Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is the definition of Anatomy?
Anatomy is structure, The structural basis of body functions and other things
What is the definition of Physiology?
Physiology is function, The function that is relevant to a specific structure
What is the definition of morphology?
It is the shape or form of a structure
What is the definition of Gross Anatomy?
The study of body structures visible to the naked eye
What is the definition of Histology Anatomy?
Observing structures under the microscope
What is the definition of ultrastructural anatomy?
Structures at the subcellular to molecular level
What is the definition of surface anatomy?
External structure of the body (physical exams on a patient)
What is the definition of radiological anatomy?
Use of X rays
What is the definition of regional anatomy?
systems at once in that specific region
What is the definition of systemic anatomy?
Study of one organ system at one time
What is the definition of inspection or observation?
Looking at surface appearance of something
What is the definition of percussion?
It is tapping on the body surface and listening to sounds produced for abnormalities
What is the definition of Palpation?
Feeling a structure with the fingertips
What is the definition of Dissection?
Cutting and separating tissues to reveal their structural relationships
What is the definition of Exploratory surgery?
Replaced by medical imaging (old method) just trial and error surgery basically
What is the definition of Auscultation?
More specific listening to the sounds that body structures make, most make no sound
What is the definition of medical imaging?
Methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery
What describes radiography?
It gives off harmful radiation
What appears white in radiography?
The bone appears white and blocks off the radiation
What appears black in radiography?
The air
What appears grey in radiography?
Organs
What is contrast medium in radiography?
used for visualization of hollow organs
How does a CT scan work?
- It uses X rays and a computer generates images of thin slices of the body like a coin
- The computer stacks a series of these images to construct a 3-D image of the body
- It still uses radiation
- It uses X rays and a computer generates images of thin slices of the body like a coin
What is a CT scan used to identify?
tumors, kidney stones, aneurysms, cerebral hemorrhages
What does DSR produce in CT scan?
produces 3D video images
What describes a MRI?
- No exposure of harmful radiation
- It does soft tissue visualization
- uses electromagnets
- It can identify ANYTHING
What describes a PET scan?
- Used to assess the metabolic state of tissue and uses radiation
- It begins with an injection of radioisotopes into patients bloodstream labeled as glucose
What does the glucose show in a PET scan?
- The glucose produces a color image that shows which tissues were using the most glucose
- Damaged tissues consumes little or no glucose and appears dark
-Shows tissue death from heart attack
What describes a sonography?
- No radiation
- Sonogram (obstetrics)
- Echocardiography (beating heart)
- It reflects the ultrasound waves
- Second oldest and second widely used method
What does Situs solitus mean?
(normal arrangement of body parts)
What does Situs inversus mean?
(reversed position of organs)
What does Situs perversus mean?
(one organ atypically positioned)
What is the levels of human structures?
- Organism (completely individual, can function on it’s own)
- Organ systems (A group of organs that do specific functions)
- Organs (composed of two or more tissue types)
- Tissues (A mass of similar cells that work together to do a specific function)
- Cells (Smallest living unit)
- Organelles (Small structures in a cell that carry out specific functions in the cell)
- Molecules (Particles of at least 2 atoms that are chemically bonded)
- Atoms ( you know this already on the slides though)
What are the principal organs in the Skeletal system?
bones, Cartilages, Ligaments)
What are the principal organs in the Muscular system?
(skeletal muscles)
What are the principal organs in the Nervous system?
(Brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia)
What are the principal organs in the Endocrine system?
(pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries)
What are the principal organs in the Circulatory system?
(heat, blood vessels)
What are the principal organs in the Lymphatic system?
(lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils)
What are the principal organs in the Respiratory system?
(Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs)
What are the principal organs in the Digestive system?
( teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, Liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
What are the principal organs in the Urinary system?
(kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra)
What are the principal organs in the Male reproductive system?
(testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, prostate gland, penis)
What are the principal organs in the reproductive system?
(Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands)
What are the principal organs in the Integumentary system?
(skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands)
How many organ systems are in one human body?
11 and they also have an immune system
Describe the directional term Cephalic
Toward the head or superior end
Describe the directional term Rostral
Toward the forehead or nose
Describe the directional term Caudal
Toward the tail or inferior end
when used on a limb what is the word proximal equal to?
Superior
What is the word that distal is equal to when referring to the top of the foot
anterior
What way does the venous blood flow?
Proximally in the limbs back to the heart
Which way does arterial blood flow
Distally away in the limbs (away from the heart)
What does the directional term superficial mean
closer to the body surface
What does the directional term deep mean
Farther from the body surface
What does the directional term Ipsilateral mean
On the same side of the body
What does the directional term contralateral mean
On the opposite of the body
What is the term cubital region
It is anterior to the elbow
What is the term popliteal region
Posterior pit of the knee
What does Palmer mean in regards to the foot
It is the palm side of the foot
What words are used to describe the top of the foot
anterior, superior and dorsal
What words are used to describe the bottom of the foot
posterior, inferior, ventral, and plantar
Is the top of the foot distal or proximal
distal
Is the bottom of the foot proximal or distal
proximal
What body parts/regions are in the axial region
Head, neck, trunk
What body parts are in the appendicular region
Arm, forearm, wrist, hand, fingers
in other words they consist the girdle, upper limb, pelvic, and lower limb
What are girdles?
- Girdles are what connect the axial regions and the appendicular regions together
What body parts are in the lower limbs region?
thigh, ankle, leg, foot, toes
What body part is in the RUQ abdominal quadrant
the gallbladder
What body part is in the RLQ abdominal quadrant
The appendix
What body part is in the LUQ abdominal quadrant
The pancreas
What body part is in the LLQ abdominal quadrant
The sigmoid colon
Where do the perpendicular lines intersect to form the abdominal quadrants
The umbilicus
What are the three medial regions that are apart of the nine abdominal regions (name strating with the upper most one to the lowest one)
- Epigastric (stomach)
- Ubmilical (umbilicus and small intestine)
- Hypogastric ( reproductive structures)
What are the superolateral regions that are apart of the nine abdominal regions (name the uppermost one first going down to the lowest)
- Left and right hypochondriac
- Left and right lumbar
- Left and right Inguinal regions
In addressing abdominal lines what are vertical lines called
the midvascular line
In addressing abdominal lines what are superior horizontal lines called
subcostal lines
In addressing abdominal lines what are inferior horizontal lines called
Transtubercular lines
What are the 2 major cavities in the trunk and which one is superior and inferior
- The thoracic cavity (superior)
- The abdominopelvic Cavity (inferior)
What are the two cavities in the trunk separated by
The diaphragm
What are the two cavities in the The abdominopelvic Cavity
The abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity
What kind of organs does the abdominal cavity contain
Digestive organs (spleen, kidney, and ureters
What does the pelvic cavity contain
distal large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs
What are serous membranes
They are smaller cavities within the cavity that are thin sheets of tissue that help the organs move with no friction
What are the two layers called in the serous membranes
visceral layer and parietal layer
What does the serous membranes produce and where does it stay
A watery fluid called serous fluid and it stays in between the two layers of the serous membrane
What are the specific serous membranes that we need to memorize
peritoneum, Pleura, Pericardium
What organs do the peritoneum, Pleura, and Pericardium surround/cover
peritoneum (in the abdominal cavity lining the abdominal cavity and covering its organs)
Pleura- Around the lungs
Pericardium- Around the heart
What does the Visceral peritoneum attach to
The organ
What does the parietal peritoneum line/attach to
the body cavity wall
What is the Intraperitoneal in the peritoneum
within or surrounded by the peritoneum, it is located within the abdominal cavity but wrapped in peritoneum
What is the Retroperitoneal in the peritoneum
outside the peritoneum, which is covered by peritoneum on the one side facing the peritoneal cavity
What are mesenteries
They are folds of peritoneum that attach organs to other organs. They are basically double layers of peritoneum
What is the greater omentum
It is a fold of peritoneum that hangs from the curve of the stomach and loops down Infront of the intestines which then curves back upwards to attach to the transverse colon
What is the lesser omentum
Lesser curvature of stomach to liver
What is an example of the serous fluid reducing the friction between organs
When lungs inflate and when a heart beats
What is the mediastinum
It Is the area between the lungs which contain the heart
What is cardiac tamponade
It is where the pericardial sac has little room to expand and any fluid puts pressure on the heart squeezing it and preventing it from refilling between beats
What is Pleurisy
The infection or inflammation of pleural layers
What is Pneumothorax
Accumulation of too much air or fluid in the pleural cavity which causes the lung to collapse
