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Animal Science 201 > Study Material for Apr 8 Quiz > Flashcards

Study Material for Apr 8 Quiz Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What occurs in the magnum of a bird?

A

The majority of the albumen layers are secreted

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2
Q

What are the parts of the uterus?

A

1 body and 2 horns

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3
Q

What is the chorion?

A

The membrane that surrounds the amnion sac

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4
Q

What is the priority system for use of nutrients in pregnant animals?

A
  1. Nervous tissue/vital organs
  2. Repro
  3. Bone
  4. Muscle
  5. Fat
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5
Q

What is somatotropin?

A

A hormone that is produced in the pituitary gland and is formed from species-specific amino acid chains; targets entire body to increase cell growth, mitosis, protein production, and bone growth

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6
Q

How many eggs does one full round of meiosis produce?

A

1 (and 3 polar bodies)

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7
Q

What occurs in the oviduct (fallopian tube)?

A

The ovulated egg is caught by the infundibulum at the part of the oviduct closest to the ovary; fertilization occurs in the oviduct and zygote is transported to uterus

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8
Q

What is bilateral cryptorchidism?

A

A condition in which neither testicle descends through the inguinal canal; reduced testosterone and much lower fertility

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9
Q

What are the functions of the uterus?

A

Sperm movement up to the oviduct, nourishment through uterine “milk,” attachment and nourishment of fetus via placenta, contractions to force fully developed fetus to outside

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10
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

An increase in cell numbers

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11
Q

What is a cotyledonary placenta?

A

The type of placenta where the allantochorion attaches to the uterine wall in specialized areas

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12
Q

What is the embryonic phase of prenatal growth?

A

Cell differentiation into tissues and organs; small increases in weight

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13
Q

What are the influences of sex effects on rate of growth?

A

M > CM > F

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14
Q

What are the influences of sex effects on rate of fattening in cattle and sheep?

A

F > CM > M

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15
Q

What are the extra-embryonic membranes?

A

Yolk sac, amnion, chorion, allantois, and allantochorion

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16
Q

What form is the cervix in during pregnancy?

A

Closed, with a thick mucus “plug”

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17
Q

What are the two types of tissue in the testicles?

A

Interstitial and Seminiferous tubules

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18
Q

What are the vas deferens?

A

Passageways that carry sperm cells and substances from the epididymis to the urethra

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19
Q

What are the 5 stages of the oviduct in a bird?

A

Infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, shell gland, and vagina

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20
Q

Where is semen deposited in most animals?

A

The vagina

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21
Q

What are mineralocorticoids?

A

Hormones that regulate the concentrations of minerals

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22
Q

What factors limit growth?

A

Nutrition, disease, and parasites

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23
Q

What is meiosis?

A

The division of cells that occurs in the seminiferous tubules or ovaries to produce haploid gametes

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24
Q

What are the nutrient sources before implantation?

A

Uterine milk in the yolk sac or allantois

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25
Q

What is thyrotropin?

A

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that targets the thyroid gland to aid in its growth

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26
Q

What factors affect compensatory growth?

A

Severity of nutrient restriction, length of nutrient restriction, and time in life of restriction

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27
Q

What role does oxytocin play in parturition?

A

Oxytocin comes from the posterior pituitary and causes uterine contractions

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28
Q

When does hypertrophy typically occur?

A

Largely after birth

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29
Q

What is the amnion?

A

A sac that surrounds the fetus and is filled with fluid; it absorbs shock, protects the fetus, and does not fuse with anything

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30
Q

What are gonadotropins?

A

Hormones from the anterior pituitary that target the gonads to aid in their growth

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31
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The asexual division of body cells where the number of chromosomes remains constant (diploid)

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32
Q

What are the adrenal corticoids?

A

Hormones produced in the adrenal glands that target all tissues

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33
Q

What are the functions of the accessory sex glands?

A

Secrete nutrients, secrete buffers, secrete substances to cleanse and lubricate urethra

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34
Q

What happens as soon as fertilization occurs?

A

The egg becomes referred to as a zygote and begins to pull nutrients from the cytoplasm

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35
Q

What sets the maximum amount of growth for an individual?

A

Genetics

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36
Q

What is the cervix?

A

A lower outlet of the uterus that is made of connective tissue and changes with the stages of estrous and pregnancy

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37
Q

What occurs during the middle growth phase?

A

Increase in depth and width of body; bone, muscle, and fat are main tissues

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38
Q

What occurs in the isthmus of a bird?

A

The inner and outer shell membranes are secreted

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39
Q

What is capacitation?

A

A change in the acrosome of a sperm cell that allows the sperm to penetrate the egg’s zona pollucida (outer covering)

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40
Q

What occurs during the late growth phase?

A

Additional depth and width of body; development of loin and hindquarters; muscle and fat are main tissues

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41
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A
  1. House and protect testicles

2. Regulate testicle temperature

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42
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

An increase in cell size

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43
Q

Where is semen deposited in swine and horses?

A

The uterus

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44
Q

What is the sigmoid flexure?

A

A retractable, controlled presentation of the penis that is seen in pigs, sheep, cattle, and goats

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45
Q

Where are the ovaries located in birds?

A

Close to the kidneys

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46
Q

What is the fetal phase of prenatal growth?

A

Major growth in weight and composition; nutrition is from maternal bloodstream though placenta

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47
Q

What are tumors?

A

Abnormal localized cell growth without normal control mechanisms

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48
Q

What are the influences of sex effects on mature size?

A

M > F

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49
Q

What is a diffuse placenta?

A

The type of placenta where the entire surface of the allantochorion attaches to the uterine wall

50
Q

What occurs during the initiation phase of parturition?

A

Cortisol from the fetal adrenal cortex causes the uterus to contract

51
Q

What is estrogen?

A

A hormone produced by growing (graafian) follicles on the ovaries that produces most of the female characteristics

52
Q

How does the male reproductive system in birds differ from that of mammals?

A

A bird’s vas deferens conduct semen into the cloaca area; birds have no accessory sex glands

53
Q

What are pheromones?

A

Volatile chemical products that can trigger mating responses in receptive males

54
Q

When does implantation fully occur?

A

A third of the way into the pregnancy

55
Q

What occurs during the early growth phase?

A

Body increases in length; bone, muscle, and vital organs are main tissues

56
Q

What is implantation?

A

The process through which the allantochorion attaches to the uterine wall

57
Q

How many sperm does one full round of meiosis produce?

A

4

58
Q

What changes occur with % fat, % muscle, and % bone as an animal gets heavier?

A

% fat will increase, while % muscle and % bone decrease

59
Q

What are the influences of sex effects on rate of fattening in swine?

A

CM > F > M

60
Q

What occurs in the shell gland (uterus) of a bird?

A

The shell is secreted in about 12 hours

61
Q

What are the functions of the epididymis?

A
  1. Storage of sperm cells
  2. Provision of maturation space for sperm cells
  3. Nutrition of sperm cells through secreted substances
62
Q

Where is semen deposited in birds?

A

The cloaca-vagina

63
Q

What influences the volume of semen produced?

A

The size of the accessory sex glands

64
Q

What are the functions of the ovaries?

A

To produce eggs and to produce female sex hormones

65
Q

What are the accessory sex glands?

A

The seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbo-urethrals

66
Q

What are the influences of sex effects on carcass characteristics?

A

Lean: M > CM;F
Fat: F ;CM > M

67
Q

What form is the cervix in during heat?

A

Open, with thin mucus

68
Q

What are the influences of sex effects on feed efficiency?

A

M > CM > F

69
Q

What is the self-accelerating period of the growth curve?

A

The region where growth is exponential

70
Q

What is Adrenocorticotropic hormone?

A

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that targets the adrenal cortex to aid in its growth

71
Q

What occurs in the infundibulum of a bird?

A

The yolk is received; the chalaziferous layer and the vitalline membrane are both secreted

72
Q

What is thyroxin?

A

A hormone produced in the thyroid that targets all tissues to set the metabolic rate

73
Q

What is nutrient supply after implantation?

A

Nutrients exchanged through the placenta from the mother’s blood supply

74
Q

What are the functions of the ovaries in birds?

A

Only the left ovary functions, but it has multiple follicles in different stages of function at the same time

75
Q

How do stallions present their penises?

A

By filling them with blood

76
Q

What is the definition of growth and development?

A

An increase in body mass

77
Q

What is gestation?

A

The time period from conception until parturition

78
Q

What is the allantochorion?

A

A fusion of the allantois and chorion membranes that attaches to the uterine lining

79
Q

What occurs in the vagina of a bird?

A

Substances that act as the cuticle are secreted; crypts to catch and store sperm cells are present

80
Q

What is a placentome?

A

The site that forms when a cotyledon of the allantochorion and a caruncle of the uterine wall join together

81
Q

What are glucocorticoids?

A

Hormones that help regulate carbohydrate conversions and metabolism

82
Q

What is unilateral cryptorchidism?

A

A condition in which one of the testicles does not descend through the inguinal canal; somewhat reduces fertility

83
Q

What is relaxin?

A

A hormone that loosens the pelvic area during parturition

84
Q

Which type of animal is able to store sperm for longer periods of time?

A

Birds

85
Q

What is progesterone?

A

A hormone produced by the corpus luteum that helps to maintain pregnancy

86
Q

What is compensatory growth?

A

A period of accelerated growth that follows a time of nutrient restriction

87
Q

What happens within the oviduct?

A

The zygote divides and travels towards the uterus

88
Q

What occurs during the short time after birth growth phase?

A

Head, neck, and legs grow; bone, muscle, and vital organs are main tissues

89
Q

What are the three distinct phases of prenatal growth?

A

Blastocyst, embryonic, and fetal

90
Q

What is produced in the seminiferous tubules?

A

Sperm

91
Q

What are the stages of reproduction?

A

Gamete production, gamete maturation, embryo development (after fertilization), delivery of young animal

92
Q

What is the allantois?

A

The membrane that replaces the yolk sac and takes on the function of providing nutrients

93
Q

What is the self-inhibiting period of the growth curve?

A

The region where growth slows due to restraints

94
Q

What is the blastocyst phase of prenatal growth?

A

Occurs after fertilization; nutrition is from uterine secretions and egg itself

95
Q

What is copulation?

A

The act of mating

96
Q

What is the purpose of a breeding soundness examination?

A

To remove cryptorchids from the artificial insemination pool

97
Q

What is the yolk sac?

A

A membrane that provides early nutrients and degenerates after a few days

98
Q

What is insulin?

A

A hormone produced in the pancreas that targets all tissues to promote cell division

99
Q

What are the sections of the epididymis?

A

The head (top of testicle), the body, and the tail (bottom of testicle)

100
Q

What are the two main descriptors of spermatogenesis?

A
  1. It is continuous after the onset of puberty

2. Billions of sperm are produced in a lifetime

101
Q

When do females permit copulation?

A

When they are in a receptive period (heat)

102
Q

Where are the testicles located in mammals?

A

Descend through inguinal canal into the scrotum

103
Q

What role does relaxin play in parturition?

A

Relaxin helps to relax the cartilage and ligaments in the pelvis

104
Q

What factors influence growth?

A

Size of the dam and sire, number of fetuses, implantation site in uterus, nutritional level of dam, disease status of dam

105
Q

What are the two gonadotropins?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone

106
Q

When does hyperplasia typically occur?

A

In the early, prenatal stage

107
Q

What are the two main descriptors of oogenesis?

A
  1. The number of eggs is set before birth

2. It is cyclic after the onset of puberty

108
Q

What is atrophy?

A

A decrease in cell size

109
Q

What is the penis?

A

A passageway for urine and sperm; the organ of copulation for males

110
Q

Which species has a true bone in its penis?

A

Dogs

111
Q

What is contained in the semen?

A

Spermatozoa and secretions from the accessory sex glands, vas deferens, and epididymis

112
Q

What is the vagina?

A

The female organ of copulation and the birth canal

113
Q

What are the four phases of post-natal growth?

A

Short time after birth, early growth, middle growth, and late growth

114
Q

How does sperm travel from the vagina to the uterus?

A

By its own motility using its tail

115
Q

How does sperm travel from the uterus to the oviduct?

A

By its own motility and through muscle contractions of the female

116
Q

What is produced by the interstitial tissue?

A

Cells of leydig produce testosterone

117
Q

What is the placenta?

A

The exchange organ between the mother and fetus

118
Q

What measurements are used to assess growth and development?

A

Weight, height, length, and body composition

119
Q

What two hormones from the mother aid in parturition?

A

Relaxin and Oxytocin

120
Q

Where are the ovaries in mammals located?

A

Just back of the kidneys

121
Q

How do you calculate average daily gain (in days)?

A

(Weight 2 - Weight 1)/(Time 2 - Time 1)

122
Q

What is the priority system for use of nutrients in non-pregnant animals?

A
  1. Nervous tissue/vital organs
  2. Bone
  3. Muscle
  4. Fat
  5. Repro

Animal Science 201 (12 decks)

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