Study Guide: CHP 9 -- Intelligence Flashcards
1
Q
- FRANCIS GALTON?
A
- wrote “hereditary genius” and concluded that intelligence passes from generation to generation thru genetic inheritance; exceptional SENSORY ACUITY; coined the phrase “nature vs nurture”; invented the concepts of correlation and percentile test scores.
2
Q
- ALFRED BINET?
A
- w/ SIMON published the first useful test of general mental ability; required abstract reasoning rather then sensory skills (galton) expressed child’s score in terms of “MENTAL AGE”
3
Q
- LEWIS TERMAN?
A
- revision to binet’s test –> stanford-binet test ; incorporated the intelligence quotient (IQ) : mental age/chronological age x 100; could compare children of different ages
4
Q
- DAVID WECHSLER?
A
- improved measurement of IQ in ADULTS–> wechsler adult intelligence scale; less dependent on verbal ability
5
Q
- SPEARMAN?
A
-
6
Q
- How effectively do intelligence tests predict?
- VERBAL, PRACTICAL AND SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE
- SCHOOL SUCCESS
- JOB STATUS
- INCOME
A
a. high correlation (.9)
b. high correlation
c. medium correlation
d. not very high (.3)
7
Q
- How are GIFTEDNESS and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY defined?
A
- extreme intellectual performance at the high and low ends of the BELL CURVE (highest 3 percent–> gifted; lowest 3 percent –>
benchmarks typically over 120 and under 80
8
Q
- EVIDENCE for the HERITABILITY of INTELLIGENCE? (3)
A
- francis galton: intelligence does run in families (but is it genetics?) could just be similar environments
- twin studies: if a pair of identical twins are more similar in intelligence than pairs of fraternal twins, it’s presumably because of their greater genetic similarity; average correlation for id. twins (.86); fraternal (.60)
- heritability estimates range from 80% genetic to 40%; consensus tends to hover around 50% –> varies according to the individual
9
Q
- ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS that influence IQ scores
A
- unrelated/related children raised in the same home show significant resemblance in IQ–> indicates that environment influences intelligence
- children in deprived environments experience a gradual decline in IQ as they grow older –> cumulative deprivation hypothesis
- studies show that children scored notably higher on IQ tests that than siblings or peers “left behind” in institutions or disadvantaged homes.
- IQ performance has been rising steadily all of the industrialized world since the 1930s –> flynn effect (attributed to environmental factors)
10
Q
- CULTURAL influences to IQ SCORES? (4)
A
- average IQ scores for minorities (african americans, native americans, hispanics) is somewhat lower to whites. why?
- 1969: jensen argument–> heritability (80% genetics)
- leon kamin rebuttal: plant coin (white bag and black bag) in two fields (fertile vs. less fertile) –> caused by environmental factors: socioeconomic disadvantage –> parents not there, crime neighborhood, environmental toxins, malnutrition, less learning supplies
- stereotype threat –> ppl blame their failure on racial inferiority or gender inferiority –> contributes to academic underachievement
11
Q
- What BRAIN ACTIVITY is associated with INTELLIGENCE?
A
- studies have shown that there is a modest correlation between BRAIN SIZE and IQ
- studies have shown th
12
Q
- Identify STERNBERG’S “successful intelligence”
A
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13
Q
- Explain GARDNER’s theory of MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES.
A
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14
Q
- Describe the FOUR CHARACTERISTICS of MODERN INTELLIGENCE TESTS. (4)
A
- STANDARDIZED UNIFORM PROCEDURES
- NORMED: RANKED IN RELATION TO OTHERS; YOUR SCORE IN RELATION TO OTHER PPL
- RELIABILITY; TEST RETEST CONSISTENCY (LIKELY TO GET THE SAME SCORE)
- MEASURE WHAT IT IS DESIGNED TO MEASURE
15
Q
- Define INTELLIGENCE? (3)
A
- ted: the ability to impose new order
- cognitive ability
- the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills
- general mental ability for reasoning, problem solving, and learning.
