Chapter 3 Flashcards
What are the 4 broad categories of tissue?
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Muscle tissue
-Nervous tissue
What do tissues have in common?
- Cells
- Extracellular matrix
What is the function of muscle cells?
movement
What is the function of blood cells?
carry oxygen and fight infections
What is the function of bone cells?
Form the hard structure of the skeleton
What is the function of nerve cells?
Transmit electrical signals
What is the function of fat cells?
store energy
What is the function of sperm cells?
Involved in reproduction
What is the function of photoreceptor cells?
detect light in the eyes
What is the function of Epithelial cells?
cover surfaces of organs and tissue
What is the extracellular matric made of?
Protein fibers and ground substance (it’s a fluid)
How do you section a tissue to study it?
cut them 1 or 2 cells thick
What does stain do to help study tissues?
it enhances details
What is fixative in studying tissues?
You study a preserved specimen
Where is the basement membrane located?
Between the epithelium tissue and the connective tissue
What does the basement membrane do?
It anchors the epithelium to the connective tissue
Where does the apical surface face in the epithelial tissue?
faces away from the basement membrane
Where does the basal surface face in the epithelial tissue?
faces the basement membrane
Where in the body does the Simple squamous epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Alveoli
Where in the body does the Simple cuboidal epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Kidney
Where in the body does the Simple columnar epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
stomach
Where in the body does the Pseudostratified columnar epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Trachea
Where in the body does the surround/belong to in the body?
Where in the body does the Stratified squamous epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
esophagus
Where in the body does the Stratified cuboidal epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Sweet gland
Where in the body does the Urothelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Bladder
Where in the body does the Stratified columnar epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Salivary duct
How many cell layers do the
Simple squamous epithelium, and Stratified squamous epithelium have?
Stratified squamous epithelium - 2 layers
Simple squamous epithelium- 1 layer
Define Keratinized cells/tissue
covered with a layer of compact dead squamous cells they have the protein keratin as well
Define nonkeratinized cells/tissue
No dead cells they lack a layer of dead cells
What is the most common type of connective tissue?
Fibroblasts
Is the connective tissue highly vascular or no?
Yes it is highly vascular
What are the 4 categories of connective tissue
- fibroblasts (fibrous connective tissue)
- adipose tissue
- supportive tissue
- fluid connective tissue
What is the disease pulmonary fibrosis?
Where the fibroblasts aren’t responding and not doing their job
How do you classify Dense CT and Loose CT?
Dense CT- lost of fibers and cells but little ground substance
Loose CT- not a lot of cells and fibers but A LOT of ground substance
What is areolar tissue?
It is loose CT that has a lot of empty space and surrounds organs and binds them to other organs and organ systems
What is reticular CT?
It is a loose CT that forms the structural framework of organs in the immune system
What is dense regular CT?
It is a dense CT that the fibers are parallel and closely packed together (like ligaments)
What is dense irregular CT?
Random arrangement of fibers that go many directions that help with unpredictable stress
What is the difference between epithelial and muscle tissues compared to connective tissues?
Connective tissues- occupy more space but do not have a lot of cells
Epithelial and muscle tissues- have a lot of cells
Define epithelial tissues
it covers or secretes
Define connective tissue
It binds and connects
Define muscle tissue
It contracts or shortens
Define nervous tissue
It conducts or impulses
What is supportive connective tissue?
It is bone that are called osteocytes
What are the 2 forms of supportive connective tissue and their functions/definitions?
Compact bone- more complex and it forms the outside of the bone
Spongy bone- less organized and fills the heads of long bones and middle layer of flat bones
Define the central canals in the compact bone
run longitudinally through the shafts of long bones
Define the Lamellae in the compact bone
this is where bone matrix is deposited onion like layers
Define the osteon in the compact bone
central canal and its surrounding lamellae
Define the Osteocytes in the compact bone
maintains mature bone matrix they occupy little cavities called lacunae
Define the canaliculi in the compact bone
canals which radiate from each lacuna and allow osteocytes to contact each other
Define the lacunae in the compact bone
tiny cavities in which osteocytes live in
Define the periosteum in the compact bone
the layer that covers the bone in a tough fibrous covering
Define the matrix of the bone
The mineral portion content that makes the bone hard
What do osteoblasts do in the matrix of the bone
Forms the bone matrix
What do the osteocytes do in the matrix of the bone?
Maintain bone tissue
What do the osteoclasts do in the matrix of the bone?
resorbs bone
Define cartilage
A stiff connective tissue with a flexible rubbery matrix and is avascular
What are the 3 types of cells that are located in the extracellular matrix and what do they do?
- Chondroblasts - secrete fibers and ground substances
- Chondrocytes - become entrapped in lacunae
- Chondroclasts - absorb cartilage
What are the 3 types of cartilage? and define them/what they do
- hyaline - creates a glassy surface
- elastic - gives it flexibility
- Fibrocarilage - impart strength and resistance to tearing
What is fluid connective tissue?
It is blood and other fluid stuff
What do Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets do in fluid connective tissue?
Erythrocytes- transport oxygen and CO2 and have no nuclei. Super abundant
leukocytes- fights against infections
platelets- do blood clots and minimize blood loss
Define muscle tissue
Contracts or shortens when there is no signal and very little extracellular matrix
what are the 3 types of muscular tissue? and are the voluntary or involuntary
- Skeletal muscle (voluntary)
- Smooth muscle (involuntary)
- Cardiac muscle (involuntary)
Define cardiac muscles
smaller cells, it branches out and only have one nucleus
Define smooth muscles
Found in the viscera, are fusiform shaped and only have one nucleus that is in the center with no striations
Define nervous tissue
does communication via electrical and chemical signals
What do neurons do in the nervous tissue?
They detect stimuli and respond quickly
What do glial cells do in the nervous tissue?
They support neurons
Define skeletal muscles
Large and cylinder shaped with multiple nuclei and have striations
What are the different part of the neuron and what do they do?
- Neurosoma cell body (contains the nucleus and most organelles
- Dendrites (multiple, short branched processes that receive signals from other cells and conduct messages
- Axon (A nerve fiber that sends outgoing signals to other cells)
What are the changes of tissue types? and what do they do?
- Metaplasia (a change from one type of mature tissue to another) CAN REVERSE
- Differentiation ( development of a more specialized form)
- Dysplasia (an increasing degree of disordered growth of the tissue CAN REVERSE
- Neoplasia ( is the development of a tumor) CANNOT REVERSE
- Hyperplasia (cell multiplication)
Hypertrophy (enlargement of preexisting cells)
Define a gland
Secretes or excretes substances and is composed of mostly epithelial tissue
define Exocrine glands
maintain their connection with the surface by a duct
Define endocrine glands
Lose their contact with the surface and have NO DUCTS
Define a membrane
A thin sheet of tissue acting as a boundary or lining
What are the methods of exocrine secretions and what do they do?
- Eccrine glands (release products by exocytosis)
- apocrine glands (lipids in cytosol merge into a single droplet)
- Holocrine glands (cells accumulate a product and then the entire cell disintegrates producing a thick oily secretion)
What are the two kinds of internal membranes and their functions?
- Mucous membrane or mucosa (lines passageways that open to the exterior)
- Serous membrane or serosa (produce watery serous fluid)
What are the different types of tissue repair and their functions?
- Regeneration (replacement of dead cells by the same type of cells as before
- Fibrosis (replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue)
What is atrophy?
(shrinkage of a tissue through loss in cell size or number)
What is necrosis?
(premature, pathological death of tissue due to trauma)
