Chapter 2 Flashcards
What is cytology?
The study of cells
How are squamous cells shaped? And what cells are squamous cells?
Flat and tile shaped (epidermis of the skin)
How are cuboidal cells shaped? And what cells are cuboidal shaped?
cube shaped (liver cells)
How are columnar cells shaped? And what cells are columnar shaped?
columns (inner lining cells of the stomach
How are polygonal cells shaped?
Ball shaped
How is cell sized determine? (its relationship)
It is between the volume and surface area
What increases faster in a cell. the volume or surface area?
the volume
Define the Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
- Has less resolution but produces 3-D images
- Does not see through the object but can view only the surface of the specimen
Define the Light microscope (LM)
Limited to magnification you can see color but cannot see the plasma membrane
Define the Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
- High resolution
Slices the specimen and cannot reuse the specimen
What are cytoskeletons in the cytoplasm?
Framework of the cell
What are inclusions in the cytoplasm?
Foreign material or stored cell products
What is cytosol in the cytoplasm?
The fluid of the cell
What is the role of the plasma membrane?
Let stuff go in and out of cell
What part of the phospholipids are hydrophilic and which are hydrophobic?
- The heads are hydrophilic
- The tails are hydrophobic
What does cholesterol do in the plasma membrane?
Stiffens and not stiffens the membrane right by the phospholipids
Whare are glycolipids located in the plasma membrane?
Only on the extracellular face
What are peripheral proteins?
Proteins that are not imbedded in the lipid bi layer but are only on the outside intercellular or extracellular face
What are integral proteins?
they are proteins that are imbedded into the lipid bi layer
What are transmembrane proteins?
They go through the bilayer
What are receptor proteins?
It passes the message through to the inside of the bilayer
What are enzyme proteins?
they break down a certain thing when it attaches to it
What are channel proteins?
It lets stuff through
What are gated channel proteins?
it opens and closes and lets certain things through
what are cell-identity molecules?
it identifies the things that attach to it
What are cell-adhesion molecules?
it links two cells together
Why do transport membrane transportation happen?
Because of different concentrations on the outside and inside of the cell
Define filtration
(moves molecules and small things by physical pressure)
Define simple diffusion
(moves molecules and small things high to low concentration NO ENERGY)
Define Osmosis
(moves molecules and small things by WATER MORE WATER TO LESS WATER high to low concentration)
Define facilitated diffusion
(moves molecules and small things uses a transport protein to move things)
Define Active transport
(moves molecules and small things Low to High concentration it needs ATP and uses transport proteins)
Define vesicular transport
(it does endocytosis which brings matter into the cell) (and it does exocytosis which releases material from the cell)
What is pinocytosis
Cell drinking (bringing in liquid)
What are receptor mediated endocytosis?
It brings a specific molecule in
What are microvilli?
(increases surface area to maximize the capacity for materials to absorb matter)
What is glycocalyx?
It is a sugar coat of the cells
and it cushions the plasma membrane and protects it
What are cell junctions?
they are the things that anchor the cells to each other
what are Tight junctions?
it links the cells together like a zipper NOTHING GETS THROUGH
All food is floating by in the digestive system including digestive enzymes. What would happen it the digestive enzymes traveled down and in between cells?
They would reach the blood vessels which would be catastrophic
What are desmosomes?
It prevents substances from pulling a part. It DOES NOT prevent things from going through or around them. It is like a snap on a onsie
What are gap junctions
it links cells together and allow small substances to be transported between cells
What are the roles of microfilaments?
help the cell move
What are the roles of intermediate filaments?
give cell its shape
What are the roles of microtubules?
holds cells in place and is cell division
What do proteasomes do?
break down proteins
What do centrioles do?
sacrifice their self for a more specialize function
What are inclusions?
the accumulate cell products and internalize foreign matter
What are adult stem cells?
they are multipotent (can be turned int bone marrow) and produce cells with rapid turnover
What are embryonic cells?
They are pluripotent (can turn into any embryonic or adult type cell)
they are obtained by excess embryos created in fertility clinics
