Chapter 6 Flashcards
What are the physical functions of the skeletal system?
Support and protection
What are the metabolic function in the skeletal system?
Blood formation in marrow
acid base balance
detoxification
electrolyte balance
What do these metabolic functions do in the skeletal system Blood formation in marrow, acid base balance, detoxification, electrolyte balance?
- Blood formation in marrow (bones house bone marrow tissue which produces most of the blood cells)
- Acid-base balance (bone buffers the blood against excessive pH changes)
- Detoxification (bone absorbs heavy metals and other foreign elements from the blood
- Electrolyte balance (it stores calcium and phosphate and releases them in the body)
What is mineralization?
Process of hardening
What is calcification?
Deposition of calcium salts
What does the skeletal system consist of?
Bones
Ligaments
Cartilage
Protein fibers = ??
&
Ground substance = ??
Protein fibers = organic matter
&
Ground substance = inorganic matter
Where are long bones located?
Bones in the superior and inferior limbs
What bones are short bones located?
Metacarpal and metatarsal bones
What bones are flat bones?
Scapula, clavicle, cranial, and sternum, and ribs
What bones are irregular shaped bones?
Vertebrae and sacrum
Define epiphysis
End of a long bone
Define diaphysis
Body or shaft of a long bone
Define perforating fibers
Fibers that anchor periosteum to the bone
What is at the end of each bone?
hyaline cartilage
Define metaphysis
Is the part of the diaphysis that is part of the growing long bone
Define nutrient foramen
- The external opening of each nutrient canal
Define nutrient canal or perforating canal
Vascular channels that penetrate the compact bone tissue surrounding the medullary cavity
What is an epiphysis plate?
Is the growth plate
What is the epiphyseal line?
Where the bone has stopped growing
What are osteogenic cells?
Stem cells found in the endosteum that give rise to osteoblasts
What are concentric lamellae?
Layers of matrix arranged around the central canal
What is the central canal?
Neurovascular channel surrounded by a concentric lamellae
What are osteons?
The basic structural unit or functional subunit of compact bone
What are perforating canals?
perpendicular passages which join central canals
What are circumferential lamellae?
- Lamellae that surround and line the outer surface of a long bone
What are interstitial lamellae?
Remains of old osteons that broke down as the bone grew
Where are lacunae located? What are they connected by?
Are between adjacent layers of matrix and are connected with each other by canaliculi
What are osteoblasts that are in lacunae called?
osteocytes
Define compact bones
- Forms the outer shell of the bone and forms the majority of the bone
Define spongy bone
They contain spicules and trabeculae and are porous appearance
What is the spongy layer of the cranium called?
The diploe
What are the 2 types of bone marrow? and define them
- Red marrow (blood-forming tissue)
- Yellow marrow (mainly fat tissue, no longer produces blood)
What is ossification?
Bone formation
What is endochondral in bone development?
Where Hyaline Cartilage turns to bone
What is Intramembranous ossification?
Converts a soft mesenchymal sheet into a mature flat bone
What is bone elongation?
The epiphyseal plates grow/lengthen and when they close a person stops growing
What is appositional growth?
It increases the bones diameter and thickness
What is bone remodeling?
Absorption of old bone and deposition of new bone
What is Wolff’s law of bone?
Bone shape is determined by mechanical stress and that bone adapts to withstand those stresses
What are the 7 important factors for bone growth?
- Calcium and phosphate
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin D
- Calcitonin
- Growth hormone
- Estrogen and testosterone
What does the parathyroid hormone do?
maintains appropriate levels of blood calcium
What is osteopenia?
Loss of bone
What are stress fractures cause by?
Caused by abnormal trauma
How do pathological factures occur?
Occurs in bone already weakened by disease
How do you treat bone fractures? Define the 2 different ways
Closed reduction - Manipulation of fragments into their normal positions (no surgery)
Open reduction - Surgical setting involving plates
