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Anatomy Lecture > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 broad categories of tissue?

A
  • Epithelial tissue
    • Connective tissue
    • Muscle tissue
      -Nervous tissue
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2
Q

What do tissues have in common?

A
  • Cells
    • Extracellular matrix
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3
Q

What is the function of muscle cells?

A

movement

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4
Q

What is the function of blood cells?

A

carry oxygen and fight infections

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5
Q

What is the function of bone cells?

A

Form the hard structure of the skeleton

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6
Q

What is the function of nerve cells?

A

Transmit electrical signals

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7
Q

What is the function of fat cells?

A

store energy

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8
Q

What is the function of sperm cells?

A

Involved in reproduction

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9
Q

What is the function of photoreceptor cells?

A

detect light in the eyes

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10
Q

What is the function of Epithelial cells?

A

cover surfaces of organs and tissue

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11
Q

What is the extracellular matric made of?

A

Protein fibers and ground substance (it’s a fluid)

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12
Q

How do you section a tissue to study it?

A

cut them 1 or 2 cells thick

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13
Q

What does stain do to help study tissues?

A

it enhances details

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14
Q

What is fixative in studying tissues?

A

You study a preserved specimen

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15
Q

Where is the basement membrane located?

A

Between the epithelium tissue and the connective tissue

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16
Q

What does the basement membrane do?

A

It anchors the epithelium to the connective tissue

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17
Q

Where does the apical surface face in the epithelial tissue?

A

faces away from the basement membrane

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18
Q

Where does the basal surface face in the epithelial tissue?

A

faces the basement membrane

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19
Q

Where in the body does the Simple squamous epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it

A

Alveoli

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20
Q

Where in the body does the Simple cuboidal epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it

A

Kidney

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21
Q

Where in the body does the Simple columnar epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it

A

stomach

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22
Q

Where in the body does the Pseudostratified columnar epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it

A

Trachea

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23
Q

Where in the body does the surround/belong to in the body?

A
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24
Q

Where in the body does the Stratified squamous epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it

A

esophagus

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25
Q

Where in the body does the Stratified cuboidal epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it

A

Sweet gland

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26
Q

Where in the body does the Urothelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it

A

Bladder

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27
Q

Where in the body does the Stratified columnar epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it

A

Salivary duct

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28
Q

How many cell layers do the
Simple squamous epithelium, and Stratified squamous epithelium have?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium - 2 layers
Simple squamous epithelium- 1 layer

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29
Q

Define Keratinized cells/tissue

A

covered with a layer of compact dead squamous cells they have the protein keratin as well

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30
Q

Define nonkeratinized cells/tissue

A

No dead cells they lack a layer of dead cells

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31
Q

What is the most common type of connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

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32
Q

Is the connective tissue highly vascular or no?

A

Yes it is highly vascular

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33
Q

What are the 4 categories of connective tissue

A
  1. fibroblasts (fibrous connective tissue)
  2. adipose tissue
  3. supportive tissue
  4. fluid connective tissue
34
Q

What is the disease pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Where the fibroblasts aren’t responding and not doing their job

35
Q

How do you classify Dense CT and Loose CT?

A

Dense CT- lost of fibers and cells but little ground substance

Loose CT- not a lot of cells and fibers but A LOT of ground substance

36
Q

What is areolar tissue?

A

It is loose CT that has a lot of empty space and surrounds organs and binds them to other organs and organ systems

37
Q

What is reticular CT?

A

It is a loose CT that forms the structural framework of organs in the immune system

38
Q

What is dense regular CT?

A

It is a dense CT that the fibers are parallel and closely packed together (like ligaments)

39
Q

What is dense irregular CT?

A

Random arrangement of fibers that go many directions that help with unpredictable stress

40
Q

What is the difference between epithelial and muscle tissues compared to connective tissues?

A

Connective tissues- occupy more space but do not have a lot of cells

Epithelial and muscle tissues- have a lot of cells

41
Q

Define epithelial tissues

A

it covers or secretes

42
Q

Define connective tissue

A

It binds and connects

43
Q

Define muscle tissue

A

It contracts or shortens

44
Q

Define nervous tissue

A

It conducts or impulses

45
Q

What is supportive connective tissue?

A

It is bone that are called osteocytes

46
Q

What are the 2 forms of supportive connective tissue and their functions/definitions?

A

Compact bone- more complex and it forms the outside of the bone
Spongy bone- less organized and fills the heads of long bones and middle layer of flat bones

47
Q

Define the central canals in the compact bone

A

run longitudinally through the shafts of long bones

48
Q

Define the Lamellae in the compact bone

A

this is where bone matrix is deposited onion like layers

49
Q

Define the osteon in the compact bone

A

central canal and its surrounding lamellae

50
Q

Define the Osteocytes in the compact bone

A

maintains mature bone matrix they occupy little cavities called lacunae

51
Q

Define the canaliculi in the compact bone

A

canals which radiate from each lacuna and allow osteocytes to contact each other

52
Q

Define the lacunae in the compact bone

A

tiny cavities in which osteocytes live in

53
Q

Define the periosteum in the compact bone

A

the layer that covers the bone in a tough fibrous covering

54
Q

Define the matrix of the bone

A

The mineral portion content that makes the bone hard

55
Q

What do osteoblasts do in the matrix of the bone

A

Forms the bone matrix

56
Q

What do the osteocytes do in the matrix of the bone?

A

Maintain bone tissue

57
Q

What do the osteoclasts do in the matrix of the bone?

A

resorbs bone

58
Q

Define cartilage

A

A stiff connective tissue with a flexible rubbery matrix and is avascular

59
Q

What are the 3 types of cells that are located in the extracellular matrix and what do they do?

A
  1. Chondroblasts - secrete fibers and ground substances
  2. Chondrocytes - become entrapped in lacunae
  3. Chondroclasts - absorb cartilage
60
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage? and define them/what they do

A
  1. hyaline - creates a glassy surface
  2. elastic - gives it flexibility
  3. Fibrocarilage - impart strength and resistance to tearing
61
Q

What is fluid connective tissue?

A

It is blood and other fluid stuff

62
Q

What do Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets do in fluid connective tissue?

A

Erythrocytes- transport oxygen and CO2 and have no nuclei. Super abundant
leukocytes- fights against infections
platelets- do blood clots and minimize blood loss

63
Q

Define muscle tissue

A

Contracts or shortens when there is no signal and very little extracellular matrix

64
Q

what are the 3 types of muscular tissue? and are the voluntary or involuntary

A
  1. Skeletal muscle (voluntary)
    1. Smooth muscle (involuntary)
    2. Cardiac muscle (involuntary)
65
Q

Define cardiac muscles

A

smaller cells, it branches out and only have one nucleus

66
Q

Define smooth muscles

A

Found in the viscera, are fusiform shaped and only have one nucleus that is in the center with no striations

67
Q

Define nervous tissue

A

does communication via electrical and chemical signals

68
Q

What do neurons do in the nervous tissue?

A

They detect stimuli and respond quickly

69
Q

What do glial cells do in the nervous tissue?

A

They support neurons

70
Q

Define skeletal muscles

A

Large and cylinder shaped with multiple nuclei and have striations

71
Q

What are the different part of the neuron and what do they do?

A
  • Neurosoma cell body (contains the nucleus and most organelles
    • Dendrites (multiple, short branched processes that receive signals from other cells and conduct messages
  • Axon (A nerve fiber that sends outgoing signals to other cells)
72
Q

What are the changes of tissue types? and what do they do?

A
  • Metaplasia (a change from one type of mature tissue to another) CAN REVERSE
    • Differentiation ( development of a more specialized form)
    • Dysplasia (an increasing degree of disordered growth of the tissue CAN REVERSE
    • Neoplasia ( is the development of a tumor) CANNOT REVERSE
    • Hyperplasia (cell multiplication)
      Hypertrophy (enlargement of preexisting cells)
73
Q

Define a gland

A

Secretes or excretes substances and is composed of mostly epithelial tissue

74
Q

define Exocrine glands

A

maintain their connection with the surface by a duct

75
Q

Define endocrine glands

A

Lose their contact with the surface and have NO DUCTS

76
Q

Define a membrane

A

A thin sheet of tissue acting as a boundary or lining

77
Q

What are the methods of exocrine secretions and what do they do?

A
  • Eccrine glands (release products by exocytosis)
    • apocrine glands (lipids in cytosol merge into a single droplet)
    • Holocrine glands (cells accumulate a product and then the entire cell disintegrates producing a thick oily secretion)
78
Q

What are the two kinds of internal membranes and their functions?

A
  1. Mucous membrane or mucosa (lines passageways that open to the exterior)
  2. Serous membrane or serosa (produce watery serous fluid)
79
Q

What are the different types of tissue repair and their functions?

A
  • Regeneration (replacement of dead cells by the same type of cells as before
  • Fibrosis (replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue)
80
Q

What is atrophy?

A

(shrinkage of a tissue through loss in cell size or number)

81
Q

What is necrosis?

A

(premature, pathological death of tissue due to trauma)

Anatomy Lecture (11 decks)

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