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Anatomy Lecture > Study guide exam 1 (condensed) > Flashcards

Study guide exam 1 (condensed) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of human structures? And explain them.

A
  • Organism (completely individual, can function on it’s own)
    • Organ systems (A group of organs that do specific functions)
    • Organs (composed of two or more tissue types)
    • Tissues (A mass of similar cells that work together to do a specific function)
    • Cells (Smallest living unit)
    • Organelles (Small structures in a cell that carry out specific functions in the cell)
    • Molecules (Particles of at least 2 atoms that are chemically bonded)
  • Atoms ( you know this already on the slides though)
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2
Q

What does the Retroperitoneal mean?

A

outside the peritoneum, which is covered by peritoneum on the one side facing the peritoneal cavity

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3
Q

What are the Retroperitoneal organs?

A

kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands, most of the pancreas, and the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava

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4
Q

What is the function of the Skeletal system

A

Support, movement, mineral storage,

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5
Q

What is the function of the Muscular system

A

movement, stability, heat production, communication

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6
Q

What is the function of the Nervous system

A

motor control, rapid internal communication, motor control

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7
Q

What is the function of the Endocrine system

A

hormone production

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8
Q

What is the function of the Circulatory system

A

distributes nutrients

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9
Q

What is the function of the Lymphatic system

A

detection of pathogens, production of immune cells

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10
Q

What is the function of the Respiratory system

A

absorbs oxygen and gets rid of CO2

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11
Q

What is the function of the Digestive system

A

nutrients breakdown and absorption, metabolism

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12
Q

What is the function of the Urinary system

A

elimination of waste, regulation of blood volume and pressure

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13
Q

What is the function of the Integumentary system

A

Protection, water retention, produce vitamin D, thermoregulation

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14
Q

What is the function of the reproductive system

A

reproductive roles like producing sperm and eggs and stuff like that

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15
Q

What organs do the thoracic cavity contain?

A

Lungs, heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, the trachea, bronchi and thymus

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16
Q

What organs do the abdominal cavity contain?

A

Contains most of the digestive organs
Spleen, kidneys, and ureters

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17
Q

What organs do the pelvic cavity contain?

A

distal large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs

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18
Q

What are the three serous membranes?

A

Peritoneum, Pleura, Pericardium

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19
Q

Where is the serous membrane Peritoneum located?

A

In the abdominal cavity

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20
Q

Where is the serous membrane Pleura located?

A

around the lungs

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21
Q

Where is the serous membrane Pericardium located?

A

around the heart

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22
Q

Define the Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A
  • Has less resolution but produces 3-D images
  • Does not see through the object but can view only the surface of the specimen
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23
Q

Define the Light microscope (LM)

A

Limited to magnification you can see color but cannot see the plasma membrane

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24
Q

Define the Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

A
  • High resolution
    Slices the specimen and cannot reuse the specimen
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25
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

Proteins that are not imbedded in the lipid bi layer but are only on the outside intercellular or extracellular face

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26
Q

What are integral proteins?

A

they are proteins that are imbedded into the lipid bi layer

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27
Q

What are receptor proteins?

A

It passes the message through to the inside of the bilayer

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28
Q

What are enzyme proteins?

A

they break down a certain thing when it attaches to it

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29
Q

What are channel proteins?

A

It lets stuff through

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30
Q

What are gated channel proteins?

A

it opens and closes and lets certain things through

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31
Q

what are cell-identity molecules?

A

it identifies the things that attach to it

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32
Q

what are Tight junctions?

A

it links the cells together like a zipper NOTHING GETS THROUGH

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33
Q

What are desmosomes of the cell junctions?

A

It prevents substances from pulling a part. It DOES NOT prevent things from going through or around them. It releases mechanical stress It is like a snap on a onsie

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34
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

it links cells together and allow small substances to be transported between cells

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35
Q

What part of the body has the most cartilage?

A

The ear lobe

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36
Q

What is filtration?

A

Physical pressure that forces fluid through a membrane

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37
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

movement from high to low concentration with no energy

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38
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water from a less solute concentration to a higher solute concentration

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39
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

Movement from high to low concentration with the help of a carrier protein

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40
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement from low to high concentration with the use of energy and helo of a carrier protein

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41
Q

Where in the body does the Simple squamous epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it

A

Found in the Alveoli/ari sacs, flat one layer of cells, diffuses O2

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42
Q

Where in the body does the Simple cuboidal epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it

A

Found in the Kidney, Cube like one layer of cells, absorbs and secretes

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43
Q

Where in the body does the Simple columnar epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it

A

Found in the stomach/small intestine, in columns on layer of cell, has a brush border

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44
Q

Where in the body does the Pseudostratified columnar epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it

A

Found in the Trachea/lungs, has goblet cells

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45
Q

Where in the body does the Stratified squamous epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it

A

Found in the esophagus, female reproductive tract, and anal canal , flat two layer of cells,

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46
Q

Where in the body does the Stratified cuboidal epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it

A

Found in the Sweet gland, ovaries, and testes, Cube like two layers of cells

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47
Q

Where in the body does the Urothelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it

A

Found in the Bladder, can stretch

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48
Q

Where in the body does the Stratified columnar epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it

A

Found in the Salivary duct, pharynx, larynx, & male urethra , In columns two layers of cells

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49
Q

Define cardiac muscles

A

Smaller cells, it branches out and only have one nucleus, involuntary movement and they are straited

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50
Q

Define skeletal muscles

A

Voluntary movement, Large and cylinder shaped with multiple nuclei and have striations

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51
Q

Define smooth muscles

A

Found in the viscera, are fusiform shaped and only have one nucleus that is in the center with no striations, involuntary movement

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52
Q

Define muscle tissue

A

Contracts or shortens when there is no signal and very little extracellular matrix, voluntary movement

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53
Q

Define nervous tissue

A

Nervous tissue is specialized for communication via electrical and chemical signals

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54
Q

What is metaplasia in different tissue types?

A

a change from one type of mature tissue to another CAN REVERSE

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55
Q

What is Differentiation in different tissue types?

A

development of a more specialized form

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56
Q

What is Dysplasia in different tissue types?

A

an increasing degree of disordered growth of the tissue CAN REVERSE

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57
Q

What is Neoplasia in different tissue types?

A

is the development of a tumor CANNOT REVERSE

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58
Q

What is the difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

A

Hyperplasia (cell multiplication)
Hypertrophy (enlargement of preexisting cells)

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59
Q

What is alopecia?

A

A disease that causes hair loss on the body (everywhere)

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60
Q

What is hirsutism?

A

A disease that causes irregular hair growth (grow a lot of hair everywhere)

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61
Q

What are the neurocranium bones? And how many do we have of each?

A

Fontal bone 1
parietal bone 2
temporal bone 2
occipital bone 1
sphenoid bone 1
ethmoid bone 1

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62
Q

What are the names of the viscerocranium bones? And how many do we have of each?

A

2 Maxillae
2 Palatine bones
2 Zygomatic bones
2 Lacrimal bones
2 Nasal bones
2 Inferior nasal conchae
1 Vomer
1 Mandible

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63
Q

How many cranial bones do we have?

A

22

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64
Q

How many neurocranium bones and viscerocranium bones do we have?

A

Neurocranium bones: 8

Viscerocranium bones: 14

65
Q

How many bones does a baby have? And how many bones does an adult have?

A

Baby = 270

Adult = 206

66
Q

What are myoblasts?

A

They are thick myofilaments (myosin), and they are thin myofilaments (actin)

67
Q

What does tropomyosin, and troponin do in thin myofilaments (actin)?

A

The tropomyosin is a large strand that goes around the actin

Troponin: is attached to the tropomyosin and it binds to calcium when it is excited

68
Q

What is the g region in thin myofilaments (actin)?

A

It is the part of the thin myofilament that binds to the head of the thick myofilament (myosin)

69
Q

What are elastic filaments?

A

it goes through the core of each thick filament (myosin) and anchors it to the structures called the Z discs and stabilized the myofilaments

70
Q

What is the Z disc in the I band?

A

It is the midline of the I band that anchors thin and elastic filaments

71
Q

What is the H band and M line in the A band of the thick myofilament (myosin)?

A

H band: it is the central region of the A band that stains a little lighter due to the lack of thin myofilaments

M line: it anchors the thick filaments (myosin) together

72
Q

What is the A band in the thick myofilaments (myosin)?

A

They are darker stands that alternate with the lighter I band

73
Q

Describe where calcium goes during contraction of muscle fibers

A

The SR releases the calcium after getting an electrical trigger

Then it binds to the troponin and does the contraction stuff

then after the contraction is done it goes off the troponin

74
Q

How do muscle fibers relax?

A
  • The nerve signal stops
    • The SR reabsorbs the calcium
    • The troponin blocks the calcium from attaching
  • And tension subsides
75
Q

What is the difference between Fast Glycolytic (FG), fast twitch, white, type 2, and Slow Oxidative (SO), slow twitch, red, type 1 fibers?

A

Slow Oxidative (SO), slow twitch, red, type 1: Aerobic respiration and do not fatigue easily, uses oxygen to make ATP, good for endurance not good for fast twitch stuff

Fast Glycolytic (FG), fast twitch, white, type 2: Anaerobic ATP production is used, they fatigue quickly and more easily, good for fast twitch not endurance

76
Q

What are the two types of muscle fibers? (all of there names)

A

Slow Oxidative (SO), slow twitch, red, type 1

Fast Glycolytic (FG), fast twitch, white, type 2

77
Q

What is epimysium?

A

A fibrous sheath that surrounds the entire muscle on the outer surface

78
Q

What is perimysium?

A
  • Encloses each muscle fascicle
  • It is a thicker CT sheath
79
Q

What is endomysium?

A
  • Encloses each muscle fiber or myofiber
  • It is a thin sleeve of loose CT
80
Q

What is a prime mover?

A

A muscle that produces the main force

81
Q

What is synergist muscle?

A

A muscle that aids the prime mover

82
Q

What is an antagonist muscle?

A

A muscle that opposes the prime mover

83
Q

What is a fixator muscle?

A

A muscle that prevents a bone from moving

84
Q

What is the difference between extrinsic muscles of a region and intrinsic muscles of a region?

A

Extrinsic: They are muscles that control a part of the body that they are not in (like an outside force)

Intrinsic: Muscles that control a part of the body that they are in

85
Q

What is always considered the fulcrum in the body?

A

THE JOINTS

86
Q

How does force relate to levers?

A

When the force increases the speed or distance increases NOT BOTH INCREASE

87
Q

Where is the fulcrum, effort, and resistance located on a second class lever?

A

The fulcrum is on one end effort is on the other end and the resistance is in the middle

88
Q

Where is the fulcrum, effort, and resistance located on a first class lever?

A

The fulcrum is in the middle and the effort and resistance is on either side

89
Q

Where is the fulcrum, effort, and resistance located on a third class lever?

A

The fulcrum is on one end and the resistance is on the other end and the effort is in the middle

90
Q

What does HA and LA = in regards to lever and force and fulcrum stuff?

A

HA = high power, low speed

LA= low power, high speed

91
Q

If the MA value is less than 1.0 how much speed/distance and force will the lever produce?

A

Less force but more speed or distance

92
Q

If the MA value is greater than 1.0 how much speed/distance and force will the lever produce?

A

More force but less speed or distance

93
Q

What are the four main joint types?

A
  1. Synarthrosis (fibrous joints)
  2. Amphiarthrosis (cartilaginous joints)
  3. Bony joints
  4. Diarthrosis (synovial joints)
94
Q

What are the sub categories of Synarthrosis (fibrous joints)?

A

Sutures
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis

95
Q

WHat are the sub categories of Amphiarthrosis (cartilaginous joints)?

A

Synchondroses
Symphysis

96
Q

Define sutures as a synarthroses joint

A

Immobile joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other

97
Q

Define syndesmosis as a synarthroses joint

A

has a lot of collagen fibers between the skeletal components, it gives these joints a little more mobility

98
Q

Define gomphosis as a synarthroses joint

A

it is the socket that holds a tooth in place

99
Q

Define Synchondrosis as an amphiarthroses joint

A

The bones are united by hyaline

100
Q

Define symphysis as an amphiarthroses joint

A

the bones are united by fibrocartilage

101
Q

What are the different structures associate with Diarthrosis (synovial joints)?

A

Articular cartilage
Articular capsule
Meniscus
Articular disc
tendon sheath
bursa

102
Q

What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?

A

Tendons: Connection bone to muscle

Ligaments: Connects bone to bone

103
Q

What are the ball and socket joints in the body?

A

Shoulder and the hip joints

104
Q

How many planes can ball and socket joints move in? And what type are they?

A

ALL the planes ( X, Y, Z), and they are multiaxial

105
Q

How do pivot joints move and what joints in the body are pivot joints?

A

monoaxial, PROXIMAL radioulnar
joint

106
Q

How do saddle joints move and what joints in the body are saddle joints?

A

(biaxial metacarpal joints)

107
Q

How do hinge joints move and what joints in the body are hinge joints?

A

(monoaxial elbow knee and finger and knuckles)

108
Q

How do plane (gliding) joints move and what joints in the body are plane (gliding) joints?

A

(biaxial the carpal bones)

109
Q

How do condylar joints move and what joints in the body are condylar joints?

A

Biaxial the wrist and metacarpal bones)

110
Q

What does epithelial tissue do?

A

covers surface or secretes but also forms glands and is made out of epithelial cells. IT is avascular

111
Q

Define the Sudoriferous glands (Apocrine)

A

A sweat gland that releases stinky sweat and the duct opens in the hair follicle rather than the skin surface. It is active during puberty. Found int he groin and armpit

112
Q

Define the Sudoriferous glands (eccrine)

A

A sweat gland that cools the body by producing watery respiration on the skin. Helps with thermoregulation. Abundant in the palms and forehead

113
Q

Define the Sebaceous glands

A

Oil glands that produce oil called sebum everywhere except on thick skin

114
Q

Define the Ceruminous glands

A

It is a gland only int he external ear canal and it produces ear wax

115
Q

Define the mammary gland

A

A gland that produces milk

116
Q

Name the 11 Organ systems

A
  1. Skeletal system
  2. Muscular system
  3. Nervous system
  4. Endocrine system
  5. Circulatory system
  6. Lymphatic system
  7. Respiratory system
  8. Digestive system
  9. Urinary system
  10. reproductive system
  11. Integumentary system
117
Q

What are osteocytes/its functions?

A

old osteoblasts which become entrapped in little cavities within the matrix called Canaliculi (sit in it) mature bone cells

118
Q

What are osteoclasts/its functions?

A

multinucleated giant cells that reabsorb bone tissue (tears it up) break down bone

119
Q

What are osteogenic/its functions?

A

stem cells found in the endosteum and the inner layer of periosteum and within the central canals; give rise to osteoblasts

120
Q

What are osteoblasts/its functions?

A

secretes fibers and ground substance (makes it) bone forming cells

121
Q

What is the epiphysis as a general feature of a long bone?

A

The end of a long bone

122
Q

What is the diaphysis as a general feature of a long bone?

A

the body or shaft of a long bone

123
Q

What are Canaliculi?

A

small canals running through the bone solid matrix, hosting osteocyte’s

124
Q

What is the visceral layer of the serous membranes?

A

It directly attaches the organs (it covers/lines the organs)

125
Q

What is the parietal layer of the serous membranes?

A

It lines the walls of the body cavity

126
Q

Does the serous membrane pericardium have the visceral and parietal layer?

A

YES IT DOES

127
Q

What are the subtypes of connective tissue?

A
  1. fibroblasts (connective tissue proper)
  2. adipose tissue
  3. supportive tissue
  4. fluid connective tissue
128
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

Produce fibers and ground substance

129
Q

How do you classify Dense CT and Loose CT?

A

Dense CT- It has a lot of fibers and cells but little ground substance (not a lot of space)

Loose CT- not a lot of cells and fibers but A LOT of ground substance (space)

130
Q

Dense and Loose CT are a part of what connective tissue subtype?

A

Fibroblasts

131
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

They are fat tissue cells

132
Q

What is fluid connective tissue?

A

It is blood and other fluid stuff

133
Q

What is supportive connective tissue?

A

It is bone tissue (hard CT)

134
Q

What is the epidermis of the skin?

A

It is the epithelium of the skin (top layer), it lacks blood vessels and has many layers to it

135
Q

What is the dermis of the skin?

A

It is the connective tissue of the skin and it is beneath the epidermis. It has fibroblasts and contains smooth muscle

136
Q

What is the hypodermis of the skin?

A

It is areolar and adipose tissue just underneath the skin (fat). it is not a true layer of skin and it is highly vascular

137
Q

What is the stratum corneum as one of the epidermis tissue layers?

A
  • Keratinized and dead tissue cells
  • Stops water loss and penetration
  • top layer
138
Q

What is the stratum Lucidum as one of the epidermis tissue layers?

A
  • Only found in thick skin
  • Cells that lack organelles
  • second layer
139
Q

What is the stratum Granulosum as one of the epidermis tissue layers?

A
  • Consists of 3 to 5 layers of keratinocytes and some dendritic cells
  • They are stained dark
  • third layer
140
Q

What is the stratum Spinosum as one of the epidermis tissue layers?

A
  • Several layers of keratinocytes
    • The thickest layer of the epidermis
    • Mitosis takes place here
  • Has melanin
  • fourth layer
141
Q

What is the stratum Basale as one of the epidermis tissue layers?

A
  • Deepest layer
    • Only one cell thick
    • Mitosis takes place here
  • Has melanin
142
Q

How many layers does thick skin have? And where is thick skin on our body?

A

5, on the sole of the feet, palms surface, fingers and toes

143
Q

How many layers of skin does normal skin have?

A

4

144
Q

What is a Perforating canals in a compact bone?

A

perpendicular passages which join central canals along their length, within osteons; contain blood vessels & nerves; also known as NUTRIENT CANALS

145
Q

What is a Interstitial lamellae in a compact bone?

A

– remains of old osteons that broke down as the bone grew and remodeled itself.

146
Q

What is the metaphysis as a general feature of a long bone?

A

the part of the diaphysis that is adjacent to the epiphysis growth plate

147
Q

What is the anulus fibrosus of the vertebral disc?

A

The hard outer ring that is a fibrocartilage

148
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus of the vertebral disc?

A

The middle part of the disk that is soft and a jelly like substance

149
Q

What is the definition of systemic anatomy?

A

Study of one organ system at one time

150
Q

What is the definition of Anatomy?

A

Anatomy is structure, The structural basis of body functions and other things

151
Q

What is the definition of Physiology?

A

Physiology is function, The function that is relevant to a specific structure

152
Q

What is the definition of morphology?

A

It is the shape or form of a structure

153
Q

What is the definition of Gross Anatomy?

A

The study of body structures visible to the naked eye

154
Q

What is the definition of Histology Anatomy?

A

Observing structures under the microscope

155
Q

What is the definition of ultrastructural anatomy?

A

Structures at the subcellular to molecular level

156
Q

What is the definition of surface anatomy?

A

External structure of the body (physical exams on a patient)

157
Q

What is the definition of regional anatomy?

A

systems at once in that specific region

158
Q

What is the definition of radiological anatomy?

A

Use of X rays

159
Q
A

Anatomy Lecture (11 decks)

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