Study Material for Feb 7 Quiz Flashcards
In terms of rigor mortis when is the muscle the most stiff and tough?
Rigor completion
What are the three aerobic processes in muscle?
Glycogen + O2 => H2O + CO2 + Energy
Lactic Acid + O2 => H2O + CO2 + Energy
Fatty Acid + O2 => H2O + CO2 + Energy
What are the functions of the yolk?
To provide nutrients and house the embryo
What candling results are wanted in high quality eggs?
Small air cell, faint yolk, firm albumen, no blood spots
What is the sarcolemma?
The excitable outer cell membrane around muscle cells
What percent water are eggs?
74%
Which minerals in eggs are mostly found in the shell?
Ca and Mg
What accessary structures do primary follicles have?
Basal layer, dermis, wool fiber, inner root sheath, arrestor muscle, sebaceous gland, sweat gland, papilla with blood vessel
What type of fibers are preferred by consumers?
Secondary fibers with smaller diameters (more fine)
In terms of rigor mortis, when is the muscle most relaxed?
Rigor onset
What pH is necessary for autolysis?
5.6
What is the clip?
The amount of wool obtained from sheep after shearing
What percent of egg fats are saturated fats?
34%
What are the types of poultry meat?
Chicken, goose, duck, turkey
What accessary structures are missing from secondary follicles?
Arrestor muscle and sweat gland
What country is the leading producer of mohair?
United States (specifically Texas)
What are the shell membranes?
Inner and outer protein fiber mats that help provide structure for the egg
What are negative qualities of wool?
Can shrink and/or cause itching
What factors influence egg quality?
Genetics, physiology (extra tissue present), and nutrition
What egg grade is found in egg cartons?
AA
What is scouring?
Use of a soapy solution to remove natural and applied wool impurities
What two enzymes break down muscle tissue after death?
Cathepsins and calpains
What interior attributes are used to grade eggs?
Yolk condition, albumen condition and thickness, air cell size, and abnormalities
What is resolution of rigor?
The breakdown of muscle tissue by proteins leads to the muscle becoming more tender after rigor mortis
What percent minerals are eggs?
1%
What is voluntary striated/skeletal muscle?
Muscle that can be moved voluntarily and contains alternating dark and white bands
What are germicidal properties?
Ways in which different parts of the egg prevent bacterial growth
What are the layers of the albumen?
Outer thin layer, firm layer, inner thin layer, and chalaziferous layer
What qualities do consumers use to evaluate eggs?
Sound shells, clean shells, freedom from blood and meat spots, freedom from off-flavors, uniform size/shape/color, uniform yolk color, large amount of firm albumen
What is the function of the air cell?
Supply air to the embryo when respiration is initiated
What is the micron diameter grading system?
The most accurate grading system, which evaluates wool based on actual fiber measurements
How is felt created?
By heating the cuticle and matting fibers together
Where does the air cell form?
The blunt end of the egg
What is smooth muscle?
Non-striated muscle found in the walls of the digestive tract and capillaries
What are the woolmark blend and wool blend labels?
Labels that assure quality of partial wool products
What percent of a chicken egg is the shell/shell membranes?
11%
What are the preparation steps for spinning and weaving wool?
Growing, shearing, grading, sorting, blending, scouring, carding
What is the percent composition of lipids in eggs?
62% triglycerides, 33% phospholipids, 5% sterols, trace amounts of cerebrosides
What is a double yolk defect?
A common defect that occurs when two yolks meet in the oviduct and are included in the same shell
What is the yolk impurity?
A combination of the grease and suint impurities
What are the storage conditions for eggs?
Clean eggs, clean and sanitary facilities, low temperature (55 degrees or lower), high humidity (80% or higher)
What percent of egg fats are unsaturated fats?
66%
How does the yolk form?
Layers of nutrients deposit on the outside of the latebra, a tube-like structure
What glands cause the grease impurity?
Sebaceous glands
How is wool length evaluated?
The longer the fiber length, the better
What is the vitelline membrane?
A thin and transparent membrane that surrounds the yolk and expands as the yolk grows larger
What is the role of ATP in contraction?
Provide energy
What are acquired wool impurities?
Dust, dirt, sand, manure, urine
What is the chalazae?
An extension into the dense albumen that stabilizes yolk position
What factors can affect follicle development?
Adverse prenatal and/or early postnatal environments
What is autolysis?
Self breakdown
What is candling?
The use of a beam of light to see through the egg and determine abnormalities
What are applied wool impurities?
Sprays, dips, and dyes
What can cause variations in egg composition?
Type of bird, strain of bird, day to day variation, weather/climate, nutrition, disease status
What is a blastoderm?
An oval, transparent formation on a yolk that is fertile
What are the two myofibrils?
Actin and myosin
What is the prefix for egg proteins?
Ova/ovo
What percent dry matter are eggs?
26%
What is the fiber cuticle?
The scaly outer layer of the fiber
What is a sarcomere?
The smallest functional contractile unit
What is mohair?
Fleece of an angora goat
What is noilage?
A term for very short fibers
What are the characteristics of actin?
Thin, light colored bands
What are the three anaerobic processes in muscle?
ATP <=> ADP + Energy
Phosphocreatine <=> Creatine + Energy
Glycogen <=> Lactic Acid + Energy
What percent of a chicken egg is the yolk?
31%
What is the epimysium?
The outer most connective tissue layer that surrounds the entire muscle
What factors affect amount of wool produced?
Nutrition and breeding
What is involuntary striated/cardiac muscle?
Muscle found in the heart that cannot be voluntarily moved and contains intercalated discs
Which type of muscle has multiple nuclei?
Voluntary striated/skeletal muscle
What is the sliding filament theory?
The theory that muscle contraction and relaxation is regulated by Ca++ concentration and that the z-lines contract and expand based on the concentration
What is a primary follicle?
A follicle that is first to develop, is arranged in a group of three, and has fibers that are fully emerged at birth
What is wool shrinkage?
Loss of up to 40% wool weight due to impurities
What is the main purpose of eggs?
Reproduction
What percent of a chicken egg is the albumen?
58%
What are the albumen’s germicidal properties?
Contains avidin, which interferes with bacterial growth, and lysozyme, which dissolves bacteria
What are the components of the egg shell?
Cuticle, spongy layer, mammillary layer, shell membrane
What vitamin are eggs NOT a good source of?
Vitamin C
What country is the leading producer of wool?
China (Australia is second)
What are the functions of the shell?
Provide strength, hold the contents of the egg together, permit gaseous exchange, provide mineral nutrients to embryo
How are the fibers in woolen fabric arranged?
In a cross-linked pattern
What is the spinning count grading system?
System that grades wool based on the number of hanks (560 yds) of yarn that can be produced per pound of clean wool (36 to 80 hanks)
What does carding do?
Aligns and straightens wool fibers
What is the cortex?
Needle-like cells that determine the crimp of the fibers (ortho are curly, para are straight)
What are the shell membranes’ germicidal properties?
Act as filters due to having pores smaller than those in the shell
What glands cause the suint impurity?
Sweat glands
What are the natural wool impurities?
Grease and suint
What exterior attributes are used to grade eggs?
Shell soundness, shell cleanliness, and shape
How many filaments are in a single sarcomere?
Several hundred
What is the effect of high humidity on eggs?
It prevents the shrinkage of eggs due to loss of water and keeps the air cell from growing in size
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
A structure that surrounds the myofibrils and holds Calcium
What animal produces angora fibers?
Angora rabbits
What are the three egg grades?
AA, A, and B
What are myofibers?
Structured units of muscle
What minerals are found in eggs?
Ca, Cl, Fe, Mg, S, K, P, Na
Why does the body’s pH drop during rigor mortis?
Lactic acid buildup lowers pH
What is the chemical arrangement in keratin?
Sulfide bonds hold chains together in a helical structure
What wool color is preferred and why?
White, so that any colored dye can be applied
What is wool?
Hair from a sheep
What are the functions of the albumen?
Provide insulation, shock absorbance, and nutrients
What is the woolmark?
An indicator of pure wool
How are the fibers in a worsted fabric arranged?
In a parallel pattern
What is the geometric design of the egg shell?
Cross-linking throughout the shell mineral matrix
What is the endomysium?
The inner most connective tissue layer that surrounds each muscle cell
What is the shell mainly composed of?
Calcium carbonate
What are myofibrils?
Long fibers in contractile filaments in myofibers
What is carbonizing?
Use of acid to remove organic matter from wool
What is a blastodisk?
A circular, white formation on a yolk that is infertile
What is rigor mortis?
The stiffening of the carcass due to intense shortening of the muscle fibers
What is the role of ATP in relaxation?
Keep actin and myosin separated
What are the characteristics of myosin?
Thick, dark colored bands
What are the three wool grading systems?
American (blood), spinning count, and micron diameter
What percent fats are eggs?
11%
What are positive qualities of wool cloth?
Warm, non-flammable, moisture absorbent, excellent insulator
What is a filament?
The tissue between two z-lines
What is the medulla?
Hollow air spaces that are absent from fine wool
What is the chemical composition of keratin?
Protein with Methionine and Cysteine, two sulfur-containing amino acids
What is the American grading (blood) system?
A system that grades wool based on its similarity to merino sheep wool
What is the perimysium?
The middle connective tissue layer that surrounds multiple muscle cells to form a bundle
What is the sarcoplasm?
The liquid portion of a muscle cell
How does the air cell form?
When membranes separate as the egg cools and liquids contract
Which type of animal has the largest eggs?
Birds
What is kemp?
Large fiber without a solid core
What are the types of red meat?
Beef, pork, veal, lamb/mutton, horse
How does temperature affect eggs?
Lower temperatures preserve the yolk longer
What is liquefaction?
Loss of carbon dioxide from the albumen into the atmosphere causes albumen to bind less water and for the yolk to become runnier
What is a blood spot defect?
A dark spot on the surface of the yolk that occurs when vessels rupture in the yolk follicle at the time of ovulation
What is the definition of meat?
Any animal tissue used for food
What are the egg shell’s germicidal properties?
Acts as first line of defense, calcium carbonate is a drying agent
What percent carbohydrates are eggs?
1%
What is keratin?
A long, flexible, polypeptide protein found in hair and wool
What percent proteins are eggs?
13%
What are secondary follicles?
Follicles associated with primary follicles that produce fibers that emerge at 1 to 3 weeks of age
What two things drop during rigor mortis?
pH and water binding capacity
What are the selection criteria for wool?
Fleece weight, fineness of hair, length of fibers
