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Anatomy Lecture > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of Anatomy?

A

Anatomy is structure, The structural basis of body functions and other things

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2
Q

What is the definition of Physiology?

A

Physiology is function, The function that is relevant to a specific structure

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3
Q

What is the definition of morphology?

A

It is the shape or form of a structure

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4
Q

What is the definition of Gross Anatomy?

A

The study of body structures visible to the naked eye

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5
Q

What is the definition of Histology Anatomy?

A

Observing structures under the microscope

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6
Q

What is the definition of ultrastructural anatomy?

A

Structures at the subcellular to molecular level

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7
Q

What is the definition of surface anatomy?

A

External structure of the body (physical exams on a patient)

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8
Q

What is the definition of radiological anatomy?

A

Use of X rays

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9
Q

What is the definition of regional anatomy?

A

systems at once in that specific region

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10
Q

What is the definition of systemic anatomy?

A

Study of one organ system at one time

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11
Q

What is the definition of inspection or observation?

A

Looking at surface appearance of something

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12
Q

What is the definition of percussion?

A

It is tapping on the body surface and listening to sounds produced for abnormalities

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13
Q

What is the definition of Palpation?

A

Feeling a structure with the fingertips

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14
Q

What is the definition of Dissection?

A

Cutting and separating tissues to reveal their structural relationships

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15
Q

What is the definition of Exploratory surgery?

A

Replaced by medical imaging (old method) just trial and error surgery basically

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16
Q

What is the definition of Auscultation?

A

More specific listening to the sounds that body structures make, most make no sound

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17
Q

What is the definition of medical imaging?

A

Methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery

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18
Q

What describes radiography?

A

It gives off harmful radiation

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19
Q

What appears white in radiography?

A

The bone appears white and blocks off the radiation

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20
Q

What appears black in radiography?

A

The air

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21
Q

What appears grey in radiography?

A

Organs

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22
Q

What is contrast medium in radiography?

A

used for visualization of hollow organs

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23
Q

How does a CT scan work?

A
  • It uses X rays and a computer generates images of thin slices of the body like a coin
  • The computer stacks a series of these images to construct a 3-D image of the body
  • It still uses radiation
    • It uses X rays and a computer generates images of thin slices of the body like a coin
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24
Q

What is a CT scan used to identify?

A

tumors, kidney stones, aneurysms, cerebral hemorrhages

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25
Q

What does DSR produce in CT scan?

A

produces 3D video images

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26
Q

What describes a MRI?

A
  • No exposure of harmful radiation
  • It does soft tissue visualization
  • uses electromagnets
  • It can identify ANYTHING
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27
Q

What describes a PET scan?

A
  • Used to assess the metabolic state of tissue and uses radiation
    • It begins with an injection of radioisotopes into patients bloodstream labeled as glucose
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28
Q

What does the glucose show in a PET scan?

A
  • The glucose produces a color image that shows which tissues were using the most glucose
  • Damaged tissues consumes little or no glucose and appears dark
    -Shows tissue death from heart attack
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29
Q

What describes a sonography?

A
  • No radiation
    • Sonogram (obstetrics)
    • Echocardiography (beating heart)
    • It reflects the ultrasound waves
  • Second oldest and second widely used method
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30
Q

What does Situs solitus mean?

A

(normal arrangement of body parts)

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31
Q

What does Situs inversus mean?

A

(reversed position of organs)

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32
Q

What does Situs perversus mean?

A

(one organ atypically positioned)

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33
Q

What is the levels of human structures?

A
  • Organism (completely individual, can function on it’s own)
    • Organ systems (A group of organs that do specific functions)
    • Organs (composed of two or more tissue types)
    • Tissues (A mass of similar cells that work together to do a specific function)
    • Cells (Smallest living unit)
    • Organelles (Small structures in a cell that carry out specific functions in the cell)
    • Molecules (Particles of at least 2 atoms that are chemically bonded)
  • Atoms ( you know this already on the slides though)
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34
Q

What are the principal organs in the Skeletal system?

A

bones, Cartilages, Ligaments)

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35
Q

What are the principal organs in the Muscular system?

A

(skeletal muscles)

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36
Q

What are the principal organs in the Nervous system?

A

(Brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia)

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37
Q

What are the principal organs in the Endocrine system?

A

(pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries)

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38
Q

What are the principal organs in the Circulatory system?

A

(heat, blood vessels)

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39
Q

What are the principal organs in the Lymphatic system?

A

(lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils)

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40
Q

What are the principal organs in the Respiratory system?

A

(Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs)

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41
Q

What are the principal organs in the Digestive system?

A

( teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, Liver, gallbladder, pancreas)

42
Q

What are the principal organs in the Urinary system?

A

(kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra)

43
Q

What are the principal organs in the Male reproductive system?

A

(testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, prostate gland, penis)

44
Q

What are the principal organs in the reproductive system?

A

(Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands)

45
Q

What are the principal organs in the Integumentary system?

A

(skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands)

46
Q

How many organ systems are in one human body?

A

11 and they also have an immune system

47
Q

Describe the directional term Cephalic

A

Toward the head or superior end

48
Q

Describe the directional term Rostral

A

Toward the forehead or nose

49
Q

Describe the directional term Caudal

A

Toward the tail or inferior end

50
Q

when used on a limb what is the word proximal equal to?

A

Superior

51
Q

What is the word that distal is equal to when referring to the top of the foot

A

anterior

52
Q

What way does the venous blood flow?

A

Proximally in the limbs back to the heart

53
Q

Which way does arterial blood flow

A

Distally away in the limbs (away from the heart)

54
Q

What does the directional term superficial mean

A

closer to the body surface

55
Q

What does the directional term deep mean

A

Farther from the body surface

56
Q

What does the directional term Ipsilateral mean

A

On the same side of the body

57
Q

What does the directional term contralateral mean

A

On the opposite of the body

58
Q

What is the term cubital region

A

It is anterior to the elbow

59
Q

What is the term popliteal region

A

Posterior pit of the knee

60
Q

What does Palmer mean in regards to the foot

A

It is the palm side of the foot

61
Q

What words are used to describe the top of the foot

A

anterior, superior and dorsal

62
Q

What words are used to describe the bottom of the foot

A

posterior, inferior, ventral, and plantar

63
Q

Is the top of the foot distal or proximal

A

distal

64
Q

Is the bottom of the foot proximal or distal

A

proximal

65
Q

What body parts/regions are in the axial region

A

Head, neck, trunk

66
Q

What body parts are in the appendicular region

A

Arm, forearm, wrist, hand, fingers

in other words they consist the girdle, upper limb, pelvic, and lower limb

67
Q

What are girdles?

A
  • Girdles are what connect the axial regions and the appendicular regions together
68
Q

What body parts are in the lower limbs region?

A

thigh, ankle, leg, foot, toes

69
Q

What body part is in the RUQ abdominal quadrant

A

the gallbladder

70
Q

What body part is in the RLQ abdominal quadrant

A

The appendix

71
Q

What body part is in the LUQ abdominal quadrant

A

The pancreas

72
Q

What body part is in the LLQ abdominal quadrant

A

The sigmoid colon

73
Q

Where do the perpendicular lines intersect to form the abdominal quadrants

A

The umbilicus

74
Q

What are the three medial regions that are apart of the nine abdominal regions (name strating with the upper most one to the lowest one)

A
  • Epigastric (stomach)
  • Ubmilical (umbilicus and small intestine)
  • Hypogastric ( reproductive structures)
75
Q

What are the superolateral regions that are apart of the nine abdominal regions (name the uppermost one first going down to the lowest)

A
  • Left and right hypochondriac
  • Left and right lumbar
  • Left and right Inguinal regions
76
Q

In addressing abdominal lines what are vertical lines called

A

the midvascular line

77
Q

In addressing abdominal lines what are superior horizontal lines called

A

subcostal lines

78
Q

In addressing abdominal lines what are inferior horizontal lines called

A

Transtubercular lines

79
Q

What are the 2 major cavities in the trunk and which one is superior and inferior

A
  • The thoracic cavity (superior)
  • The abdominopelvic Cavity (inferior)
80
Q

What are the two cavities in the trunk separated by

A

The diaphragm

81
Q

What are the two cavities in the The abdominopelvic Cavity

A

The abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity

82
Q

What kind of organs does the abdominal cavity contain

A

Digestive organs (spleen, kidney, and ureters

83
Q

What does the pelvic cavity contain

A

distal large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs

84
Q

What are serous membranes

A

They are smaller cavities within the cavity that are thin sheets of tissue that help the organs move with no friction

85
Q

What are the two layers called in the serous membranes

A

visceral layer and parietal layer

86
Q

What does the serous membranes produce and where does it stay

A

A watery fluid called serous fluid and it stays in between the two layers of the serous membrane

87
Q

What are the specific serous membranes that we need to memorize

A

peritoneum, Pleura, Pericardium

88
Q

What organs do the peritoneum, Pleura, and Pericardium surround/cover

A

peritoneum (in the abdominal cavity lining the abdominal cavity and covering its organs)

Pleura- Around the lungs

Pericardium- Around the heart

89
Q

What does the Visceral peritoneum attach to

A

The organ

90
Q

What does the parietal peritoneum line/attach to

A

the body cavity wall

91
Q

What is the Intraperitoneal in the peritoneum

A

within or surrounded by the peritoneum, it is located within the abdominal cavity but wrapped in peritoneum

92
Q

What is the Retroperitoneal in the peritoneum

A

outside the peritoneum, which is covered by peritoneum on the one side facing the peritoneal cavity

93
Q

What are mesenteries

A

They are folds of peritoneum that attach organs to other organs. They are basically double layers of peritoneum

94
Q

What is the greater omentum

A

It is a fold of peritoneum that hangs from the curve of the stomach and loops down Infront of the intestines which then curves back upwards to attach to the transverse colon

95
Q

What is the lesser omentum

A

Lesser curvature of stomach to liver

96
Q

What is an example of the serous fluid reducing the friction between organs

A

When lungs inflate and when a heart beats

97
Q

What is the mediastinum

A

It Is the area between the lungs which contain the heart

98
Q

What is cardiac tamponade

A

It is where the pericardial sac has little room to expand and any fluid puts pressure on the heart squeezing it and preventing it from refilling between beats

99
Q

What is Pleurisy

A

The infection or inflammation of pleural layers

100
Q

What is Pneumothorax

A

Accumulation of too much air or fluid in the pleural cavity which causes the lung to collapse

Anatomy Lecture (11 decks)

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