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Animal Science 201 > Additional Study Material for Final Exam > Flashcards

Additional Study Material for Final Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The physical appearance of an animal

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2
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genetic makeup of an animal

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3
Q

What is a genome?

A

The entire genetic material of an animal

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4
Q

What are genes?

A

The functional units of inheritance

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5
Q

What is the DNA composition?

A

Deoxyribose, phosphate, and nitrogenous base (A,G,C,T)

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6
Q

What sugar is present in RNA?

A

Ribose

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7
Q

What nitrogenous bases are present in RNA?

A

A, G, C, U

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8
Q

What are the bonding pairs in DNA?

A

A with T and C with G

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9
Q

What is replication?

A

The production of an exact replica of DNA

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10
Q

What is a mutation?

A

When replication is not exact due to chemical changes in DNA

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11
Q

What is migration?

A

Bringing new genotypes through breeding stock into a population

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12
Q

What is selection?

A

Using some animals as parents more than others

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13
Q

What are the two types of selection?

A

Natural and artificial

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14
Q

What information is included in DNA?

A

Directions for organization and metabolism of cells

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15
Q

How are amino acids coded for?

A

Through triplet codons of RNA

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16
Q

What are the two types of chromosomes?

A

Sex chromosomes and autosomes

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17
Q

What is the role of RNA?

A

To “read” the information on DNA and direct protein synthesis

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18
Q

What is transcription?

A

The synthesis of an mRNA strand by copying a DNA segment

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19
Q

What is translation?

A

Production of amino acids from RNA codon sequences

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20
Q

What is messenger RNA?

A

RNA that carries information about particular proteins and directs amino acid/protein synthesis

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21
Q

What is ribosomal RNA?

A

RNA that is essential for ribosomal structure and function

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22
Q

What is transfer RNA?

A

RNA that identifies codons in mRNA and moves amino acids into the proper place in the polypeptide chain

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23
Q

What is the locus?

A

The location of particular gene on a chromosome

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24
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes with the same loci and structure

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25
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different forms of the same gene

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26
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

Genes are alike for a particular trait (same allele)

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27
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

Genes are not alike for a particular trait (different alleles)

28
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

An allele that overpowers and prevents the expression of another allele

29
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

An allele that is expressed only when the animal is homozygous for non-dominant allele

30
Q

Which cells are diploid?

A

Body cells

31
Q

Which cells are haploid?

A

Gametes

32
Q

What are the characteristics of qualitative inheritance?

A
  1. Controlled by a single gene
  2. Phenotypes are easily described
  3. Phenotypes are discontinuous (one or the other)
33
Q

What is codominance?

A

When two alleles are both expressed in the heterozygote

34
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

When three distinct phenotypes are possible due to the heterozygote being an intermediate

35
Q

What is the homogametic sex in mammals?

A

Female

36
Q

What is the homogametic sex in birds and reptiles?

A

Male

37
Q

What is sex-linked inheritance?

A

Some genes are located on only the X chromosomes and are only expressed in the heterogametic sex

38
Q

What are the characteristics of quantitative inheritance?

A
  1. Many genes involved
  2. Phenotypes described by measurements
  3. Continuous distribution of phenotypes
39
Q

What are allelic interactions?

A

Interactions that occur between corresponding genes on homologous chromosomes

40
Q

What is heterosis?

A

Heterozygotes show better results than either homozygote

41
Q

What are the other two names for heterosis?

A

Overdominance and hybrid vigor

42
Q

What are common environmental effects on phenotype?

A

Feed supply, temperature, housing, light

43
Q

What is the formula for genetic progress?

A

genetic gain/year = (heritability x selection differential)/generation interval in years

44
Q

What is heritability (h^2)?

A

The proportion of an animal’s appearance that is due to genetics and can be passed on

45
Q

What is the selection differential?

A

The difference in a trait between the population mean and the average of the animals selected from the population for production purposes

46
Q

Which quantitative traits are medium to high heritability traits?

A

Weight or weight gain related traits

47
Q

Which quantitative traits are low heritability traits?

A

Health and repro traits

48
Q

What is the generation interval?

A

The average age of the parents when offspring are born

49
Q

What is the tandem selection method?

A

Selection for one trait at a time, then selection for a second trait once desired level fo the first trait is achieved

50
Q

What is the independent culling levels selection method?

A

Minimum acceptable levels are assigned for each trait

51
Q

What is the downfall of the independent culling levels method?

A

Outstanding animals in one trait may not meet the cut due to a poor secondary trait

52
Q

What is the selection index method?

A

Several traits are evaluated and expressed as a total score

53
Q

Which breeding selection method is typically most effective?

A

Selection index

54
Q

What is a pedigree?

A

A chart that traces the lineage of a purebred animal

55
Q

What is the difference between graded and registered animals?

A

Registered animals are recorded in a breed association and meet all organization standards; graded animals have similar genetics but typically do not meet one or more standards

56
Q

What are scrubs?

A

Animals that look like representatives of a species but have an unknown ancestry

57
Q

What is inbreeding?

A

The mating of animals that are more related than the general population

58
Q

What are the effects of inbreeding?

A

Increased homozygosity, potential for lower growth and repro performance, higher susceptibility to stress and disease

59
Q

What is line-breeding?

A

A milder form of inbreeding that tends to emphasize one outstanding ancestor

60
Q

What is outbreeding?

A

The mating of males to unrelated females

61
Q

What is a species cross?

A

The widest possible form of outbreeding, where animals of two species are mated

62
Q

What is crossbreeding?

A

Mating two animals within the same species, but from different breeds

63
Q

What is outcrossing?

A

Mating unrelated animals within the same breed

64
Q

Which sex can be more intensively selected for and why?

A

Males, because one male can fertilize multiple females

65
Q

What does a positive correlation indicate?

A

Traits that are directly related

66
Q

What does a negative correlation indicate?

A

Traits that are inversely related

Animal Science 201 (12 decks)

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