Study Material for Apr 8 Quiz Flashcards
What occurs in the magnum of a bird?
The majority of the albumen layers are secreted
What are the parts of the uterus?
1 body and 2 horns
What is the chorion?
The membrane that surrounds the amnion sac
What is the priority system for use of nutrients in pregnant animals?
- Nervous tissue/vital organs
- Repro
- Bone
- Muscle
- Fat
What is somatotropin?
A hormone that is produced in the pituitary gland and is formed from species-specific amino acid chains; targets entire body to increase cell growth, mitosis, protein production, and bone growth
How many eggs does one full round of meiosis produce?
1 (and 3 polar bodies)
What occurs in the oviduct (fallopian tube)?
The ovulated egg is caught by the infundibulum at the part of the oviduct closest to the ovary; fertilization occurs in the oviduct and zygote is transported to uterus
What is bilateral cryptorchidism?
A condition in which neither testicle descends through the inguinal canal; reduced testosterone and much lower fertility
What are the functions of the uterus?
Sperm movement up to the oviduct, nourishment through uterine “milk,” attachment and nourishment of fetus via placenta, contractions to force fully developed fetus to outside
What is hyperplasia?
An increase in cell numbers
What is a cotyledonary placenta?
The type of placenta where the allantochorion attaches to the uterine wall in specialized areas
What is the embryonic phase of prenatal growth?
Cell differentiation into tissues and organs; small increases in weight
What are the influences of sex effects on rate of growth?
M > CM > F
What are the influences of sex effects on rate of fattening in cattle and sheep?
F > CM > M
What are the extra-embryonic membranes?
Yolk sac, amnion, chorion, allantois, and allantochorion
What form is the cervix in during pregnancy?
Closed, with a thick mucus “plug”
What are the two types of tissue in the testicles?
Interstitial and Seminiferous tubules
What are the vas deferens?
Passageways that carry sperm cells and substances from the epididymis to the urethra
What are the 5 stages of the oviduct in a bird?
Infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, shell gland, and vagina
Where is semen deposited in most animals?
The vagina
What are mineralocorticoids?
Hormones that regulate the concentrations of minerals
What factors limit growth?
Nutrition, disease, and parasites
What is meiosis?
The division of cells that occurs in the seminiferous tubules or ovaries to produce haploid gametes
What are the nutrient sources before implantation?
Uterine milk in the yolk sac or allantois
What is thyrotropin?
A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that targets the thyroid gland to aid in its growth
What factors affect compensatory growth?
Severity of nutrient restriction, length of nutrient restriction, and time in life of restriction
What role does oxytocin play in parturition?
Oxytocin comes from the posterior pituitary and causes uterine contractions
When does hypertrophy typically occur?
Largely after birth
What is the amnion?
A sac that surrounds the fetus and is filled with fluid; it absorbs shock, protects the fetus, and does not fuse with anything
What are gonadotropins?
Hormones from the anterior pituitary that target the gonads to aid in their growth
What is mitosis?
The asexual division of body cells where the number of chromosomes remains constant (diploid)
What are the adrenal corticoids?
Hormones produced in the adrenal glands that target all tissues
What are the functions of the accessory sex glands?
Secrete nutrients, secrete buffers, secrete substances to cleanse and lubricate urethra
What happens as soon as fertilization occurs?
The egg becomes referred to as a zygote and begins to pull nutrients from the cytoplasm
What sets the maximum amount of growth for an individual?
Genetics
What is the cervix?
A lower outlet of the uterus that is made of connective tissue and changes with the stages of estrous and pregnancy
What occurs during the middle growth phase?
Increase in depth and width of body; bone, muscle, and fat are main tissues
What occurs in the isthmus of a bird?
The inner and outer shell membranes are secreted
What is capacitation?
A change in the acrosome of a sperm cell that allows the sperm to penetrate the egg’s zona pollucida (outer covering)
What occurs during the late growth phase?
Additional depth and width of body; development of loin and hindquarters; muscle and fat are main tissues
What is the function of the scrotum?
- House and protect testicles
2. Regulate testicle temperature
What is hypertrophy?
An increase in cell size
Where is semen deposited in swine and horses?
The uterus
What is the sigmoid flexure?
A retractable, controlled presentation of the penis that is seen in pigs, sheep, cattle, and goats
Where are the ovaries located in birds?
Close to the kidneys
What is the fetal phase of prenatal growth?
Major growth in weight and composition; nutrition is from maternal bloodstream though placenta
What are tumors?
Abnormal localized cell growth without normal control mechanisms
What are the influences of sex effects on mature size?
M > F
What is a diffuse placenta?
The type of placenta where the entire surface of the allantochorion attaches to the uterine wall
What occurs during the initiation phase of parturition?
Cortisol from the fetal adrenal cortex causes the uterus to contract
What is estrogen?
A hormone produced by growing (graafian) follicles on the ovaries that produces most of the female characteristics
How does the male reproductive system in birds differ from that of mammals?
A bird’s vas deferens conduct semen into the cloaca area; birds have no accessory sex glands
What are pheromones?
Volatile chemical products that can trigger mating responses in receptive males
When does implantation fully occur?
A third of the way into the pregnancy
What occurs during the early growth phase?
Body increases in length; bone, muscle, and vital organs are main tissues
What is implantation?
The process through which the allantochorion attaches to the uterine wall
How many sperm does one full round of meiosis produce?
4
What changes occur with % fat, % muscle, and % bone as an animal gets heavier?
% fat will increase, while % muscle and % bone decrease
What are the influences of sex effects on rate of fattening in swine?
CM > F > M
What occurs in the shell gland (uterus) of a bird?
The shell is secreted in about 12 hours
What are the functions of the epididymis?
- Storage of sperm cells
- Provision of maturation space for sperm cells
- Nutrition of sperm cells through secreted substances
Where is semen deposited in birds?
The cloaca-vagina
What influences the volume of semen produced?
The size of the accessory sex glands
What are the functions of the ovaries?
To produce eggs and to produce female sex hormones
What are the accessory sex glands?
The seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbo-urethrals
What are the influences of sex effects on carcass characteristics?
Lean: M > CM;F
Fat: F ;CM > M
What form is the cervix in during heat?
Open, with thin mucus
What are the influences of sex effects on feed efficiency?
M > CM > F
What is the self-accelerating period of the growth curve?
The region where growth is exponential
What is Adrenocorticotropic hormone?
A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that targets the adrenal cortex to aid in its growth
What occurs in the infundibulum of a bird?
The yolk is received; the chalaziferous layer and the vitalline membrane are both secreted
What is thyroxin?
A hormone produced in the thyroid that targets all tissues to set the metabolic rate
What is nutrient supply after implantation?
Nutrients exchanged through the placenta from the mother’s blood supply
What are the functions of the ovaries in birds?
Only the left ovary functions, but it has multiple follicles in different stages of function at the same time
How do stallions present their penises?
By filling them with blood
What is the definition of growth and development?
An increase in body mass
What is gestation?
The time period from conception until parturition
What is the allantochorion?
A fusion of the allantois and chorion membranes that attaches to the uterine lining
What occurs in the vagina of a bird?
Substances that act as the cuticle are secreted; crypts to catch and store sperm cells are present
What is a placentome?
The site that forms when a cotyledon of the allantochorion and a caruncle of the uterine wall join together
What are glucocorticoids?
Hormones that help regulate carbohydrate conversions and metabolism
What is unilateral cryptorchidism?
A condition in which one of the testicles does not descend through the inguinal canal; somewhat reduces fertility
What is relaxin?
A hormone that loosens the pelvic area during parturition
Which type of animal is able to store sperm for longer periods of time?
Birds
What is progesterone?
A hormone produced by the corpus luteum that helps to maintain pregnancy
What is compensatory growth?
A period of accelerated growth that follows a time of nutrient restriction
What happens within the oviduct?
The zygote divides and travels towards the uterus
What occurs during the short time after birth growth phase?
Head, neck, and legs grow; bone, muscle, and vital organs are main tissues
What are the three distinct phases of prenatal growth?
Blastocyst, embryonic, and fetal
What is produced in the seminiferous tubules?
Sperm
What are the stages of reproduction?
Gamete production, gamete maturation, embryo development (after fertilization), delivery of young animal
What is the allantois?
The membrane that replaces the yolk sac and takes on the function of providing nutrients
What is the self-inhibiting period of the growth curve?
The region where growth slows due to restraints
What is the blastocyst phase of prenatal growth?
Occurs after fertilization; nutrition is from uterine secretions and egg itself
What is copulation?
The act of mating
What is the purpose of a breeding soundness examination?
To remove cryptorchids from the artificial insemination pool
What is the yolk sac?
A membrane that provides early nutrients and degenerates after a few days
What is insulin?
A hormone produced in the pancreas that targets all tissues to promote cell division
What are the sections of the epididymis?
The head (top of testicle), the body, and the tail (bottom of testicle)
What are the two main descriptors of spermatogenesis?
- It is continuous after the onset of puberty
2. Billions of sperm are produced in a lifetime
When do females permit copulation?
When they are in a receptive period (heat)
Where are the testicles located in mammals?
Descend through inguinal canal into the scrotum
What role does relaxin play in parturition?
Relaxin helps to relax the cartilage and ligaments in the pelvis
What factors influence growth?
Size of the dam and sire, number of fetuses, implantation site in uterus, nutritional level of dam, disease status of dam
What are the two gonadotropins?
Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone
When does hyperplasia typically occur?
In the early, prenatal stage
What are the two main descriptors of oogenesis?
- The number of eggs is set before birth
2. It is cyclic after the onset of puberty
What is atrophy?
A decrease in cell size
What is the penis?
A passageway for urine and sperm; the organ of copulation for males
Which species has a true bone in its penis?
Dogs
What is contained in the semen?
Spermatozoa and secretions from the accessory sex glands, vas deferens, and epididymis
What is the vagina?
The female organ of copulation and the birth canal
What are the four phases of post-natal growth?
Short time after birth, early growth, middle growth, and late growth
How does sperm travel from the vagina to the uterus?
By its own motility using its tail
How does sperm travel from the uterus to the oviduct?
By its own motility and through muscle contractions of the female
What is produced by the interstitial tissue?
Cells of leydig produce testosterone
What is the placenta?
The exchange organ between the mother and fetus
What measurements are used to assess growth and development?
Weight, height, length, and body composition
What two hormones from the mother aid in parturition?
Relaxin and Oxytocin
Where are the ovaries in mammals located?
Just back of the kidneys
How do you calculate average daily gain (in days)?
(Weight 2 - Weight 1)/(Time 2 - Time 1)
What is the priority system for use of nutrients in non-pregnant animals?
- Nervous tissue/vital organs
- Bone
- Muscle
- Fat
- Repro
