hanks (560 yds) of yarn that can be produced per pound of clean wool (36 to 80 hanks)

82
Q

What does carding do?

A

Aligns and straightens wool fibers

83
Q

What is the cortex?

A

Needle-like cells that determine the crimp of the fibers (ortho are curly, para are straight)

84
Q

What are the shell membranes’ germicidal properties?

A

Act as filters due to having pores smaller than those in the shell

85
Q

What glands cause the suint impurity?

A

Sweat glands

86
Q

What are the natural wool impurities?

A

Grease and suint

87
Q

What exterior attributes are used to grade eggs?

A

Shell soundness, shell cleanliness, and shape

88
Q

How many filaments are in a single sarcomere?

A

Several hundred

89
Q

What is the effect of high humidity on eggs?

A

It prevents the shrinkage of eggs due to loss of water and keeps the air cell from growing in size

90
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

A structure that surrounds the myofibrils and holds Calcium

91
Q

What animal produces angora fibers?

A

Angora rabbits

92
Q

What are the three egg grades?

A

AA, A, and B

93
Q

What are myofibers?

A

Structured units of muscle

94
Q

What minerals are found in eggs?

A

Ca, Cl, Fe, Mg, S, K, P, Na

95
Q

Why does the body’s pH drop during rigor mortis?

A

Lactic acid buildup lowers pH

96
Q

What is the chemical arrangement in keratin?

A

Sulfide bonds hold chains together in a helical structure

97
Q

What wool color is preferred and why?

A

White, so that any colored dye can be applied

98
Q

What is wool?

A

Hair from a sheep

99
Q

What are the functions of the albumen?

A

Provide insulation, shock absorbance, and nutrients

100
Q

What is the woolmark?

A

An indicator of pure wool

101
Q

How are the fibers in a worsted fabric arranged?

A

In a parallel pattern

102
Q

What is the geometric design of the egg shell?

A

Cross-linking throughout the shell mineral matrix

103
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

The inner most connective tissue layer that surrounds each muscle cell

104
Q

What is the shell mainly composed of?

A

Calcium carbonate

105
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Long fibers in contractile filaments in myofibers

106
Q

What is carbonizing?

A

Use of acid to remove organic matter from wool

107
Q

What is a blastodisk?

A

A circular, white formation on a yolk that is infertile

108
Q

What is rigor mortis?

A

The stiffening of the carcass due to intense shortening of the muscle fibers

109
Q

What is the role of ATP in relaxation?

A

Keep actin and myosin separated

110
Q

What are the characteristics of myosin?

A

Thick, dark colored bands

111
Q

What are the three wool grading systems?

A

American (blood), spinning count, and micron diameter

112
Q

What percent fats are eggs?

A

11%

113
Q

What are positive qualities of wool cloth?

A

Warm, non-flammable, moisture absorbent, excellent insulator

114
Q

What is a filament?

A

The tissue between two z-lines

115
Q

What is the medulla?

A

Hollow air spaces that are absent from fine wool

116
Q

What is the chemical composition of keratin?

A

Protein with Methionine and Cysteine, two sulfur-containing amino acids

117
Q

What is the American grading (blood) system?

A

A system that grades wool based on its similarity to merino sheep wool

118
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

The middle connective tissue layer that surrounds multiple muscle cells to form a bundle

119
Q

What is the sarcoplasm?

A

The liquid portion of a muscle cell

120
Q

How does the air cell form?

A

When membranes separate as the egg cools and liquids contract

121
Q

Which type of animal has the largest eggs?

A

Birds

122
Q

What is kemp?

A

Large fiber without a solid core

123
Q

What are the types of red meat?

A

Beef, pork, veal, lamb/mutton, horse

124
Q

How does temperature affect eggs?

A

Lower temperatures preserve the yolk longer

125
Q

What is liquefaction?

A

Loss of carbon dioxide from the albumen into the atmosphere causes albumen to bind less water and for the yolk to become runnier

126
Q

What is a blood spot defect?

A

A dark spot on the surface of the yolk that occurs when vessels rupture in the yolk follicle at the time of ovulation

127
Q

What is the definition of meat?

A

Any animal tissue used for food

128
Q

What are the egg shell’s germicidal properties?

A

Acts as first line of defense, calcium carbonate is a drying agent

129
Q

What percent carbohydrates are eggs?

A

1%

130
Q

What is keratin?

A

A long, flexible, polypeptide protein found in hair and wool

131
Q

What percent proteins are eggs?

A

13%

132
Q

What are secondary follicles?

A

Follicles associated with primary follicles that produce fibers that emerge at 1 to 3 weeks of age

133
Q

What two things drop during rigor mortis?

A

pH and water binding capacity

134
Q

What are the selection criteria for wool?

A

Fleece weight, fineness of hair, length of fibers

Animal Science 201 (12 decks)

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