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Animal Science 201 > Study Material for Apr 24 Quiz > Flashcards

Study Material for Apr 24 Quiz Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is milk secretion?

A

The movement of milk into the lumen of the alveolus

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2
Q

Where are the alveoli contained?

A

In the lobules

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3
Q

What are the goals of metabolic management?

A

To minimize the negative energy balance in the beginning of lactation and to prevent obesity in the end of lactation

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4
Q

What is the effect of prolactin on the mammary system?

A

It is a hormone from the anterior pituitary that is essential for milk formation and secretion

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5
Q

What is the effect of parathyroid hormone on the mammary system?

A

Regulates calcium levels in the blood

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6
Q

What are the purposes of lactation?

A

To provide nourishment, immunity, and quick energy

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7
Q

How many glands are found in the bovine mammary system?

A

Four

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8
Q

What part of mammary growth and development occurs after the termination of lactation?

A

Alveoli and lobes regress

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9
Q

What is the effect of thyroxin on the mammary system?

A

Increases the metabolic rate of tissue in the mammary gland

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10
Q

What is mastitis?

A

An inflammation of the mammary gland

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11
Q

What are the three regions where lactation can occur in animals?

A

Pectoral region, inguinal region, and abdominal region

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12
Q

What is involution?

A

The regression of secretory and ductile tissues

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13
Q

What is the cycle of events for lactation?

A

Synthesis, secretion, and rest

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14
Q

Where are the lobules contained?

A

In the lobes

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15
Q

What is the neural-hormonal process involved with milk let-down?

A

Stimuli such as suckling or sounds signals the hypothalamus to signal the posterior pituitary to release oxytocin

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16
Q

Where do monogastrics pull lactose from?

A

The blood

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17
Q

What is the effect of adrenaline on the mammary system?

A

When the mother is frightened, adrenaline causes vasoconstriction and reduces milk flow

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18
Q

What are the blood precursors?

A

Water, lactose, proteins, lipids, minerals, and vitamins

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19
Q

What part of mammary growth and development occurs during early pregnancy?

A

Major ducts grow larger and smaller ducts develop

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20
Q

Which lipids are present in milk from ruminant animals?

A

Blood lipids and those that come from acetic acids

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21
Q

Which lipids are present in milk from monogastric animals?

A

Blood lipids and those that come from glucose

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22
Q

What is the effect of estrogen on the mammary system?

A

Responsible for allometric growth of the duct and cistern, beginning at puberty

23
Q

What is the effect of glucocorticoids, somatotropin, and adrenocorticotropin on the mammary system?

A

Responsible for the initiation and maintenance of lactation

24
Q

What part of mammary growth and development occurs from birth until the onset of puberty?

A

Streak canal and teat grow

25
Q

Why is it important that lactation initiates almost immediately after gestation termination?

A

Improper timing will lead to the young animal not receiving colostrum

26
Q

What does the metabolic profile look like at the end of lactation?

A

Positive energy balance; weight is gained

27
Q

What is udder edema?

A

A fluid accumulation prior to lactation

28
Q

What is the gestation termination theory?

A

Gestation: High progesterone, low estrogen, low prolactin and prolactin effect
Prior to Parturition: Low progesterone, high estrogen, high prolactin and prolactin effect

29
Q

Where is milk stored after secretion?

A

In the lumen

30
Q

What does multiparous mean?

A

The animal gives birth to litters

31
Q

What are the processes that occur during milk synthesis?

A

Filtration of water, selective absorption of minerals, and cell metabolism of casein, lactose, and milk fat

32
Q

What part of mammary growth and development occurs during late pregnancy?

A

Alveoli and lobes form

33
Q

What is persistence?

A

How well an animal maintains milk production throughout lactation

34
Q

What part of mammary growth and development occurs during lactation?

A

Alveoli begin functioning, reach a peak where the animal gives the most milk, and then decline in numbers

35
Q

What part of mammary growth and development occurs from onset of puberty until the beginning of the first pregnancy?

A

The major ducts get larger

36
Q

What is the effect of somatotropin on the mammary system?

A

Primarily responsible for isometric mammary growth prior to puberty

37
Q

What substance blocks the neural-hormonal milk let-down process?

A

Epinephrine

38
Q

What is lactose synthetase?

A

An enzyme found only in lactating tissue

39
Q

Which milk solids component attracts water when it is secreted?

A

Lactose

40
Q

What part of mammary growth and development occurs prior to birth?

A

Mammary streak, primary sprouts, and teats develop

41
Q

How does pressure affect milk flow rate?

A

High pressure slows or stops the milk flow rate

42
Q

What are the parts of a complex mammary system?

A

Alveoli, lobules, lobes, ducts, glands/teat cistern, and streak canal/exit

43
Q

What does the metabolic profile look like during lactation?

A

Zero energy balance

44
Q

What is the effect of progesterone on the mammary system?

A

Signals for the development of the lobuloal veolar tissue

45
Q

What is the effect of oxytocin on the mammary system?

A

Causes myoepithelial cells to contract and eject milk

46
Q

Where do ruminants pull lactose from?

A

The blood and the liver

47
Q

How does age affect persistency?

A

Older animals have a higher peak milk, but younger animals have better persistency

48
Q

What is the function of prolactin in birds?

A

It signals for the mother to incubate her eggs

49
Q

What occurs in the alveoli?

A

The epithelial cells synthesize milk, and the myoepithelial cells squeeze out the milk

50
Q

What is parturient paresis (milk fever)?

A

A condition that occurs when there is too little parathyroid hormone in the blood and calcium is not mobilized as needed to meet an animal’s needs

51
Q

What does the metabolic profile look like at the beginning of lactation?

A

Negative energy balance; fat is mobilized

52
Q

Which milk solids component is most closely tied to milk yield?

A

Lactose

53
Q

What are the different forms of milk removal?

A

Suckling, hand milking, and mechanical milking

54
Q

How can low pressure for lactation be maintained?

A

Frequent milk removal

Animal Science 201 (12 decks)

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