Study guide exam 1 (condensed) Flashcards
What are the levels of human structures? And explain them.
- Organism (completely individual, can function on it’s own)
- Organ systems (A group of organs that do specific functions)
- Organs (composed of two or more tissue types)
- Tissues (A mass of similar cells that work together to do a specific function)
- Cells (Smallest living unit)
- Organelles (Small structures in a cell that carry out specific functions in the cell)
- Molecules (Particles of at least 2 atoms that are chemically bonded)
- Atoms ( you know this already on the slides though)
What does the Retroperitoneal mean?
outside the peritoneum, which is covered by peritoneum on the one side facing the peritoneal cavity
What are the Retroperitoneal organs?
kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands, most of the pancreas, and the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava
What is the function of the Skeletal system
Support, movement, mineral storage,
What is the function of the Muscular system
movement, stability, heat production, communication
What is the function of the Nervous system
motor control, rapid internal communication, motor control
What is the function of the Endocrine system
hormone production
What is the function of the Circulatory system
distributes nutrients
What is the function of the Lymphatic system
detection of pathogens, production of immune cells
What is the function of the Respiratory system
absorbs oxygen and gets rid of CO2
What is the function of the Digestive system
nutrients breakdown and absorption, metabolism
What is the function of the Urinary system
elimination of waste, regulation of blood volume and pressure
What is the function of the Integumentary system
Protection, water retention, produce vitamin D, thermoregulation
What is the function of the reproductive system
reproductive roles like producing sperm and eggs and stuff like that
What organs do the thoracic cavity contain?
Lungs, heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, the trachea, bronchi and thymus
What organs do the abdominal cavity contain?
Contains most of the digestive organs
Spleen, kidneys, and ureters
What organs do the pelvic cavity contain?
distal large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs
What are the three serous membranes?
Peritoneum, Pleura, Pericardium
Where is the serous membrane Peritoneum located?
In the abdominal cavity
Where is the serous membrane Pleura located?
around the lungs
Where is the serous membrane Pericardium located?
around the heart
Define the Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
- Has less resolution but produces 3-D images
- Does not see through the object but can view only the surface of the specimen
Define the Light microscope (LM)
Limited to magnification you can see color but cannot see the plasma membrane
Define the Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
- High resolution
Slices the specimen and cannot reuse the specimen
What are peripheral proteins?
Proteins that are not imbedded in the lipid bi layer but are only on the outside intercellular or extracellular face
What are integral proteins?
they are proteins that are imbedded into the lipid bi layer
What are receptor proteins?
It passes the message through to the inside of the bilayer
What are enzyme proteins?
they break down a certain thing when it attaches to it
What are channel proteins?
It lets stuff through
What are gated channel proteins?
it opens and closes and lets certain things through
what are cell-identity molecules?
it identifies the things that attach to it
what are Tight junctions?
it links the cells together like a zipper NOTHING GETS THROUGH
What are desmosomes of the cell junctions?
It prevents substances from pulling a part. It DOES NOT prevent things from going through or around them. It releases mechanical stress It is like a snap on a onsie
What are gap junctions?
it links cells together and allow small substances to be transported between cells
What part of the body has the most cartilage?
The ear lobe
What is filtration?
Physical pressure that forces fluid through a membrane
What is simple diffusion?
movement from high to low concentration with no energy
What is osmosis?
The movement of water from a less solute concentration to a higher solute concentration
What is facilitated diffusion
Movement from high to low concentration with the help of a carrier protein
What is active transport?
Movement from low to high concentration with the use of energy and helo of a carrier protein
Where in the body does the Simple squamous epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Found in the Alveoli/ari sacs, flat one layer of cells, diffuses O2
Where in the body does the Simple cuboidal epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Found in the Kidney, Cube like one layer of cells, absorbs and secretes
Where in the body does the Simple columnar epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Found in the stomach/small intestine, in columns on layer of cell, has a brush border
Where in the body does the Pseudostratified columnar epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Found in the Trachea/lungs, has goblet cells
Where in the body does the Stratified squamous epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Found in the esophagus, female reproductive tract, and anal canal , flat two layer of cells,
Where in the body does the Stratified cuboidal epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Found in the Sweet gland, ovaries, and testes, Cube like two layers of cells
Where in the body does the Urothelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Found in the Bladder, can stretch
Where in the body does the Stratified columnar epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Found in the Salivary duct, pharynx, larynx, & male urethra , In columns two layers of cells
Define cardiac muscles
Smaller cells, it branches out and only have one nucleus, involuntary movement and they are straited
Define skeletal muscles
Voluntary movement, Large and cylinder shaped with multiple nuclei and have striations
Define smooth muscles
Found in the viscera, are fusiform shaped and only have one nucleus that is in the center with no striations, involuntary movement
Define muscle tissue
Contracts or shortens when there is no signal and very little extracellular matrix, voluntary movement
Define nervous tissue
Nervous tissue is specialized for communication via electrical and chemical signals
What is metaplasia in different tissue types?
a change from one type of mature tissue to another CAN REVERSE
What is Differentiation in different tissue types?
development of a more specialized form
What is Dysplasia in different tissue types?
an increasing degree of disordered growth of the tissue CAN REVERSE
What is Neoplasia in different tissue types?
is the development of a tumor CANNOT REVERSE
What is the difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy?
Hyperplasia (cell multiplication)
Hypertrophy (enlargement of preexisting cells)
What is alopecia?
A disease that causes hair loss on the body (everywhere)
What is hirsutism?
A disease that causes irregular hair growth (grow a lot of hair everywhere)
What are the neurocranium bones? And how many do we have of each?
Fontal bone 1
parietal bone 2
temporal bone 2
occipital bone 1
sphenoid bone 1
ethmoid bone 1
What are the names of the viscerocranium bones? And how many do we have of each?
2 Maxillae
2 Palatine bones
2 Zygomatic bones
2 Lacrimal bones
2 Nasal bones
2 Inferior nasal conchae
1 Vomer
1 Mandible
How many cranial bones do we have?
22
How many neurocranium bones and viscerocranium bones do we have?
Neurocranium bones: 8
Viscerocranium bones: 14
How many bones does a baby have? And how many bones does an adult have?
Baby = 270
Adult = 206
What are myoblasts?
They are thick myofilaments (myosin), and they are thin myofilaments (actin)
What does tropomyosin, and troponin do in thin myofilaments (actin)?
The tropomyosin is a large strand that goes around the actin
Troponin: is attached to the tropomyosin and it binds to calcium when it is excited
What is the g region in thin myofilaments (actin)?
It is the part of the thin myofilament that binds to the head of the thick myofilament (myosin)
What are elastic filaments?
it goes through the core of each thick filament (myosin) and anchors it to the structures called the Z discs and stabilized the myofilaments
What is the Z disc in the I band?
It is the midline of the I band that anchors thin and elastic filaments
What is the H band and M line in the A band of the thick myofilament (myosin)?
H band: it is the central region of the A band that stains a little lighter due to the lack of thin myofilaments
M line: it anchors the thick filaments (myosin) together
What is the A band in the thick myofilaments (myosin)?
They are darker stands that alternate with the lighter I band
Describe where calcium goes during contraction of muscle fibers
The SR releases the calcium after getting an electrical trigger
Then it binds to the troponin and does the contraction stuff
then after the contraction is done it goes off the troponin
How do muscle fibers relax?
- The nerve signal stops
- The SR reabsorbs the calcium
- The troponin blocks the calcium from attaching
- And tension subsides
What is the difference between Fast Glycolytic (FG), fast twitch, white, type 2, and Slow Oxidative (SO), slow twitch, red, type 1 fibers?
Slow Oxidative (SO), slow twitch, red, type 1: Aerobic respiration and do not fatigue easily, uses oxygen to make ATP, good for endurance not good for fast twitch stuff
Fast Glycolytic (FG), fast twitch, white, type 2: Anaerobic ATP production is used, they fatigue quickly and more easily, good for fast twitch not endurance
What are the two types of muscle fibers? (all of there names)
Slow Oxidative (SO), slow twitch, red, type 1
Fast Glycolytic (FG), fast twitch, white, type 2
What is epimysium?
A fibrous sheath that surrounds the entire muscle on the outer surface
What is perimysium?
- Encloses each muscle fascicle
- It is a thicker CT sheath
What is endomysium?
- Encloses each muscle fiber or myofiber
- It is a thin sleeve of loose CT
What is a prime mover?
A muscle that produces the main force
What is synergist muscle?
A muscle that aids the prime mover
What is an antagonist muscle?
A muscle that opposes the prime mover
What is a fixator muscle?
A muscle that prevents a bone from moving
What is the difference between extrinsic muscles of a region and intrinsic muscles of a region?
Extrinsic: They are muscles that control a part of the body that they are not in (like an outside force)
Intrinsic: Muscles that control a part of the body that they are in
What is always considered the fulcrum in the body?
THE JOINTS
How does force relate to levers?
When the force increases the speed or distance increases NOT BOTH INCREASE
Where is the fulcrum, effort, and resistance located on a second class lever?
The fulcrum is on one end effort is on the other end and the resistance is in the middle
Where is the fulcrum, effort, and resistance located on a first class lever?
The fulcrum is in the middle and the effort and resistance is on either side
Where is the fulcrum, effort, and resistance located on a third class lever?
The fulcrum is on one end and the resistance is on the other end and the effort is in the middle
What does HA and LA = in regards to lever and force and fulcrum stuff?
HA = high power, low speed
LA= low power, high speed
If the MA value is less than 1.0 how much speed/distance and force will the lever produce?
Less force but more speed or distance
If the MA value is greater than 1.0 how much speed/distance and force will the lever produce?
More force but less speed or distance
What are the four main joint types?
- Synarthrosis (fibrous joints)
- Amphiarthrosis (cartilaginous joints)
- Bony joints
- Diarthrosis (synovial joints)
What are the sub categories of Synarthrosis (fibrous joints)?
Sutures
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis
WHat are the sub categories of Amphiarthrosis (cartilaginous joints)?
Synchondroses
Symphysis
Define sutures as a synarthroses joint
Immobile joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other
Define syndesmosis as a synarthroses joint
has a lot of collagen fibers between the skeletal components, it gives these joints a little more mobility
Define gomphosis as a synarthroses joint
it is the socket that holds a tooth in place
Define Synchondrosis as an amphiarthroses joint
The bones are united by hyaline
Define symphysis as an amphiarthroses joint
the bones are united by fibrocartilage
What are the different structures associate with Diarthrosis (synovial joints)?
Articular cartilage
Articular capsule
Meniscus
Articular disc
tendon sheath
bursa
What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?
Tendons: Connection bone to muscle
Ligaments: Connects bone to bone
What are the ball and socket joints in the body?
Shoulder and the hip joints
How many planes can ball and socket joints move in? And what type are they?
ALL the planes ( X, Y, Z), and they are multiaxial
How do pivot joints move and what joints in the body are pivot joints?
monoaxial, PROXIMAL radioulnar
joint
How do saddle joints move and what joints in the body are saddle joints?
(biaxial metacarpal joints)
How do hinge joints move and what joints in the body are hinge joints?
(monoaxial elbow knee and finger and knuckles)
How do plane (gliding) joints move and what joints in the body are plane (gliding) joints?
(biaxial the carpal bones)
How do condylar joints move and what joints in the body are condylar joints?
Biaxial the wrist and metacarpal bones)
What does epithelial tissue do?
covers surface or secretes but also forms glands and is made out of epithelial cells. IT is avascular
Define the Sudoriferous glands (Apocrine)
A sweat gland that releases stinky sweat and the duct opens in the hair follicle rather than the skin surface. It is active during puberty. Found int he groin and armpit
Define the Sudoriferous glands (eccrine)
A sweat gland that cools the body by producing watery respiration on the skin. Helps with thermoregulation. Abundant in the palms and forehead
Define the Sebaceous glands
Oil glands that produce oil called sebum everywhere except on thick skin
Define the Ceruminous glands
It is a gland only int he external ear canal and it produces ear wax
Define the mammary gland
A gland that produces milk
Name the 11 Organ systems
- Skeletal system
- Muscular system
- Nervous system
- Endocrine system
- Circulatory system
- Lymphatic system
- Respiratory system
- Digestive system
- Urinary system
- reproductive system
- Integumentary system
What are osteocytes/its functions?
old osteoblasts which become entrapped in little cavities within the matrix called Canaliculi (sit in it) mature bone cells
What are osteoclasts/its functions?
multinucleated giant cells that reabsorb bone tissue (tears it up) break down bone
What are osteogenic/its functions?
stem cells found in the endosteum and the inner layer of periosteum and within the central canals; give rise to osteoblasts
What are osteoblasts/its functions?
secretes fibers and ground substance (makes it) bone forming cells
What is the epiphysis as a general feature of a long bone?
The end of a long bone
What is the diaphysis as a general feature of a long bone?
the body or shaft of a long bone
What are Canaliculi?
small canals running through the bone solid matrix, hosting osteocyte’s
What is the visceral layer of the serous membranes?
It directly attaches the organs (it covers/lines the organs)
What is the parietal layer of the serous membranes?
It lines the walls of the body cavity
Does the serous membrane pericardium have the visceral and parietal layer?
YES IT DOES
What are the subtypes of connective tissue?
- fibroblasts (connective tissue proper)
- adipose tissue
- supportive tissue
- fluid connective tissue
What do fibroblasts do?
Produce fibers and ground substance
How do you classify Dense CT and Loose CT?
Dense CT- It has a lot of fibers and cells but little ground substance (not a lot of space)
Loose CT- not a lot of cells and fibers but A LOT of ground substance (space)
Dense and Loose CT are a part of what connective tissue subtype?
Fibroblasts
What is adipose tissue?
They are fat tissue cells
What is fluid connective tissue?
It is blood and other fluid stuff
What is supportive connective tissue?
It is bone tissue (hard CT)
What is the epidermis of the skin?
It is the epithelium of the skin (top layer), it lacks blood vessels and has many layers to it
What is the dermis of the skin?
It is the connective tissue of the skin and it is beneath the epidermis. It has fibroblasts and contains smooth muscle
What is the hypodermis of the skin?
It is areolar and adipose tissue just underneath the skin (fat). it is not a true layer of skin and it is highly vascular
What is the stratum corneum as one of the epidermis tissue layers?
- Keratinized and dead tissue cells
- Stops water loss and penetration
- top layer
What is the stratum Lucidum as one of the epidermis tissue layers?
- Only found in thick skin
- Cells that lack organelles
- second layer
What is the stratum Granulosum as one of the epidermis tissue layers?
- Consists of 3 to 5 layers of keratinocytes and some dendritic cells
- They are stained dark
- third layer
What is the stratum Spinosum as one of the epidermis tissue layers?
- Several layers of keratinocytes
- The thickest layer of the epidermis
- Mitosis takes place here
- Has melanin
- fourth layer
What is the stratum Basale as one of the epidermis tissue layers?
- Deepest layer
- Only one cell thick
- Mitosis takes place here
- Has melanin
How many layers does thick skin have? And where is thick skin on our body?
5, on the sole of the feet, palms surface, fingers and toes
How many layers of skin does normal skin have?
4
What is a Perforating canals in a compact bone?
perpendicular passages which join central canals along their length, within osteons; contain blood vessels & nerves; also known as NUTRIENT CANALS
What is a Interstitial lamellae in a compact bone?
– remains of old osteons that broke down as the bone grew and remodeled itself.
What is the metaphysis as a general feature of a long bone?
the part of the diaphysis that is adjacent to the epiphysis growth plate
What is the anulus fibrosus of the vertebral disc?
The hard outer ring that is a fibrocartilage
What is the nucleus pulposus of the vertebral disc?
The middle part of the disk that is soft and a jelly like substance
What is the definition of systemic anatomy?
Study of one organ system at one time
What is the definition of Anatomy?
Anatomy is structure, The structural basis of body functions and other things
What is the definition of Physiology?
Physiology is function, The function that is relevant to a specific structure
What is the definition of morphology?
It is the shape or form of a structure
What is the definition of Gross Anatomy?
The study of body structures visible to the naked eye
What is the definition of Histology Anatomy?
Observing structures under the microscope
What is the definition of ultrastructural anatomy?
Structures at the subcellular to molecular level
What is the definition of surface anatomy?
External structure of the body (physical exams on a patient)
What is the definition of regional anatomy?
systems at once in that specific region
What is the definition of radiological anatomy?
Use of X rays
