4: Sensation and Perception Flashcards
0
Q
wavelengths longer than visible light (3)
A
- INFRARED waves
- MICROWAVES
- RADIO waves
1
Q
vision, hearing n touch (2)
A
- ENERGY senses
- gather energy in the form of LIGHT, WAVES, n PRESSURE
2
Q
wavelengths shorter than visible light (2)
A
- ULTRAVIOLET waves
- X-RAYS
3
Q
FACTORS that determine the COLOURS we see (2)
A
- LIGHT INTENSITY (BRIGHTNESS)
- LIGHT WAVELENGTH (HUE)
4
Q
colors of VISIBLE SPECTRUM from LONGEST to SHORTEST wavelength (1)
A
- Roy G. Biv
5
Q
transduction
A
- TRANSLATION of INCOMING stimuli into NEURAL signals
6
Q
rods (3)
A
- cells activated by BLACK n WHITE
- OUTNUMBER cones 20 to one
- distributed THROUGHOUT retina
7
Q
cones (2)
A
- cells that respond to COLOR
- concentrated toward CENTER of RETINA
8
Q
fovea
A
- INDENTATION at the CENTER of the RETINA that contains the highest CONCENTRATION of CONES
9
Q
transduction in vision (steps: 5)
A
- FIRST LAYER of cells (CONES n RODS) are activated by light –> activate next layer of BIPOLAR CELLS –> activate GANGLION CELLS (optic nerve) –> LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS/LNG (thalamus) –> VISUAL CORTICES (occipital lobe)
10
Q
blind spot
A
- spot where OPTIC NERVE leaves the RETINA (because it has no rods or cones)
11
Q
optic chiasm
A
- spot where the OPTIC NERVES CROSS each other
12
Q
ganglion cells (in retina)
A
(NERVE CELL whose body is outside the CNS)
- AXONS make up the OPTIC NERVE nerve that sends impulses to specific region in the thalamus (LNG)
13
Q
David HUBEL n Tom WIESEL (2)
A
- PERCEPTION researchers
- discovered that GROUPS of NEURONS in the VISUAL CORTEX respond to different TYPES of visual images –> FEATURE DETECTORS for vertical lines, curves, motion…
14
Q
Theories of color vision (2)
A
- TRICHROMATIC THEORY
- OPPONENT-PROCESS THEORY
15
Q
TRICHROMATIC theory (3)
A
- hypothesizes that we have 3 types of CONES in the retina: detect BLUE, RED n GREEN
- activated in different COMBINATIONS to PRODUCE all the colors of the VISUAL SPECTRUM
- cannot explain some visual phenomena: AFTERIMAGES n COLOR BLINDNESS
16
Q
Afterimages (2)
A
- when u STARE at a color for awhile, then look at a WHITE space, you see a color afterimage
- GREEN: afterimage is RED; YELLOW: after image is BLUE
17
Q
OPPONENT PROCESS THEORY (3)
A
- SENSORY RECEPTORS arranged n the retina comes in PAIRS: red/green; yellow/blue; black/white
- if ONE sensor is STIMULATED, its pair is INHIBITED from firing
- explains color blindness n afterimage
18
Q
sound wave measurements (2)
A
- AMPLITUDE: HEIGHT of wave + LOUDNESS (DECIBELS)
- FREQUENCY: LENGTH of the waves + PITCH (MEGAHERTZ)
19
Q
parts of the ear (7)
A
- EAR CANAL
- EARDRUM (tympanic membrane)
- HAMMER (malleus)
- ANVIL (incus)
- STIRRUP (stapes)
- OVAL WINDOW
- COCHLEA
20
Q
organ of Corti
A
- NEURONS activated by MOVEMENT of the HAIR cells on the BASILAR MEMBRANE
21
Q
basilar membrane (2)
A
- on the FLOOR of the COCHLEA
- lined with HAIR CELLS
22
Q
pitch theories (2)
A
- PLACE theory
- FREQUENCY theory
23
Q
PLACE theory
A
- holds that HAIR CELLS in the cochlea RESPOND to different FREQUENCIES of sound based on where they are LOCATED in the COCHLEA
24
Q
FREQUENCY theory
A
- we sense PITCH because the HAIR CELLS fire at different RATES (frequencies) in the cochlea
25
Q
types of deafness (2)
A
- CONDUCTION deafness : occurs when sth goes wrong w. the SYSTEM of CONDUCTING SOUND to the cochlea
- NERVE (sensorineural) deafness : hair cells in cochlea are damaged
26
Q
gate control theory (3)
A
- explains how we EXPERIENCE PAIN the way we do
- some pain MESSAGES have HIGHER PRIORITY than others
- when you scratch an itch, you feel scratching so itch is temporarily gone
27
Q
color blindness (2)
A
- DICHROMATIC color blindness (can’t see red/green or blue/yellow shades)
- MONOCHROMATIC (see only shades of gray)
28
Q
papillae
A
- BUMPS you can see on your TONGUE
- TASTE BUDS are located on papillae
29
Q
types of taste (5)
A
- sweet
- sour
- salty
- bitter
- unami (“meaty” “savory” taste)
30
Q
Chemical senses (2)
A
- TASTE
- SMELL
31
Q
how we smell (4)
A
- MOLECULES of SUBSTANCES rise into the AIR n DRAWN into NOSE
- molecules settle into MUCOUS MEMBRANE at the top of each nostril
- absorbed by OLFACTORY RECEPTOR CELLS (researchers estimate approx 100 different types)
- receptor cells linked to OLFACTORY BULB
32
Q
olfactory bulb (2)
A
- gathers messages from OLFACTORY RECEPTOR CELLS n sends the information to the AMYGDALA, then the HIPPOCAMPUS (vs. thalamus)
- explains reason why POWERFUL trigger for memories?
33
Q
Body position senses (2)
A
- VESTIBULAR SENSE
- KINESTHETIC SENSE
34
Q
VESTIBULAR sense (4)
A
- tells us how our BODY is ORIENTED in SPACE
- 3 SEMI-CIRCULAR CANALS in INNER EAR give the brain feedback about body orientation
- when POSITION of HEAD changes, FLUID in canal moves, ACTIVATING HAIR CELL SENSORS, which sends info to brain
- NAUSEA n DIZZINESS when FLUID in CANALS is AGITATED
35
Q
KINESTHETIC sense (3)
A
- keeps track of POSITION and ORIENTATION of SPECIFIC BODY PARTS
- allows you to touch kneecap w. finger bcos kinesthetic sense provides INFORMATION about where your finger is IN RELATION to your kneecap
- RECEPTORS in our MUSCLES n JOINTS send information to brain
36
Q
Psychophysics DEF
A
- study of INTERACTION b.w SENSATION n PERCEPTION (how we experience sensation)
37
Q
absolute threshold
A
- SMALLEST amount of STIMULUS we can DETECT 50% of the time
- absolute threshold for VISION: single candle flame about 30 miles away on a perfectly dark night
- SMELL: single drop of perfume a room away
38
Q
subliminal messages
A
- STIMULI BELOW our ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD
- COMPANIES claim that subliminal messages can change UNWANTED BEHAVIOR; “lose weight”, “increase your vocabulary”
39
Q
difference threshold (3)
A
- JUST-NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE
- SMALLEST amount of CHANGE needed in a STIMULUS before we DETECT a change
- computed by WEBER-FECHNER law
40
Q
WEBER-FECHNER law (3)
A
- Ernst WEBNER n Gustav FLECHNER (psychophysicists)
- states that the CHANGE NEEDED is PROPORTIONAL to the ORIGINAL INTENSITY of the stimulus (the more INTENSE the stimulus, the MORE CHANGE it will need be4 we detect a difference)
- e.g. amount of spice to a dish that didn’t have any spice be4 vs +spice in a dish that already has spice
41
Q
WEBER additional discovery (3)
A
- esch sense VARIES ACCORDING to a CONSTANT
- e.g. constant for hearing is 5 percent: tone would have to increase 5 decibels (100-105) be4 we notice it is louder
- e.g. constant for vision is 8 percent: 8 candles would have to be added to 100 candles be4 we notice any difference
42
Q
perceptual theories (3)
A
- SIGNAL DETECTION theory
- TOP-DOWN processing
- BOTTOM-UP processing
43
Q
SIGNAL DETECTION theory (4)
A
- investigates the effects of the DISTRACTIONS n INTERFERENCE we experience while percieving the world
- tries to predict what we see among COMPETING CRITERIA
- takes into account RESPONSE CRITERIA
- tries to EXPLAIN n PREDICT the different PERCEPTUAL MISTAKES we make (FALSE POSITIVE/FALSE NEGATIVE)
44
Q
response criteria (3)
A
- RECIEVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
- how MOTIVATED we are to detect a certain stimuli
- e.g. more likely to smell pumpkin pie if i am hungry and like the taste of pumkin pie
45
Q
perceptual mistakes (2)
A
- FALSE POSITIVE: when we think we PERCIEVE a stimulus that is NOT THERE; seeing a friend on a crowded street and end up waving at a stranger
- FALSE NEGATIVE: NOT PERCIEVING a STIMULUS that is present; not notice the directions at the top of the test that instruct not to write on the test
46
Q
TOP-DOWN processing (4)
A
- occurs when you use BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE to FILL IN GAPS in what you percieve
- FASTER but more PRONE to ERROR
- e.g. see images in CLOUDS
- e.g. backmasking
47
Q
schemata (2)
A
- MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS of how we EXPECT the world to be
- schemata can create a PERCEPTUAL SET
48
Q
perceptual set DEF.
A
- PREDISPOSITION to PERCIEVING sth a CERTAIN WAY
49
Q
backmasking (2)
A
- supposed HIDDEN MESSAGES MUSICIANS RECORDED BACKWARD in their music
- ppl who listened to the songs played backward and had SCHEMATA of this music as dangerous or evil PERCIEVED the THREATENING messages due to TOP-DOWN processing
50
Q
BOTTOM-UP processing
A
- aka FEATURE ANALYSIS
- use FEATURES of an OBJECT itself to build a COMPLETE PERCEPTION
- takes LONGER but is more ACCURATE
51
Q
figure-ground relationship (3)
A
- a PERCEPTUAL DECISION
- what PART of the VISUAL IMAGE is the FIGURE and what part is the ground or the BACKGROUND
- several OPTICAL ILLUSIONS play w. this rule (picture of the vase that is also two faces)
52
Q
FACTORS that influences how we GROUP OBJECTS (4) (GESTALT RULES)
A
- SIMILARITY: similar in appearance
- PROXIMITY:
- CONTINUITY: form a continuous form (trail, geometric figure)
- CLOSURE: similar to top down processing; objects that make up a recognizable image are more likely to be percieved as objects belonging to the same group.
53
Q
constancy DEF.
A
- our ABILITY to MAINTAIN a CONSTANT PERCEPTION of an OBJECT despite VARIATIONS in LIGHT, ANGLE of VISION, and so on…
54
Q
types of constancy (3)
A
- SIZE constancy: we keep a CONSTANT SIZE in MIND of an object and know that it does not GROW or SHRINK in size as it moves CLOSER n FARTHER away
- SHAPE constancy: objects viewed from DIFFERENT ANGLES will PRODUCE different SHAPES on our RETINAS, but we know the shape of an object is CONSTANT; e.g coffee mug viewed from side and above.
- BRIGHTNESS constancy: we PERCIEVE objects as being CONSTANT in COLOR, even as the LIGHT REFLECTING off of the object CHANGES; e.g. Brick red wall at night
55
Q
situations where we perceive objects to be MOVING, when they are NOT (3)
A
- STROBOSCOPIC effect
- PHI phenomenon
- AUTOKINETIC effect
56
Q
STROBOSCOPIC effect (2)
A
- IMAGES on a SERIES of STILL PICTURES PRESENTED at a CERTAIN SPEED will appear to be MOVING
- movies, flipbooks
57
Q
PHI phenomenon (2)
A
- a SERIES of LIGHTBULBS turned ON and OFF will appear to be ONE MOVING LIGHT
- holiday lights
58
Q
AUTOKINETIC effect (1)
A
- if a SPOT OF LIGHT is PROJECTED steadily onto the same place on a wall of an otherwise DARK FOOM and people are asked to STARE at it, they will REPORT seeing it MOVE
59
Q
CUES that we use to perceive DEPTH (2)
A
- MONOCULAR cues
- BINOCULAR cues
60
Q
MONOCULAR cues (5)
A
- LINEAR perspective: railroad track that runs awayf rom viewer into the distance: draw two lines that converge somewhere toward top of paper
- RELATIVE SIZE cue: draw boxcars closer to viewer as LARGER than the engine off in the distance
- INTERPOSITION cue: objects that BLOCK the VIEW of other OBJECTS must be CLOSER to us
- TEXTURE GRADIENT: draw rocks closest to the viewer in detail, while the landscape of int he distance would not be as detailed
- SHADOWING: IMPLY where LIGHT SOURCE is and thus imply DEPTH and POSITION of OBJECTS
61
Q
BINOCULAR cues (2)
A
- BINOCULAR (RETINAL) DISPARITY: EACH of our EYES sees an object from a SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT ANGLE. (the closer an object, the more DISPARITY there will be B.W the IMAGES COMING frome EACH eye)
- CONVERGENCE: the more the eyes CONVERGE, the CLOSER the object must be (brain recieves feedback from the muscles controlling eye movement)
62
Q
effects of culture on perception examples (2)
A
- cultures that do not use MONOCULAR DEPTH CUES in their ART do NOT SEE DEPTH in PICTURES using those CUES
- some OPTICAL ILLUSIONS are NOT PERCEIVED the SAME WAY by PEOPLE from DIF. CULTURES: people who come from NON CARPENTERED cultures that do not use right angles and corners are not fooled by the MULLER-LYER illusion
63
Q
Gestalt psychologists (4)
A
- beginning of 1900s
- described the PRINCIPLES that GOVERN how we PERCEIVE groups of objects
- pointed out that we NORMALLY PERCEIVE images as GROUPS, not as ISOLATED ELEMENTS
- thought that this process was INNATE and INEVITABLE
64
Q
Eleanor GIBSON (3)
A
- VISUAL DEPTH experiment: INFANT placed on top of a GLASS TOPPED TABLE that creates the IMPRESSION of a CLIFF
- RESULTS: infant old enough to CRAWL will NOT crawl across the visual cliff, IMPLYING the child has depth perception
- other experiments demonstrate that we develop depth perception at about THREE MONTHS OLS
