Study Material for Apr 24 Quiz Flashcards
What is milk secretion?
The movement of milk into the lumen of the alveolus
Where are the alveoli contained?
In the lobules
What are the goals of metabolic management?
To minimize the negative energy balance in the beginning of lactation and to prevent obesity in the end of lactation
What is the effect of prolactin on the mammary system?
It is a hormone from the anterior pituitary that is essential for milk formation and secretion
What is the effect of parathyroid hormone on the mammary system?
Regulates calcium levels in the blood
What are the purposes of lactation?
To provide nourishment, immunity, and quick energy
How many glands are found in the bovine mammary system?
Four
What part of mammary growth and development occurs after the termination of lactation?
Alveoli and lobes regress
What is the effect of thyroxin on the mammary system?
Increases the metabolic rate of tissue in the mammary gland
What is mastitis?
An inflammation of the mammary gland
What are the three regions where lactation can occur in animals?
Pectoral region, inguinal region, and abdominal region
What is involution?
The regression of secretory and ductile tissues
What is the cycle of events for lactation?
Synthesis, secretion, and rest
Where are the lobules contained?
In the lobes
What is the neural-hormonal process involved with milk let-down?
Stimuli such as suckling or sounds signals the hypothalamus to signal the posterior pituitary to release oxytocin
Where do monogastrics pull lactose from?
The blood
What is the effect of adrenaline on the mammary system?
When the mother is frightened, adrenaline causes vasoconstriction and reduces milk flow
What are the blood precursors?
Water, lactose, proteins, lipids, minerals, and vitamins
What part of mammary growth and development occurs during early pregnancy?
Major ducts grow larger and smaller ducts develop
Which lipids are present in milk from ruminant animals?
Blood lipids and those that come from acetic acids
Which lipids are present in milk from monogastric animals?
Blood lipids and those that come from glucose
What is the effect of estrogen on the mammary system?
Responsible for allometric growth of the duct and cistern, beginning at puberty
What is the effect of glucocorticoids, somatotropin, and adrenocorticotropin on the mammary system?
Responsible for the initiation and maintenance of lactation
What part of mammary growth and development occurs from birth until the onset of puberty?
Streak canal and teat grow
Why is it important that lactation initiates almost immediately after gestation termination?
Improper timing will lead to the young animal not receiving colostrum
What does the metabolic profile look like at the end of lactation?
Positive energy balance; weight is gained
What is udder edema?
A fluid accumulation prior to lactation
What is the gestation termination theory?
Gestation: High progesterone, low estrogen, low prolactin and prolactin effect
Prior to Parturition: Low progesterone, high estrogen, high prolactin and prolactin effect
Where is milk stored after secretion?
In the lumen
What does multiparous mean?
The animal gives birth to litters
What are the processes that occur during milk synthesis?
Filtration of water, selective absorption of minerals, and cell metabolism of casein, lactose, and milk fat
What part of mammary growth and development occurs during late pregnancy?
Alveoli and lobes form
What is persistence?
How well an animal maintains milk production throughout lactation
What part of mammary growth and development occurs during lactation?
Alveoli begin functioning, reach a peak where the animal gives the most milk, and then decline in numbers
What part of mammary growth and development occurs from onset of puberty until the beginning of the first pregnancy?
The major ducts get larger
What is the effect of somatotropin on the mammary system?
Primarily responsible for isometric mammary growth prior to puberty
What substance blocks the neural-hormonal milk let-down process?
Epinephrine
What is lactose synthetase?
An enzyme found only in lactating tissue
Which milk solids component attracts water when it is secreted?
Lactose
What part of mammary growth and development occurs prior to birth?
Mammary streak, primary sprouts, and teats develop
How does pressure affect milk flow rate?
High pressure slows or stops the milk flow rate
What are the parts of a complex mammary system?
Alveoli, lobules, lobes, ducts, glands/teat cistern, and streak canal/exit
What does the metabolic profile look like during lactation?
Zero energy balance
What is the effect of progesterone on the mammary system?
Signals for the development of the lobuloal veolar tissue
What is the effect of oxytocin on the mammary system?
Causes myoepithelial cells to contract and eject milk
Where do ruminants pull lactose from?
The blood and the liver
How does age affect persistency?
Older animals have a higher peak milk, but younger animals have better persistency
What is the function of prolactin in birds?
It signals for the mother to incubate her eggs
What occurs in the alveoli?
The epithelial cells synthesize milk, and the myoepithelial cells squeeze out the milk
What is parturient paresis (milk fever)?
A condition that occurs when there is too little parathyroid hormone in the blood and calcium is not mobilized as needed to meet an animal’s needs
What does the metabolic profile look like at the beginning of lactation?
Negative energy balance; fat is mobilized
Which milk solids component is most closely tied to milk yield?
Lactose
What are the different forms of milk removal?
Suckling, hand milking, and mechanical milking
How can low pressure for lactation be maintained?
Frequent milk removal
